| chemical manipulation of the heat resistance of clostridium botulinum spores. | the chemical forms of clostridium botulinum 62a and 213b were prepared, and their heat resistances were determined in several heating media, including some low-acid foods. the heat resistance of c. botulinum spores can be manipulated up and down by changing chemical forms between the resistant calcium form and the sensitive hydrogen form. the resistant chemical form of type b spores has about three times the classical po4 resistance at 235 f (112.8 c). as measured in peas and asparagus, both typ ... | 1976 | 5056 |
| the tom gibson memorial lecture. the microbiological role of nitrite in meat products. | | 1976 | 5778 |
| extraction and concentration of clostridium botulinum toxins from specimens (author's transl). | in order to detect minimal amounts of clostridium botulinum toxins in animal tissue or food specimens it is necessary to use an extraction method which results in concentration of the botulinal toxins. in the present examinations, artificially contaminated canned beans were used to develop a suitable procedure for extraction and concentration of botulinal toxins a-e. the procedure consisted of 4 steps: 1. canned beans were diluted 1:2 with 0.1 m phosphate buffer ph 6.0. 2. the diluted material w ... | 1976 | 5836 |
| effect of acid and salt concentration in fresh-pack pickles on the growth of clostridium botulinum spores. | the addition of various amounts of acetic acid to pureed cucumbers inoculated with clostridium botulinum spores has shown that outgrowth is inhibited at ph 4.8 but not at ph 5.0. inoculation experiments with whole cucumbers showed that as little as 0.9% acetic acid in the brine was sufficient to prevent outgrowth from spore inocula as high as 10(6)/cucumber. it was further shown that the rapid rate of acetic acid penetration into fresh-pack pickles prevents the growth of any c. botulinum spores ... | 1976 | 9898 |
| growth and toxin production by clostridium botulinum in moldy tomato juice. | tomato juice inoculated with cladosporium sp. or penicillium sp. developed ph gradients with the upper portions near the mold mats having ph values near neutrality and the lower portions remaining more acid. clostridium botulinum spores in these moldy tomato juices germinated, grew out, and produced toxin. | 1976 | 10844 |
| effect of storage time and temperature on the survival of clostridium botulinum spores in acid media. | clostridium-botulinum type a and type b spores were stored in tomato juice (ph 4.2) and citric acid-phosphate buffer (ph 4.2) at 4, 22, and 32 degrees c for 180 days. the spore count was determined at different intervals over the 180-day storage period. there was no significant decrease in the number of type a spores in either the tomato juice or citric acid-phosphate buffer stored for 180 days at 4, 22, and 32 degrees c. the number of type b spores did not decrease when storage was at 4 degrees ... | 1977 | 18990 |
| correlation between oral toxicity and in vitro stability of clostridium botulinum type a and b toxins of different molecular sizes. | the in vitro sensitivity to acid and pepsin differed markedly among clostridium botulinum type a and b toxins of different molecular sizes. the larger the molecular size of the toxin, the higher the resistance to these agents. tye b derivative toxin was rapidly inactivated, but the progenitor toxins resisted in vitro exposure to rat intestinal juice. the molecular dissociation of the progenitor toxins did not occur in rat intestinal juice of ph 7.0, but did occur in a buffer solution of the same ... | 1977 | 19355 |
| activation of botulinum toxins in the absence of nicking. | the derivative toxins purified from cultures of proteolytic strains of clostridium botulinum types a and f were found to have been only partially nicked but were fully activated. trypsinization of c. botulinum type b derivative toxin at ph 6.0 resulted in simultaneous activation and nicking, whereas at ph 4.5, activation preceded nicking. the toxin was split by trypsin at ph 6.0 into two fragments with molecular weights of 112, ooo and 57,000. the toxin contained at least three trypsin-sensitive ... | 1977 | 19360 |
| response of type b and e botulinum toxins to purified sulfhydryl-dependent protease produced by clostridium botulinum type f. | a sulfhydryl-dependent protease (shp) was purified from a culture of clostridium botulinum type f. the enzyme can activate type e progenitor toxin completely but type b progenitor toxin only partially. this may suggest that shp by itself could completely activate the toxin of proteolytic c. botulinum types a and f in culture. the toxicity of type e progenitor toxin potentiated by the treatment with shp persisted, whereas that of derivative toxin decreased rapidly by further incubation with shp. ... | 1977 | 20527 |
| establishment of a heat inactivation curve for clostridium botulinum 62a toxin in beef broth. | a procedure is described for establishing a heat inactivation curve for the toxin of clostridium botulinum 62a in beef broth. the effect of toxin titer, ph, and the type of acid employed for ph adjustment on the heat stability of the toxin is described. | 1978 | 29566 |
| clostridium botulinum growth and toxin production in tomato juice containing aspergillus gracilis. | the ability of spores of one type a and one type b strain of clostridium botulinum to grow and produce toxin in tomato juice was investigated. the type a strain grew at ph 4.9, but not at ph 4.8; the type b strain grew at ph 5.1, but not at ph 5.0. aspergillus gracilis was inoculated along with c. botulinum spores into ph 4.2 tomato juice; in a nonhermetic unit, a ph gradient developed under the mycelial mat, resulting in c. botulinum growth and toxin production. in a hermetic unit, mold growth ... | 1979 | 36843 |
| histochemical investigation of some mitochondrial and microsomal enzymes in the kidneys of rabbits immunized with type b botulinus anatoxin. | immunization of rabbits with botulinus anatoxin containing a number of proteins of bacterial origin causes a statistically significant increase in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, nad diaphorase and nadp diaphorase as early as after 24 hours. after 5-7 days, the activity of all mitochondrial enzymes drops below the control level and returns to normal by the 14th day. the activity of glucose 6-phosphatase decreases significantly already 24 hours after immunization and returns to normal by ... | 1978 | 38281 |
| clostridium botulinum can grow and form toxin at ph values lower than 4.6. | it is generally accepted that in clostridium botulinum both growth and toxin formation are completely inhibited at ph values below 4.6. this critical ph value has been confirmed by many investigators using food as substrate or culture media. occasionally growth of c. botulinum and toxin formation at ph values lower than 4.6 have been reported. in these cases the authors ascribed the unexpected outgrowth and toxin formation to local ph differences in inhomogeneous media and growth of c. botulinum ... | 1979 | 39257 |
| [studies on the persistence of clostridium botulinum on a cattle farm (author's transl)]. | in the winter of 1978-1979, the presence of clostridium botulinum was studied on a cattle farm, on which botulism caused by feeding the animals contaminated brewers' grains occurred in 1977. cl. botulinum type b, the cause of mortality among cattle at the time, was detected in grass silage prepared in 1978. this organism was not detectable in a grass silage pit dating from 1977 and made prior to the outbreak of botulism. investigations showed that proteolytic types of c. botulinum having grass a ... | 1979 | 39368 |
| toxin production by clostridium botulinum type a under various fermentation conditions. | the time of appearance and the quantity of toxin produced by the hall strain of clostridium botulinum type a were examined under various conditions. a 70-liter fermentor and a complex medium consisting of 2% casein hydrolysate and 1% yeast extract plus an appropriate concentration of glucose were employed. optimal conditions for toxin production were as follows: a nitrogen overlay at a rate of 5 liters/min, an agitation rate of 50 rpm, a temperature of 35 degrees c, and an initial glucose concen ... | 1979 | 44175 |
| toxin production by clostridium botulinum in grass. | investigations on farms where botulism has occurred in cows showed that proteolytic clostridium botulinum type b was present in newly made grass silages. experiments were undertaken to study growth and toxin production of c. botulinum in grass. of the strains tested only proteolytic strains of c. botulinum types a and b were able to produce toxin with grass as a substrate. proteolytic strains of type b produced both medium (12s) and large (16s) toxin forms. the minimal water activity (aw) for to ... | 1979 | 44443 |
| [the hemagglutinin of clostridium botulinum. extraction, chemical characteristics and serologic specificity]. | | 1975 | 47673 |
| immunochemical characterization of cell wall protein antigen purified from the cell wall autolysate of clostridium botulinum type a. | the cell wall protein antigen was solubilized from the isolated cell walls of clostridium botulinum type a by autolysis and purified by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography followed by gel filtration on sephadex g-150. the two fractions showed a high degree of the serological activity and produced a main fused precipitin line in immunodiffusion tests against the homologous antiserum. the fact that antigenic fractions contained various kinds of amino acids but no detectable amounts o ... | 1975 | 51110 |
| a continuing common-source outbreak of botulism in a family. | in december, 1974, three cases of botulism occurred in a family; two were fatal. the first patient died after a 10-day illness without botulism being suspected. 4 days later, after a 2-day illness, the second patient was diagnosed as having botulism after a cardiorespiratory arrest; she died 3 days later. in the third patient, the only symptom was dysphagia. clostridium botulinum type b was found in stool specimens from all three patients. home-canned (bottled) mushrooms, which were found to con ... | 1975 | 53340 |
| molecular construction of clostridium botulinum type a toxins. | two clostridium botulinum type a toxic fractions, named large (l) and medium (m) toxins, were eluted from sephadex g-200. sucrose density gradient centrifugation resolved l toxin (2.5 x 10(8) to 3.0 x 10(8) mean lethal doses per mg of n) into two fractions, 19s and 16s. the same procedure performed at ph 8resolved it into three fractions; the heavier two were both nontoxic and hemagglutinin positive, and the lightest on (7s) was toxic. m toxin (12s) (4.5 x 10(8) to 5.0 x 10(8) mean lethal doses ... | 1975 | 54335 |
| [hemagglutinin specificity of cl. botulinum types a, b, and f in reaction with erythrocytes of various animals]. | the following differences were revealed in the haemagglutination reaction with the erythrocytes of man, sheep, rabbit, chicks and mice between the haemagglutinins of cl. botulinum, types a, b and f, having a close affinity with one another: haemagglutinin of type a actively reacted with the erythrocytes of man, sheep, rabbit, rats and chicks; haemagglutinin of type b reacted only with the erythrocytes of man and rabbits; haemagglutinin of type f failed to react with any of the types of the eryth ... | 1975 | 56111 |
| observations on bacteriophages of clostridium botulinum type c isolates from different sources and the role of certain phages in toxigenicity. | twenty strains of clostridium botulinum type c, including 12 isolates from avian sources with varying toxigenic properties, were examined by electron microscope for the presence of bacteriophages. all toxigenic strains were infected with one or two types of phages. three types of phages designated large, small, and intermediate were observed. most of the strains carried the large and small phage, with the large phage being present in much greater numbers. since there is evidence that highly toxi ... | 1976 | 61735 |
| quantitative chemical analyses and antigenic properties of peptidoglycans from clostridium botulinum and other clostridia. | the cell wall peptodoglycans were isolated from clostridium botulinum and some other species of the genus clostridium by hot formamide extraction and their quantitative chemical composition and antigenic properties were determined. the petidoglycan of c. botulinum type e was found to be a diaminopimelic acid (dap)-containing type composed of glucosamine, muramic acid, glutamic acid, alanine and dap in the molar ratio of 0.76:0.78:1.00:1.88:0.81. all other types of c. botulinum and clostridium sp ... | 1976 | 62070 |
| infant botulism. identification of clostridium botulinum and its toxins in faeces. | clostridium botulinum and its toxin were identified in the faeces of four infants, aged 6 to 13 weeks, who had symptoms consistent with botulism. two cases had type-a toxin and two cases had type-b toxin present in their faeces. no toxin was detectable in sera c. botulinum and toxin could be recovered from faeces more than 8 weeks after admission to hospital. all four cases occurred within a 6-month period. the source of the toxin in these infants may have been in-vivo production from ingested o ... | 1976 | 62164 |
| cultural and physiological characteristics of clostridium botulinum type g and the susceptibility of certain animals to its toxin. | strain 89 of clostridium botulinum type g, isolated by gimenez and ciccarelli in 1969, was characterized culturally, biochemically, and toxigenically. it was motile, hemolytic asaccharolytic, weakly proteolytic, lipase and lecithinase negative, and it produced acetic, isobutyric, butyric, and isovaleric acids in peptone-yeast extract-glucose broth. no spores were seen in smears from solid or liquid media. very low levels of toxin were produced in regular broth cultures, but dialysis cultures yie ... | 1977 | 74236 |
| new strains of clostridium botulinum subtype af. | two new strains of clostridium botulinum subtype af have been isolated from soil samples of mendoza province, argentina. some serological and other biological properties of these new isolates have been studied in comparison with the prototype 84-sc2 strain. no differences in morphology and biochemical activities were found among these three so far known strains of this subtype. neither serologic differences have been recorded, suggesting that the bispecificity and the type a to type f serologic ... | 1978 | 77604 |
| intestinal infection and toxin production by clostridium botulinum as one cause of sudden infant death syndrome. | the spontaneous production of botulinum toxin in the infant gut by ingested clostridium botulinum organisms is the underlying cause of infant botulism, recognised as an infectious disease only in late 1976. because of the recognition of the pathophysiology of this disease and because the known potency and action of botulinum toxin can lead to rapid respiratory arrest, it appeared possible that the in-vivo production of botulinum toxin could cause the sudden death of some infants. to test this hy ... | 1978 | 78045 |
| structure of clostridium botulinum type b derivative toxin: inhibition with a fragment of toxin from binding to synaptosomal fraction [proceedings]. | | 1978 | 79664 |
| role of exotoxins in bacterial pathogenicity. | | 1978 | 97256 |
| nisin: its preservative effect and function in the growth cycle of the producer organism. | | 1978 | 103201 |
| iron and the antibotulinal efficacy of nitrite. | combination of nitrite, isoascorbate, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid were compared for their antibotulinal efficacy in perishable canned cured meat. a dose response relationship of available iron to the antibotulinal efficacy of nitrite was demonstrated. | 1979 | 107856 |
| [isolation and properties of highly purified c1. botulinum toxin type e]. | a new method of isolation of highly purified cl. botulinum toxin of e type from the cultural fluid of strain 188 centrifugates was developed. the method allows to isolate the toxin both in a precursor and in activated forms with a yield of 10--15%. the method includes fractionation by ammonium sulfate, ultrafiltration and subsequent column chromatography on deae-cellulose, sephadex g-200 and deae-sephadex a-50. the preparations were found homogeneous during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ... | 1979 | 115504 |
| [isolation and immunochemical study of the toxic complex of cl. botulinum type f]. | the toxic comples of cl. botulinum, type f, was separated into the toxic and nontoxic protein fractions by the methods of ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration in accordance with a specially devised purification scheme. highly purified, electrophoretically and serologically homogeneous toxin with a molecular weight of 150,000 and potency equal to 10 x 10(6) dlm per 1 mg of protein was isolated from the toxic fraction. the nontoxic protein component had faintly pronounced hemagglutinatin ... | 1979 | 117654 |
| enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of clostridium botulinum type b toxin. | the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using different techniques has been applied to determine botulinum type b toxin. with the so-called "sandwich" technique, about 5,000 mouse ip ld50 of type b toxin can be detected. with the "double-sandwich" technique, about 400 mouse ip ld50 of toxin is detected and different commerical antisera are useful. for accurate quantification of botulinum toxins in culture filtrates, addition of edta to samples seems to be necessary. cross-reactivity of the assay d ... | 1979 | 119079 |
| development of a selective medium for the isolation of clostridium sporogenes and related organisms. | | 1979 | 120359 |
| immunoadjuvant activities of cell walls, their water-soluble fractions and peptidoglycan subunits, prepared from various gram-positive bacteria, and of synthetic n-acetylmuramyl peptides. | 1. the cell walls from some 20 species of gram-positive bacteria, with only few exceptions, were found to be definitely adjuvant-active in both stimulation of increased serum antibody levels and induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin when administered to guinea pigs in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion. 2. by the use of various cell wall lytic enzymes, the immunoadjuvant principles were solubilized with the full retention of adjuvant activities observed with the cell walls of ... | 1975 | 126564 |
| [use of a synthetic medium for cultivating pathogenic anaerobes]. | it was shown that a synthetic medium suggested by the authors earlier was useful for the growth and toxin formation of cl. tetani, cl. botulinum and cl. perfringens, types b and e. a study of the character of growth and toxinogensis, microscopic examination of morphology of culture cells and results of passages showed the suggested synthetic medium to be of value; a possibility of its application for studying the nutrient requirements and the role of individual components of the nutrient media i ... | 1975 | 164749 |
| interconversion of bacterial agents causing botulism and gas gangrene. | | 1975 | 165441 |
| taxonomy of the clostridia: ribosomal ribonucleic acid homologies among the species. | rrna homologies have been determined on reference strains representing 56 species of clostridium. competition experiments using tritium-labelled 23s rrna were employed. the majority of the species had dna with 27 to 28% guanine plus cytosine (%gc). these fell into rrna homology groups i and ii, which were well defined, and a third group which consisted of species which did not belong in groups i and ii. species whose dna was 41 to 45% gc comprised a fourth group. thirty species were placed into ... | 1975 | 168308 |
| inhibition of clostridium botulinum by strains of clostridium perfringens isolated from soil. | thirty-one soil samples were examined for the presence of organisms capable of inhibiting growth and toxin production of strains of clostridium botulinum type a. such organisms were found in eight samples of soil. inhibiting strains of c. perfringens were found in five samples, of c. sporogenes in three and of bacillus cereus in three. three of the c. perfringens strains produced an inhibitor effective on all 11 strains of c. botulinum type a against which they were tested, seven of eight proteo ... | 1975 | 169734 |
| bacterial food-poisoning. | | 1975 | 173111 |
| [dna homology and pathogenicity]. | | 1975 | 175188 |
| [effect of direct sunbeams on spores of clostridium botulinum and clostridium perfringens of the types a]. | | 1975 | 175248 |
| laboratory diagnosis of foodborne diseases. | many bacterial species are responsible for sporadic cases and outbreaks of foodborne intoxication and infection. the foodborne diseases are classified on the basis of the pathogenetic mechanisms involved into four categories: performed toxin, enterotoxin formed in the colonized small intestine, mucosal invasion (enterocolitis) and mucosal invasion with bacteremia. invasive and toxigenic strains of enteropathogenic escherichia coli are discussed. in vivo test systems for the identification of ent ... | 1976 | 184732 |
| [bacteria from the genus of clostridium as causative agents of food poisoning in man (author's transl)]. | | 1976 | 185478 |
| an international survey of clostridial sera and vaccines. | the papers present the results of a survey of the usage, assay and specification of veterinary clostridial sera and vaccines in 23 countries. thirteen of the countries use up to 8 different antisera. all the countries use vaccines, which are prepared from 13 species and types of clostridia. vaccines containing up to 8 such components are commonly employed. criteria for the design and interpretation of assays are discussed and evidence for efficacy summarized. | 1976 | 187508 |
| quality control for fermented meats. | | 1976 | 187566 |
| [lipase activity of anaerobic bacteria on glycerol-tributyrate determined by gas-liquid chromatography]. | anaerobic bacteria are classified among other criteria by the presence or absence of phospholipase and lipase. the liquid gas chromatographic method detects with great sensibility the lipasic activity of the anaerobic bacteria. a liidolytic action has been demonstrated in cl. perfringens. | 1977 | 189951 |
| [discreteness of satellite bacterial toxins]. | | 1977 | 190828 |
| an attenuated mink enteritis virus and its use in a trivalent vaccine: studies on safety and antigenicity. | | 1977 | 200331 |
| observations on toxin and hemagglutinin produced by clostridium botulinum type c. | in the culture fluid of a hemagglutinin-positive strain of clostridium botulinum type c, two toxins of different molecular size, hemagglutinin positive and negative, were separated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. | 1978 | 205174 |
| [use of the reversed passive hemagglutination in detection of clostridium botulinum type a, b, and e toxin (author's transl)]. | with the reversed passive hemagglutination technique it is possible to detect minimal amounts of botulinum type a, b and e toxins (s. tab. 3). the antisera are used were prepared by foot--pad injection of rabbits with purified toxoids in freund's complete adjuvant (s. tab. 1). antitoxin globulin were prepared from rabbit antisera with (nh4)2so4 to 50%. formalinized and tanned human erythrozytes were sensitized with these specific antitoxin globulins. only slight cross reactions ere encountered b ... | 1978 | 207051 |
| efficacy of laboratory tests for the detection of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens. | nineteen clostridium perfringens strains with positive erythemal and ligated intestinal loop reactions, and 22 strains with negative reactions, originating from food-poisoning cases, were tested comparatively using the fluorescent antibody (fa), reversed passive hemagglutination (rpha), and immunodiffusion (id) tests. all the biologically positive strains were detected by the three immunological tests used. the fa test detected five additional strains among the biologically negative group which ... | 1978 | 207403 |
| system for evaluating clostridial inhibition in cured meat products. | a method for evaluating inhibition of clostridium botulinum, c. sporogenes, and c. perfringens in cured meat products was developed. this system can easily be used in the microbiology laboratory using aluminum ointment tubes as the product container. swells caused by gas production by the organism are easily observed by using the aluminum tubes. results obtained confirmed earlier work on the inhibitory effect of sodium nitrite and sorbic acid against the clostridia in cured meat products. | 1978 | 211934 |
| pigbel, cholera and infant botulism--a new paradigm for gut disease. | | 1979 | 230800 |
| the metabolism of pyrimidines by proteolytic clostridia. | uracil was used by growing cultures of clostridium sporogenes, and by proteolytic strains of c. botulinum types a and b. uracil was not used by c. bifermentans; c. botulinum, type b (non-proteolytic); c. botulinum, type f (non-proteolytic); c. botulinum, type e; c. butyricum; c. cochlearium; c. difficile; c. histolyticum; c. oedematiens, type a; c. paraputrificum; c. scatologenes; c. specticum; c. sordellii; c. sticklandii; c. tertium; c. tetani; c. tetanomorphum; c. welchii, types a, b, c, e an ... | 1975 | 235246 |
| molecular construction of clostridium botulinum type f progenitor toxin. | molecular dissociation of purified type f progenitor toxin with an s20,w of 10.3 and a molecular weight of 235,000 into two components, toxic and atoxic, was demonstrated by ultracentrifugation, gel filtration, and diethylaminoethyl-sephadex chromatography at ph 7.5. the ultracentrifugal analysis indicated that type f progenitor toxin dissociates into components of the same molecular size of 5.9s. the toxic component contained a toxicity of 2.5 times 10-8 50% lethal doses per mg of n. much highe ... | 1975 | 235882 |
| [carbonic acid in the metabolism of bacteria of the genus clostridium]. | | 1975 | 237586 |
| common mesophilic anaerobes, including clostridium botulinum and clostridium tetani, in 21 soil specimens. | a relatively rich medium was markedly superior to a dilute medium for the isolation of anaerobic bacteria from soil. the obligate anaerobes isolated from 21 soil samples were all clostridia and the counts ranged from 2.7 x 10-2 to 3.3 x 10-6 per g. the organisms most frequently isolated were clostridium subterminate, c. sordelii, c. sporogenes, c. indolis, c. bifermentans, c. mangenoti, and c. perfringens. seventeen other species were also recognized but almost one-third of the isolates could no ... | 1975 | 238468 |
| proceedings: further studies on the characterization of crystalline type a toxin of clostridium botulinum. | | 1975 | 240052 |
| effect of cyclic amp on catabolite repressed bacterial sporogenesis of an anaerobe. | the sporulation of a high frequency sporogenic mutant of clostridium botulinum was reduced to less than 30% in a medium containing 270 mm glucose. the repression was reversed from 30 to greater than 80% sporulation by the addition of 10(-5) or 10(-4) m cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (camp) or monobutyrul cyclic amp (b-camp). no difference was observed in amount of growth with the addition of either the camp or b-camp. glucose consumption was enhanced by the addition of either of the cyclic ... | 1975 | 242295 |
| the low prevalence of clostridium botulinum in the lakes, marshes and waterways of the camargue. | mud samples collected in june 1975 from the lakes, marshes and waterways of the camargue were examined for clostridium botulinum. the grand rhône and petit rhône were shown to contain types b and e, but of 44 samples taken from well distributed sites on the ile de la carmargue, only two (4-5%) were positive and these contained type e alone. the survey indicated a much lower prevalence of cl. botulinum than any encountered in recent surveys of inland aquatic environments elsewhere. | 1977 | 319166 |
| a comparison of the distribution of clostridium botulinum in soil and in lake mud. | in 1975, 25 soil samples were collected from the london area. of these, 20 were obtained 200-300 yards from 20 lakes that had been shown in 1974 to contain mud contaminated with one or more of types of b, c, d, and e of clostridium botulinum. by means of a technique comparable with that use for the examination of mud, the 20 soil samples were found negative. the remaining 5 soil samples, obtained from sites that were not in close proximity to lakes, were also negative except for one that contain ... | 1977 | 319167 |
| syndrome if infant botulism. | | 1977 | 320547 |
| type a botulism from commercially canned beef stew. | two of three persons who ate lunch together became ill with symptoms characteristic of botulism. one died before botulism was suspected and before specimens could be collected for laboratory testing, but a serum specimen from the other patient, who survived, yielded botulinal toxin, type a. the third person remained asymptomatic, but clostridium botulinum type a was cultured from his stool. the three persons had shared two canned foods: home-canned green beans and commercially canned beef stew. ... | 1977 | 320672 |
| avian botulism and the high prevalence of clostridium botulinum in the norflok broads. | an account is given of a severe outbreak of type c botulism in waterfowl that occurred on the norfolk broads during the exceptionally warm summer of 1975. forty-five mud samples were collected from 22 well distributed aquatic sites representing a considerable proportion of the total number of broads. all samples except one (ie, 97-8 per cent) were shown to contain clostridium botulinum and 58 per cent contained more than one type of the organism. types b, c and e were demonstrated in 62-2 per ce ... | 1977 | 320751 |
| acute infantile motor unit disorder. infantile botulism? | eight infants with an acute reversible motor unit disorder are described, including two infants from whom clostridum botulinum type a was isolated from stool specimens. the clinical spectrum includes constipation, cranial nerve deficits, pupillary involvement, and generalized hypotonic weakness. there were no deaths, and all infants have had complete clinical recovery. a characteristic electromyographic (emg) pattern was present in part until clinical recovery. this distinctive pattern consisted ... | 1977 | 320969 |
| infant botulism. epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects. | clostridium botulinum organisms and toxin were identified in the feces of six infants, aged 5 to 20 weeks, who had illnesses clinically consistent with botulism. five of the infants lived in california and became ill within a six-month period in 1976; one infant became ill in new jersey in 1975. three cases were type a botulism, and three were type b. no source of ingested botulinal toxin could be found in any case. however, one infant with type b botulism had ingested a food containing c botuli ... | 1977 | 321825 |
| [contribution to the aetiology and epidemiology of botulism in broiler chickens (authors transl)]. | the second outbreak of botulism in broiler chickens diagnosed in the netherlands is reported. in this case, the source of botulinum toxin was positively located. despite the fact that the owner had emphatically assured that all sick and dead broilers had been carefully removed, several carcasses of broilers, almost unrecognizable at first sight, were found to be present in the litter covering the floor, particularly at the rear of the fowl house. the concentration of toxin in the carcasses in th ... | 1977 | 322364 |
| tailing of survival curves of bacterial spores. | | 1977 | 323208 |
| collaborative study of a method for the detection of clostridium botulinum and its toxins in foods. | the mouse toxicity and protection technique for the detection and identification of clostridium botulinum and its toxins in foods was collaboratively studied by 11 laboratories. each laboratory received 4 samples of cream of mushroom soup; 2 contained spores and toxin of c. botulinum type a, 1 contained spores and toxin of c. botulinum type e, and 1 contained spores of c. sporogenes. the media used were cooked meat medium (beef heart or chopped liver broth) and trypticase peptone glucose yeast e ... | 1977 | 323214 |
| an improved cooked meat medium for the detection of clostridium botulinum. | a new medium composed of cooked meat and fluid thioglycolate broth was tested with 20 proteolytic and 11 saccharolytic strains of clostridium botulinum. all of the proteolytic strains produced a black ring at the surface of the broth, presumably due to hydrogen sulfide production, while the saccharolytic strains produced white opaque rings. since the black ring is formed rapidly and is easily seen, the new medium may be useful for the rapid identification of proteolysis in unknown isolates. gro ... | 1977 | 323216 |
| [patterns in the formation of proteolytic enzymes by different strains of c1. botulinum type f]. | the authors studied regularities attending the accumulation of proteolytic enzyme and toxin by c1. botulinum, type f, strains in the medium. strains no. 470, 200, 76, 55 proved to possess caseinolytic capacity, whereas strains eklund and craig were "nonproteolytic". c1. botulinum strain, type f, medium and growing conditions providing a high yield of proteolytic enzymes were selected. some properties of proteolytic enzyme of strain no. 470 were studied. | 1977 | 325959 |
| enumeration of clostridium botulinum spores in meats by a pour-plate procedure. | colonies of clostridium botulinum could be easily distinguished from meat particles by supplementing wynne agar with 0.4% egg yolk. the pour-plate method was suitable for enumeration of c. botulinum, provided the medium was covered with a layer of agar containing 0.01% dithiothreitol. viable counts of heat-treated spores were consistently higher in wynne agar supplemented with egg yolk (wynne-ey agar) than in wynne agar alone. | 1977 | 326365 |
| oral toxicities of clostridium botulinum toxins in response to molecular size. | clostridium botulinum type a, b, and f toxins of different molecular sizes were fed to mice to compare the oral toxicities. the progenitor toxin, a complex of a toxic and nontoxic component, of any type was higher in oral toxicity to mice than the dissociated toxic component or the derivative toxin. the former may no doubt play a more important role in the pathogenesis of food-borne botulism. the higher oral toxicity possessed by the progenitor toxin, including the exceptionally high one found w ... | 1977 | 326664 |
| distribution of clostridium botulinum type c in ishikawa prefecture, and applicability of agglutination to identification of nontoxigenic isolates of c. botulinum type c. | | 1977 | 327214 |
| observations on the possible invasiveness of clostridium botulinum for waterfowl. | twenty-four ducklings given multiple doses of clostridium botulinum type c spores and toxin per os and 27 affected waterfowl from four natural outbreaks of the disease were examined bacteriologically. no evidence of invasion of the blood or liver was found in any bird and it is suggested that invasiveness and toxigenesis in internal organs are probably of little, if any, importance in the causation of botulism in waterfowl. | 1977 | 327524 |
| an outbreak of type c botulism in broiler chickens. | an outbreak of type c botulism involving three-week-old broiler chickens on deep litter is described. no direct source of toxin was found. cl botulinum type c was distributed widely in the litter, and several thousand per gram were demonstrated both in the litter and in the intestinal contents of chicken. | 1977 | 327671 |
| [botulism in a number of yearlings (author's transl)]. | an outbreak of botulism in four yearlings of a single herd is reported. one animal recovered spontaneously. the other animals underwent euthanasia (animal a) or were slaughtered (animals b and c). cl. botulinum toxin type c was detected in the sera of animals a and b as well as in the liver and abomasal contents of animal a. in addition, cl. botulinum was isolated from the liver of animal a. the symptoms are described. total muscular weakness, also resulting in lingual paralysis and inability to ... | 1977 | 329471 |
| thermal destruction of clostridium botulinum spores suspended in tomato juice in aluminum thermal death time tubes. | the heat destruction characteristics of clostridium botulinum spores suspended in tomato juice and phosphate buffer were determined by the survivor curve method with aluminum thermal death time tubes. two type a strains of c. botulinum and a type b strain were evaluated. strains a16037 and b15580 were implicated in outbreaks of botulism involving home-canned tomato products. strain a16037 had a higher heat resistance than either 62a or b15580. the mean thermal resistance (d-values) for a16037 in ... | 1977 | 329760 |
| proteolytic mutants obtained from clostridium botulinum type e. | proteolytic mutants were isolated from toxigenic strains of clostridium botulinum type e after several transfers. when these cultures were plated on blood agar, almost all of the colonies obtained were proteolytic, and there were fewer toxigenic colonies than nontoxigenic colonies. the proteolytic mutants and nonproteolytic original strains were different in their biological properties. | 1977 | 329766 |
| clostridium sporogenes isolates and their relationship to c. botulinum based on deoxyribonucleic acid reassociation. | sixty-two isolates of clostridium sporogenes from canned foods were examined for cultural properties, heat resistance and dna-dna homology to clostridium botulinum type a190. sporulation was observed in most of 21 umbonate and rhizoidal colony-forming strains (colony-type i strains), but not in most of the 41 strains with convex and circular or crenate colonies with a mat to semi-glossy surface (colony-type ii strains). more than half of the latter strains showed much higher heat resistance than ... | 1977 | 330814 |
| inhibition of clostridium botulinum types a and b hemagglutinins by sugars. | chromatographically isolated hemagglutinins of clostridium botulinum types a and b are serologically related but not identical. of the sugars (5, 6, 12, 18 carbons, some derivatives, l and d forms) tested, only d-galactose and some of tis derivatives were inhibitors of these hemagglutinins. o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside and isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactoside were the most potent inhibitors. the two hemagglutinins were bound tightly by p-aminophenyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside coupled to ... | 1977 | 332296 |
| type a and type b botulism in the north: first reported cases due to toxin other than type e in alaskan inuit. | botulism outbreaks shown to be due to type a and type b toxin occurred in alaska, a region previously known for only type e botulism. the outbreak due to type a toxin involved three people, two of whom died. the outbreak due to type b toxin involved nine people, none of whom died. both outbreaks were in inuit villages, and native foods were incriminated. the occurrence of these outbreaks strongly suggests that clostridium botulinum, types a and b are indigenous to alaska. the outbreaks underscor ... | 1977 | 332309 |
| coproexamination for botulinal toxin and clostridium botulinum. a new procedure for laboratory diagnosis of botulism. | stool or serum specimens or both from 318 persons pertaining to 165 botulism investigations over a three-year period were examined. botulinal toxin was detected in stools of 19 of 56 patients and in sera of 20 of 60 patients with clinical botulism; it was not detected in specimens from 246 persons with an illness other than botulism or well contacts of patients. clostridium botulinum was identified in stools of 36 of 60 clinical botulism patients and in four of 27 asymptomatic contacts of patien ... | 1977 | 333132 |
| infantile botulism. | botulism has not traditionally been considered as occurring in infants under one year of age because they generally do not ingest foods potentially containing preformed clostridium botulinum toxin. we report a case of infantile botulism in a 3 1/2 month old infant who presented as a "floppy baby," and discuss the probable pathobiology involved. | 1977 | 333150 |
| the occurrence of clostridium botulinum type e in finnish trout farms and the prevention of toxin formation in fresh-salted vacuum-packed trout fillets. | the occurrence of c. botulinum on two finnish rainbow trout farms were studied. c. botulinum type e toxin was detected from samples of fish intestines in 10% and 4% of the samples and in 0% and 100% of dam bottom sediments, respectively. the toxin formation of inoculated c. botulinum type e in three different brands of commercial fresh-salted vacuum-packed trout fillets was also investigated. in the brand with a salt concentration of 2.7% (a w = 0.96) and no nitrate, the toxin was formed in two ... | 1977 | 333383 |
| inhibition of clostridium botulinum by 5-nitrothiazoles. | a number of 5-nitrothiazoles with various substituents in the 2-position were tested for inhibition of clostridium botulinum in a culture medium. thiazole itself or 2-bromo- or 2-methylthiazole at 30 mug/ml did not inhibit the organism. an amino group in the 2-position of thiazole inhibited at 10 mug/ml. substitution of a nitro group in the 5-position of 2-aminothiazole increased the inhibitory level to 0.12 mug/ml; acetyl-, propionyl-, or butyroyl-2-amino-5-nitrothiazole inhibited at 0.04 mug/m ... | 1977 | 334062 |
| ecological studies of clostridium botulinum in soils of taiwan. | | 1977 | 335018 |
| recovery of spores of clostridium botulinum in yeast extract agar and pork infusion agar after heat treatment. | yeast extract agar, pork infusion agar, and modifications of these media were used to recover heated clostridium botulinum spores. the d- and z-values were determined. two type a strains and one type b strain of c. botulinum were studied. in all cases the d-values were largest when the spores were recovered in yeast extract agar, compared to the d-values for spores recovered in pork infusion agar. the z-values for strains 62a and a16037 were largest when the spores were recovered in pork infusio ... | 1977 | 335970 |
| [botulinum toxin in mixed cultures of sporulating anaerobes]. | | 1977 | 336998 |
| comparative dose-survival curves of representative clostridium botulinum type f spores with type a and b spores. | radiation survival data of proteolytic (walls 8g-f) and non-proteolytic (eklund 83f) type f spores of clostridium botulinum were compared with dose-response data of radiation-resistant type a (33a) and b (40b) spores. strain eklund 83f was as resistant as strain 33a, whereas strain walls 8g-f was the most sensitive of the four strains tested. the methods suggested for computing both an initial shoulder and a d value for the dose-survival curves yielded results comparable to the graphic technique ... | 1977 | 337901 |
| [bacteriophage induction in cultures of c1. botulinum type a]. | the authors describe the mitomycin induction of bacteriophages in strains no. 4/2, 98, and 345 of cl. botulinum, type a. all the strains under study produced phages of the same morphology with a head and a process capable of contraction. the phages detected by electron microscopy failed to express any lytic activity on the strains of type a and other cl. botulinum types neither in the fluid nor in the hard nutrient media. the data obtained supplemented and widened the view on the incidence of ph ... | 1977 | 339612 |
| cryogenic gamma irradiation of prototype pork and chicken and antagonistic effect between clostridium botulinum types a and b. | inoculated, irradiated pork (2,300 cans) and chicken (2,000 cans) pack studies were performed to establish the 12d dose for these foods. each can was inoculated with a mixture of 10(6) spores of each of 10 strains of clostridium botulinum (five type a and five type b), or a total of 10(7) spores. the cans received a series of increasing doses of gamma rays (60co) at -30 +/- 10 degrees c; they were incubated for 6 months at 30 +/- 2 degrees c and examined for swelling, toxicity, and recoverable b ... | 1977 | 339839 |
| the effect of rifampicin on the developmental phases of germinating spores of clostridum sp., msp+. | the effect of rifampicin on the developmental phases of germinating spores of clostridium botulinum, msp+, has been studied. at sublethal concentrations of rifampicin (0.05 ng/ml) the time periods required for outgrowth and vegetative growth was significantly prolonged because of the inhibition of rna and protein synthesis. however, rifampicin had essentially no effect on dna synthesis or on subsequent spore formation. chemical analyses showed that the amount of protein present in vegetative cel ... | 1977 | 340019 |
| [principles for optimizing and guaging several processes in the technology of vaccine production. ii. modeling processes of thermal inactivation of microorganisms]. | the paper treats of some problems pertinent to modelling of thermal inactivation of the microbes serving as a theoretical foundation for the achievement of guaranteed sterility of the equipment, communications and fluids. the principal attention is devoted to the problems of quantitative assessment of the efficacy of the mentioned processes. the advantages and the drawbacks of some deterministic and probability models which found application in microbiological laboratories are assessed. the expe ... | 1977 | 341616 |
| enhancing nitrite inhibition of clostridium botulinum with isoascorbate in perishable canned cured meat. | addition of sodium isoascorbate to the formulation for perishable canned comminuted cured meat markedly enhanced the efficacy of nitrite against clostridium botulinum. this effect was reproducible through a series of three tests. in one test it was found that the initial addition of 50 microgram of sodium nitrite per g plus isoascorbate was as effective as 156 microgram of sodium nitrite per g alone. | 1978 | 341810 |
| [production of the trypsin-activable toxin by clostridium botulinum type c and d strains (author's transl)]. | | 1977 | 342740 |
| [anaphylactogenic, antigeni and avid properties of the antibotulin serum from the blood of various animal species]. | it was shown that purified and concentrated by the "diaferm" method antibotulin sera from horse and cattle blood failed to differ by anaphylactogenic properties; at the same time in sensitization of the organism to protein of one animal species the use of the sera of another species provided a lesser reactogenicity of the preparation. the antigenic activity of the purified and concentrated sera from the blood or horses and cows in testing on rabbits was identical, but in response to cow alpha-gl ... | 1978 | 343452 |
| infant botulism. | | 1978 | 343901 |