| regulation of the nadh and nadph-ferredoxin oxidoreductases in clostridia of the butyric group. | nadh and nadph-ferredoxin oxidoreductases have been studied in clostridium acetobutylicum, cl. tyrobutyricum and cl. pasteurianum. the study of the distribution and regulation of these enzymatic activities in well-defined culture conditions, reveals that the essential function of nadph-ferredoxin oxidoreductase is to produce nadph, while nadh-ferredoxin oxidoreductase can, depending on cellular conditions, produce or oxidize nadh. when these clostridia use glycolysis, regulation of the nadh-ferr ... | 1976 | 3218 |
| study of the nadh and nadph-ferredoxin oxidoreductase activities in clostridium acetobutylicum. | the nadh and nadph-ferredoxin oxidoreductase have been studied in clostridium acetobutylicum. acetyl-coa is an obligatory activator of nadh-ferredoxin reductase activity and nadh a competitive inhibitor of ferredoxin-nad+ reductase activity. these regulations are the same when c. acetoburylicum moves from 'butylic-type metabolism' to 'butyric-type metabolism'; this demonstrates that nadh-ferredoxin oxidoreductase cna, through its reversible action, meet the very different cell needs imposed by t ... | 1977 | 13922 |
| the fermentative production of acetone-butanol by clostridium acetobutylicum. | fourteen different media were used in the fermentative production of acetone-butanol. the highest total yields were achieved in medium i. potato starch and soluble starch were suitable as carbon sources. the best concentrations of potato starch and soluble starch were 500.0 and 10.0 g/l, respectively. peptone was the most favourable nitrogen source. the best concentration of peptone was 4.0 g/l. calcium carbonate in 3.6 g/l acted as buffering agent in the fermentation process. the best initial p ... | 1976 | 16418 |
| cloning and characterization of a gene from bacillus stearothermophilus var. non-diastaticus encoding a glycerol dehydrogenase. | a 4.1-kb ecori fragment which includes the gene (glda) encoding a glycerol dehydrogenase (g1dh; ec 1.1.1.6; glycerol:nad oxidoreductase) from bacillus stearothermophilus var. non-diastaticus has been cloned by virtue of its ability to restore glycerol utilisation to escherichia coli glycerol kinase (glpk) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (glpd) mutants. sequencing suggests that the glda gene is likely to be monocistronic and encodes a protein of 39450 da. the deduced amino acid composition ... | 1992 | 1339360 |
| the bacteriocin lactococcin a specifically increases permeability of lactococcal cytoplasmic membranes in a voltage-independent, protein-mediated manner. | lactococcin a is a bacteriocin produced by lactococcus lactis. its structural gene has recently been cloned and sequenced (m. j. van belkum, b. j. hayema, r. e. jeeninga, j. kok, and g. venema, appl. environ. microbiol. 57:492-498, 1991). purified lactococcin a increased the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane of l. lactis and dissipated the membrane potential. a significantly higher concentration of lactococcin a was needed to dissipate the membrane potential in an immune strain of l. lact ... | 1991 | 1744049 |
| isolation and characterization of clostridium acetobutylicum mutants with enhanced amylolytic activity. | clostridium acetobutylicum mutants ba 101 (hyperamylolytic) and ba 105 (catabolite depressed) were isolated by using n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine together with selective enrichment on the glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose. amylolytic enzyme production by c. acetobutylicum ba 101 was 1.8- and 2.5-fold higher than that of the atcc 824 strain grown in starch and glucose, respectively. c. acetobutylicum ba 105 produced 6.5-fold more amylolytic activity on glucose relative to that of the wild-typ ... | 1991 | 1722664 |
| cloning of the clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 acetyl coenzyme a acetyltransferase (thiolase; ec 2.3.1.9) gene. | thiolase (acetyl coenzyme a acetyltransferase; ec 2.3.1.9) from clostridium acetobutylicum is a key enzyme in the production of acids and solvents in this organism. the purification and properties of the enzyme have already been described (d. p. wiesenborn, f. b. rudolph, and e.t. papoutsakis, appl. environ. microbiol. 54:2717-2722, 1988). the thl gene encoding the thiolase has been cloned by using primary antibodies raised to the purified enzyme. a bacteriophage lambda embl3 library of c. aceto ... | 1991 | 1685080 |
| natural transfer of conjugative transposon tn916 between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. | the conjugative streptococcal transposon tn916 was found to transfer naturally between a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative eubacteria. enterococcus faecalis hosting the transposon could serve as a donor for alcaligenes eutrophus, citrobacter freundii, and escherichia coli at frequencies of 10(-6) to 10(-8). no transfer was observed with several phototrophic species. mating of an e. coli strain carrying tn916 yielded transconjugants with bacillus subtilis, clostridium acetobutylicum, ent ... | 1991 | 1846142 |
| autolysis of clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824. | the optimum conditions for autolysis of clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 were determined. autolysis was optimal at ph 6.3 and 55 degrees c in 0.1 m-sodium acetate/phosphate buffer. the ability of cells to autolyse decreased sharply at the end of the exponential phase of growth. lysis was stimulated by monovalent cations and compounds that complex divalent cations, and inhibited by divalent cations. the autolysin of c. acetobutylicum, which was mainly cytoplasmic, was purified to homogeneity a ... | 1992 | 1645127 |
| molecular characterization of the dnak gene region of clostridium acetobutylicum, including grpe, dnaj, and a new heat shock gene. | the dnak gene region of clostridium acetobutylicum was cloned in escherichia coli by using the pbluescript sk+ and puc18 vectors. by using the e. coli dnak gene as a probe and by in vivo chromosome walking, three positive clones harboring the recombinant plasmids pkg1, pkg2, and pkg3 containing 1.2-kbp hindiii, 3.55-kbp ecorv, and 1.2-kbp psti fragments of the chromosome of c. acetobutylicum, respectively, were isolated. the cloned fragments partially overlapped, and together they spanned 4,083 ... | 1992 | 1577695 |
| replacement of the aliphatic chains of clostridium acetobutylicum by exogenous fatty acids: regulation of phospholipid and glycolipid composition. | the membrane lipid aliphatic chains of clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 4259 have been extensively modified by growth in biotin-free medium containing vitamin-free casein hydrolysate supplemented with either elaidic acid, oleic acid, or mixtures of palmitic and oleic acids. growth with elaidic acid resulted in polar lipids containing 88.6% 18:1 acyl chains and 94.5% 18:1 ether-linked chains. growth with oleic acid resulted in comparable levels of enrichment of the lipids with 18:1 chains and c19 ... | 1992 | 1548233 |
| vector construction, transformation, and gene amplification in clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824. | in order to alter the primary metabolism of c. acetobutylicum, we have constructed e. coli- or b. subtilis-c. acetobutylicum shuttle vectors that could be used to deliver homologous fermentative genes into c. acetobutylicum atcc 824. the plasmid copy number and plasmid stability in c. acetobutylicum for several of these plasmids were determined. we have also developed a protocol for the electrotransformation of c. acetobutylicum atcc 824. difficulty in the transformation of c. acetobutylicum atc ... | 1992 | 1416617 |
| expression of cloned homologous fermentative genes in clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824. | we have previously cloned the acetone-formation pathway gene, encoding acetoacetate decarboxylase (adc), and butyrate-formation pathway gene, encoding phosphotransbutyrylase (ptb), of clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 in escherichia coli. here we report their subcloning in bacillus subtilis and transfer to strain atcc 824 via electrotransformation, where the corresponding enzyme activities were expressed at elevated levels, using pfnk1, a new b. subtilis/c. acetobutylicum shuttle vector. plasm ... | 1992 | 1368230 |
| studies on clostridium acetobutylicum glna promoters and antisense rna. | the clostridium acetobutylicum glna gene has two transcript start sites under the control of promoters p1 and p2. initiation of transcription was regulated by nitrogen and a downstream region was implicated in the regulation of transcript initiation by nitrogen in escherichia coli. putative antisense rna was produced from a single downstream transcript start site under the control of p3. an up-promoter mutation in p3 resulted in lower levels of glutamine synthetase (gs) activity. putative antise ... | 1990 | 1981087 |
| use of immobilized microbial membrane fragments to remove oxygen and favor the acetone-butanol fermentation. | oxygen-reducing membrane fragments obtained from escherichia coli were used with clostridium acetobutylicum (c. acetobutylicum) to provide an oxygen-free microenvironment for the conversion of glucose to acetone, butanol, and ethanol (abe). the batch fermentation of suspended c. acetobutylicum nrrl-b-643 and its ability to produce solvents in the presence of membranes as the oxygen-elimination agent are described and compared with the conventional sparging technique used to maintain anaerobiosis ... | 1990 | 1366614 |
| organization and nucleotide sequence of the glutamine synthetase (glna) gene from lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. | a 3.3-kb bamhi fragment of lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus dna was cloned and sequenced. it complements an escherichia coli glna deletion strain and hybridizes strongly to a dna containing the bacillus subtilis glna gene. dna sequence analysis of the l. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus dna showed it to contain the glna gene encoding class i glutamine synthetase, as judged by extensive homology with other prokaryotic glna genes. the sequence suggests that the enzyme encoded in this gene ... | 1992 | 1359838 |
| reconstruction and expression of the autolytic gene from clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 in escherichia coli. | the complete lyc gene encoding the autolytic lysozyme of clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 was reconstructed from two overlapping dna fragments and cloned into a suitable plasmid enabling escherichia coli to produce this lytic enzyme under the control of the lac promoter. a polypeptide with an apparent m(r) of 35,000, corresponding to that predicted from the nucleotide sequence, was observed by maxicell analysis of whole-cell extracts of e. coli harboring the clostridial gene. the enzyme yield ... | 1992 | 1355455 |
| cloning, sequencing, and molecular analysis of the groesl operon of clostridium acetobutylicum. | the groesl operon of clostridium acetobutylicum was cloned in escherichia coli by using a gene probe of e. coli groesl. sequencing of a positively reacting 2.2-kbp hindiii fragment contained in the recombinant plasmid pfn1 and a 2.5-kbp xbai fragment present in pfn4 revealed that both fragments partially overlapped and together spanned 3,493 bp of the clostridial chromosome. two complete open reading frames (288 and 1632 bp) were found and identified as the groes- and groel-homologous genes of c ... | 1992 | 1349602 |
| possible function of trna(thr)acg in regulation of solvent formation in clostridium acetobutylicum. | the mutation of clostridium acetobutylicum mutant aa2, defective in the formation of acetone and butanol, was shown to be caused by a single insertion of tn916 close to the structural gene thra, encoding the trna(thr)acg. the dna region containing the thra gene was cloned and sequenced. start and end points of the transcript were determined by primer extension and s1-mapping analysis. the results obtained were identical to predictions derived from the dna sequence by various rna-analysing comput ... | 1992 | 1335943 |
| microbiological production of acetone-butanol by clostridium acetobutylicum. | trials succeeded in raising the efficiencies of the fermentation medium, used in the fermentative production of acetone-butanol by clostridium acetobutylicum. egyptian black strap molasses (50.0% sugars) was suitable as carbon source in the fermentation medium, and (nh4)2so4 was utilized with great success as inorganic nitrogen source. 140.0 g/l black strap molasses (about 7.0% sugars) and 3.0 g/l (nh4)2so4 were the optimum concentrations for obtaining good yields of acetone and butanol. molasse ... | 1978 | 685531 |
| isolation and properties of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotiderubredoxin oxidoreductase of clostridium acetobutylicum. | | 1979 | 526302 |
| bacteriocin production by clostridium acetobutylicum in an industrial fermentation process. | high titers of a noninducible bacteriocin were produced by clostridium acetobutylicum in a molasses fermentation medium used for the industrial production of solvents. release of the bacteriocin towards the end of the exponential growth phase was accompanied by lysis of the culture and inhibition of the production of solvents. the producer cells were sensitive to the bacteriocin, which only affected other c. acetobutylicum strains and a clostridium felsineum strain. the thermolabile bacteriocin ... | 1979 | 36841 |
| properties of the glucose phosphotransferase system of clostridium acetobutylicum ncib 8052. | the glucose phosphotransferase system (pts) of clostridium acetobutylicum was studied by using cell extracts. the system exhibited a km for glucose of 34 microm, and glucose phosphorylation was inhibited competitively by mannose and 2-deoxyglucose. the analogs 3-o-methylglucoside and methyl alpha-glucoside did not inhibit glucose phosphorylation significantly. activity showed no dependence on mg2+ ions or on ph in the range 6.0 to 8.0. the pts comprised both soluble and membrane-bound proteins, ... | 1991 | 1768126 |
| cloning of an nadh-dependent butanol dehydrogenase gene from clostridium acetobutylicum. | the acetone-butanol fermentation of c. acetobutylicum is characterized by the unique shift from acid to solvent production. the mechanism of the solventogenic switch involves the induction of several enzymes, including nadh-dependent butanol dehydrogenase (bdh) at the onset of solventogenesis. this enzyme is responsible for the final conversion of butyraldehyde to butanol, and is distinct from the nadph-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) also present in the organism. to characterize the genet ... | 1991 | 1809209 |
| purification and characterization of the dna-dependent rna polymerase from clostridium acetobutylicum. | the dna-dependent rna polymerase (ec 2.7.7.6) from clostridium acetobutylicum dsm 1731 has been purified to homogeneity and characterized. the purified enzyme was composed of four subunits and had a molecular mass of 370,000 da. western immunoblot analysis with polyclonal antibodies against the sigma 70 subunit of escherichia coli rna polymerase identified the 46,000-da subunit as an immunologically and probably functionally related protein. the other three subunits of 128,000, 117,000, and 42,0 ... | 1991 | 1705930 |
| regulation and localization of amylolytic enzymes in clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824. | amylolytic activity was primarily cell associated when clostridium acetobutylicum was grown on glucose or maltose and primarily extracellular when grown on dextrin or starch. total amylolytic activity decreased with increasing glucose concentration. when this microorganism was grown in p2 medium containing starch, the intracellular amylolytic activity was 90% membrane bound and 10% cytoplasmic in nature. the addition of 1% glucose to 2% starch-based p2 medium at different stages of growth indica ... | 1990 | 1698349 |
| expression and nucleotide sequence of the clostridium acetobutylicum beta-galactosidase gene cloned in escherichia coli. | a gene library for clostridium acetobutylicum ncib 2951 was constructed in the broad-host-range cosmid plafr1, and cosmids containing the beta-galactosidase gene were isolated by direct selection for enzyme activity on x-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-d-galactoside) plates after conjugal transfer of the library to a lac deletion derivative of escherichia coli. analysis of various psup202 subclones of the lac cosmids on x-gal plates localized the beta-galactosidase gene to a 5.1-kb ecori fr ... | 1991 | 1850729 |
| expression of a beta-galactosidase gene from clostridium acetobutylicum in lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis. | a beta-galactosidase gene from clostridium acetobutylicum ncib 2951 was expressed after cloning into psa3 and electroporation into derivatives of lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis strains h1 and 7962. when the clostridial gene was introduced into a plasmid-free derivative of the starter-type lact. lactis subsp. lactis strain h1, the resulting construct had high beta-galactosidase activity but utilized lactose only slightly faster than the recipient. beta-galactosidase activity in the construct de ... | 1991 | 1910034 |
| cloning and expression of clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 acetoacetyl-coenzyme a:acetate/butyrate:coenzyme a-transferase in escherichia coli. | coenzyme a (coa)-transferase (acetoacetyl-coa:acetate/butyrate:coa-transferase [butyrate-acetoacetate coa-transferase] [ec 2.8.3.9]) of clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 is an important enzyme in the metabolic shift between the acid-producing and solvent-forming states of this organism. the purification and properties of the enzyme have recently been described (d. p. weisenborn, f. b. rudolph, and e. t. papoutsakis, appl. environ. microbiol. 55:323-329, 1989). the genes encoding the two subuni ... | 1990 | 2383002 |
| isolation of a single-stranded plasmid from clostridium acetobutylicum ncib 6444. | the cryptic plasmid pdm6 was isolated from late exponential-phase cells of clostridium acetobutylicum ncib 6444 by either alkaline lysis or electroporation. the application of high voltage during electroporation resulted in higher dna yield than did the alkaline lysis procedure. however, electroporation-induced plasmid release generated high amounts of single-stranded dna compared with the alkaline lysis procedure, which generated both double-stranded dna (monomer and dimer forms) and single-str ... | 1990 | 2383010 |
| a general method for cloning reca genes of gram-positive bacteria by polymerase chain reaction. | an internal fragment of the reca gene from eight gram-positive organisms has been amplified by using degenerate primers in a polymerase chain reaction. the internal 348- or 360-bp reca dna segments from bacillus subtilis, clostridium acetobutylicum, lactobacillus bulgaricus, lactobacillus helveticus, leuconostoc mesanteroides, listeria monocytogenes, staphylococcus aureus, and streptococcus salivarus subsp. thermophilus were amplified, cloned, and sequenced. the g + c contents of the dna from th ... | 1992 | 1629178 |
| purification and characterization of an extracellular muramidase of clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 that acts on non-n-acetylated peptidoglycan. | an extracellular enzyme showing lytic activity on non-n-acetylated peptidoglycan has been isolated from clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824. the lytic enzyme was purified to homogeneity by anion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration, with a recovery of 24%. the enzyme was monomeric and had an estimated molecular weight of 41,000 and an isoelectric point of 3.8. it has been characterized as a muramidase whose 23-amino-acid n terminus displayed 39% homology with the n,o-diacetyl muramidase of ... | 1992 | 1599233 |
| sequence of the lyc gene encoding the autolytic lysozyme of clostridium acetobutylicum atcc824: comparison with other lytic enzymes. | the lyc gene, encoding an autolytic lysozyme from clostridium acetobutylicum atcc824, has been cloned. the nucleotide sequence of the lyc gene has been determined and found to encode a protein of 324 amino acids (aa) with a deduced mr of 34,939. the lyc gene is preceded by two open reading frames with unknown functions, suggesting that this gene is part of an operon. comparison between the deduced aa sequence of the lyc gene and the directly determined n-terminal sequence of the extracellular cl ... | 1991 | 1916274 |
| effect of pretreatment on simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of hardwood into acetone/butanol. | the effectiveness of pretreatments on hardwood substrate was investigated in connection with its subsequent conversion by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (ssf), using clostridium acetobutylicum. the main objectives of the pretreatment were to achieve efficient separation of lignin from carbohydrates, and to obtain maximum sugar yield on enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated wood. two methods have given promising results: (1) supercritical co2-so2 treatment, and (2) monoethanolamine ( ... | 1991 | 1929394 |
| stable inheritance of shuttle vectors based on plasmid pim13 in a mutant strain of clostridium acetobutylicum. | new shuttle vectors for clostridium acetobutylicum were constructed, using as replicons the gram-positive plasmid pim13, and derivatives of the gram-negative plasmid pbr322, including puc19. these vectors transformed c. acetobutylicum at a high frequency (up to 10(6) transformants per microgram dna) by peg-mediated protoplast transformation. a mutant host strain, ni-4082, was isolated on the basis of its ability to maintain plasmid pim13 stably in the absence of selection pressure. the shuttle v ... | 1992 | 1512567 |
| purification and characterization of fatty acid beta-oxidation enzymes from caulobacter crescentus. | acetoacetyl coenzyme a (acetoacetyl-coa) thiolase, an enzyme required for short-chain fatty acid degradation, has been purified to near homogeneity from caulobacter crescentus. the relative heat stability of this enzyme allowed it to be separated from beta-ketoacyl-coa thiolase. the purification scheme minus the heating step also permitted the copurification of crotonase and 3-hydroxyacyl-coa dehydrogenase. these activities are in a multienzyme complex in escherichia coli, but a similar complex ... | 1990 | 1967602 |
| molecular characterization of two clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 butanol dehydrogenase isozyme genes. | a 4-kb segment of dna containing two previously cloned butanol dehydrogenase (bdh) isozyme genes (d. petersen, r. welch, f. rudolph, and g. bennett, j. bacteriol. 173:1831-1834, 1991) was sequenced. two complete open reading frames (orfs) were identified (bdha and bdhb), along with a third truncated orf (orf1). the translation products of bdha and bdhb corresponded to the n-terminal sequences of the purified bdh i and bdh ii proteins, respectively. the two isozymes had a high amino acid identity ... | 1992 | 1385386 |
| mrna analysis of the adc gene region of clostridium acetobutylicum during the shift to solventogenesis. | by using primer extension analysis, we located the transcription start point of the acetoacetate decarboxylase (adc) gene of clostridium acetobutylicum 90 nucleotides upstream from the initiation codon with a as the first transcribed nucleotide. from this site the promoter structure tttact(18 bp)tataat was identified; it shows high homology to the consensus sequences of gram-positive bacteria and escherichia coli. northern blot experiments revealed a length of 850 bases for the transcript of the ... | 1992 | 1370288 |
| construction of shuttle vector plasmid between clostridium acetobutylicum and escherichia coli. | a high copy number plasmid pcs86 (3.0 kb) was isolated from clostridium acetobutylicum strain no. 86. for developing the vector plasmid for gene cloning of saccharolytic clostridia, two hybrid plasmids were constructed by joining pcs86 to the e. coli promoter probe vector pkk232-8 carrying the promoterless gene of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat). one of the hybrid plasmids designated as pty10 replicated and expressed the cat gene in e. coli, and transformed a plasmid-free strain, c. acet ... | 1990 | 1368508 |
| isolation and characterization of a filamentous viruslike particle from clostridium acetobutylicum ncib 6444. | a single-stranded 6.6-kb dna molecule complexed with protein was recovered from the supernatant of clostridium acetobutylicum ncib 6444. electron microscopic examination of the dna-protein complex revealed the presence of a filamentous viruslike particle, which was designated cak1. the possible double-stranded plasmidlike replicative form and the single-stranded prophage were also recovered from the cell culture following alkaline lysis. cak1 was released from the c. acetobutylicum cell culture ... | 1991 | 1987147 |
| metronidazole activation and isolation of clostridium acetobutylicum electron transport genes. | an escherichia coli f19 reca, nitrate reductase-deficient mutant was constructed by transposon mutagenesis and shown to be resistant to metronidazole. this mutant was a most suitable host for the isolation of clostridium acetobutylicum genes on recombinant plasmids, which activated metronidazole and rendered the e. coli f19 strain sensitive to metronidazole. twenty-five e. coli f19 clones containing different recombinant plasmids were isolated and classified into five groups on the basis of thei ... | 1991 | 1991710 |
| differential expression of a clostridium acetobutylicum antisense rna: implications for regulation of glutamine synthetase. | the clostridium acetobutylicum glutamine synthetase (gs) dna region is characterized by a downstream promoter, p3, oriented toward the glna gene, which controls the transcription of an rna complementary to the start of the glna mrna. expression of the predicted 43-base antisense rna was demonstrated in c. acetobutylicum and escherichia coli cells containing the cloned glna dna. antisense rna transcription from p3 was not regulated by nitrogen in e. coli cells, but the expression of antisense rna ... | 1992 | 1360004 |
| electron microscopic analysis and biochemical characterization of a novel methanol dehydrogenase from the thermotolerant bacillus sp. c1. | methanol dehydrogenase from the thermotolerant bacillus sp. c1 was studied by electron microscopy and image processing. two main projections can be distinguished: one exhibits 5-fold symmetry and has a diameter of 15 nm, the other is rectangular with sides of 15 and 9 nm. subsequent image processing showed that the 5-fold view possesses mirror symmetry. the rectangular views can be divided into two separate classes, one of which has 2-fold rotational symmetry. it is concluded that methanol dehyd ... | 1991 | 1995642 |
| molecular cloning of an alcohol (butanol) dehydrogenase gene cluster from clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824. | in clostridium acetobutylicum, conversion of butyraldehyde to butanol is enzymatically achieved by butanol dehydrogenase (bdh). a c. acetobutylicum gene that encodes this protein was identified by using an oligonucleotide designed on the basis of the n-terminal amino acid sequence of purified c. acetobutylicum nadh-dependent bdh. enzyme assays of cell extracts of escherichia coli harboring the clostridial gene demonstrated 15-fold-higher nadh-dependent bdh activity than untransformed e. coli, as ... | 1991 | 1999395 |
| recognition sequence of a new methyl-specific restriction system from clostridium acetobutylicum strain abkn8. | a new type ii restriction endonuclease, named cac8i was detected in clostridium acetobutylicum strain abkn8. cac8i cleaved the hexanucleotide sequence [5'-gcn decreases ngc-3'] and generated blunt ends. up to now no isoschizomer of cac8i has been described [corrected]. | 1991 | 2040424 |
| purification and characterization of acidolysin, an acidic metalloprotease produced by clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824. | acidolysin an extracellular protease produced by clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 was purified to homogeneity by anion-exchange chromatography with a recovery of 91%. the enzyme was a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of 44,000 as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an acidic isoelectric point of 3.3. acidolysin was very sensitive to metal-chelating agents and phosphoramidon and was unaffected by sulfhydryl reagents. it was shown to be a calcium- ... | 1990 | 2082818 |
| cloning, sequencing, and molecular analysis of the acetoacetate decarboxylase gene region from clostridium acetobutylicum. | acetoacetate decarboxylase (adc) (ec4.1.1.4) of clostridium acetobutylicum dsm 792 was purified to homogeneity, and its first 25 n-terminal amino acids were determined. oligonucleotide probes deduced from this sequence were used to detect positive clones in partial gene banks derived from sau3a and haeiii digests with following ligation into the vector puc9. in escherichia coli, the 2.1-kbp haeiii clones expressed high levels of adc activity. the expression was independent of the orientation of ... | 1990 | 2254264 |
| purification of acetoacetate decarboxylase from clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 and cloning of the acetoacetate decarboxylase gene in escherichia coli. | in clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824, acetoacetate decarboxylase (ec 4.1.1.4) is essential for solvent production, catalyzing the decarboxylation of acetoacetate to acetone. we report here the purification of the enzyme from c. acetobutylicum atcc 824 and the cloning and expression of the gene encoding the acetoacetate decarboxylase enzyme in escherichia coli. a bacteriophage lambda embl3 library of c. acetobutylicum dna was screened by plaque hybridization, using oligodeoxynucleotide probes d ... | 1990 | 2268159 |
| light-driven amino acid uptake in streptococcus cremoris or clostridium acetobutylicum membrane vesicles fused with liposomes containing bacterial reaction centers. | reaction centers of the phototrophic bacterium rhodopseudomonas palustris were introduced as proton motive force-generating systems in membrane vesicles of two anaerobic bacteria. liposomes containing reaction center-light-harvesting complex i pigment protein complexes were fused with membrane vesicles of streptococcus cremoris or clostridium acetobutylicum by freeze-thawing and sonication. illumination of these fused membranes resulted in the generation of a proton motive force of approximately ... | 1988 | 2832381 |
| synthesis and applications of 8-azido photoaffinity analogs of p1,p3-bis(5'-adenosyl)triphosphate and p1,p4-bis(5'-adenosyl)tetraphosphate. | 32p-labeled photoaffinity analogs of bis(5'-adenosyl)-tetraphosphate and bis(5'-adenosyl)triphosphate which contain a single photoreactive 8-azidoadenosine group distal to the radiolabel have been synthesized from commercially available components using a combination of chemical and enzymatic procedures including a water-soluble carbodiimide. the method is simple, rapid, and produces yields of high specific activity products of around 60%. the analog of bis(5'-adenosyl)-tetraphosphate is very si ... | 1990 | 2327577 |
| nucleotide sequence of a clostridium acetobutylicum p262 xylanase gene (xynb). | | 1990 | 2336398 |
| effects of propionate and acetate additions on solvent production in batch cultures of clostridium acetobutylicum. | addition of acetate or propionate to uncontrolled-ph batch cultures does not affect the initiation of solventogenesis but does enhance final solvent concentrations compared with those of unchallenged cultures. this observation can be explained in terms of the increased buffering capacity of the medium brought about by the added acids, resulting in protection against premature growth inhibition due to low culture ph values at the end of the fermentation. the uptake of propionic acid from the medi ... | 1990 | 2339898 |
| protein phosphorylation in response to stress in clostridium acetobutylicum. | the possible involvement of protein phosphorylation in the clostridial stress response was investigated by radioactively labeling growing cells of clostridium acetobutylicum with 32pi or cell extracts with [gamma-32p]atp. several phosphoproteins were identified; these were not affected by the growth stage of the culture. although the extent of protein phosphorylation was increased by heat stress, the phosphoproteins did not correspond to known stress proteins seen in one-dimensional sodium dodec ... | 1990 | 2389935 |
| characterization and application of a thermostable primary transport system: cytochrome-c oxidase from bacillus stearothermophilus. | cytochrome-c oxidase from bacillus stearothermophilus has been purified to homogeneity by detergent extraction followed by deae-cellulose, hydroxyapatite- and gel-filtration chromatography. the enzyme is a typical cytochrome-aa3-type oxidase which binds carbon monoxide and is sensitive to classical oxidase inhibitors like cyanide and azide. the purified enzyme is composed of three different subunits (57, 37 and 22 kda). the subunit with intermediate molecular mass contains a covalently attached ... | 1989 | 2536327 |
| pyruvate fermentation by clostridium acetobutylicum. | clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 using pyruvate as the sole carbon source produced mainly acetate and butyrate as end products of fermentation. acetate and butyrate kinase activities were higher in cells growing in the presence of pyruvate than glucose, whereas the level of the acetoacetate decarboxylase, an enzyme involved in solvent formation, was lower. similar activities of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were found in cells grown in pyruvate and glucose mediums. the transfer of ... | 1989 | 2556163 |
| transfer of tn1545 and tn916 to clostridium acetobutylicum. | tn1545, a conjugative transposon originally discovered in streptococcus pneumoniae, has been transferred from enterococcus faecalis and bacillus subtilis to clostridium acetobutylicum ncib 8052. transfer between different strains of c. acetobutylicum has also been observed. insertion of tn1545 into the c. acetobutylicum chromosome occurred at multiple sites, as shown by southern hybridization. although ermam (erythromycin-resistance) was the most satisfactory marker for primary selection of tran ... | 1989 | 2560219 |
| the complete nucleotide sequence of the glutamine synthetase gene (glna) of bacillus subtilis. | the glutamine synthetase (gs) gene from bacillus subtilis pci 219 was cloned in escherichia coli using the vector pbr329. a plasmid, psgs2, was isolated from a glna+ transformant and the cloned gs gene was found to be located in a 3.6 kb dna fragment. the nucleotide sequence of a 1.8 kb segment encoding the gs was determined. this segment showed an open reading frame which would encode a polypeptide of 444 amino acids. the amino acid sequence of this gs gene product has higher homology with that ... | 1989 | 2565853 |
| nucleotide sequence and expression of the glutamine synthetase structural gene, glna, of the archaebacterium methanococcus voltae. | the sequence of a 2,746-bp dna fragment of methanococcus voltae carrying the glna gene for glutamine synthetase (gs), was established. a 1,338-bp open reading frame (orf), encoding a 446-amino-acid polypeptide of 50,142 da, was defined as glna on the basis of its similarity to other glna genes and on the ability of a dna fragment carrying this orf to complement an escherichia coli gln- mutant. no sequence homology was found between sequences flanking the m. volae glna gene and other eubacterial ... | 1989 | 2575777 |
| characterization of a methyl-specific restriction system in clostridium acetobutylicum strain n1-4081. | a type ii restriction endonuclease, named caci, was detected in clostridium acetobutylicum strain n1-4081. caci cleaved the tetranucleotide sequence [5' decreases -gatc-3']. the modification system consisted of the methylation of the adenine present in this sequence. caci, an isoschizomer of mboi, is inactive on dam methylated substrates. | 1989 | 2612893 |
| cloning and expression of a clostridium acetobutylicum alpha-amylase gene in escherichia coli. | a gene library of clostridium acetobutylicum atcc824 was constructed in the plasmid vector pecor251. the library was tested for the presence of starch hydrolyzing clones. one clone in which the recombinant plasmid, pvp101, conferred alpha-amylase activity to the escherichia coli host cell, was detected. the gene is carried on a 3.45-kbp bglii restriction fragment. a detailed physical map of pvp101 is presented. | 1989 | 2661316 |
| purification and characterization of the nadh-dependent butanol dehydrogenase from clostridium acetobutylicum (atcc 824). | two butanol dehydrogenases with different cofactor requirements and different ph ranges have been detected in clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824. the nadh-dependent butanol dehydrogenase (nadh-bdh) was purified to near homogeneity and characterized. one striking feature of the enzyme is that zn2+ was needed to obtain a significant recovery during purification. the enzyme was a dimer composed of two subunits with subunit molecular mass of 42 kda and a native molecular mass of 82 +/- 2 kda. the k ... | 1989 | 2673038 |
| cloning of clostridium acetobutylicum genes and their expression in escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis. | dna from clostridium acetobutylicum abkn8 was partially digested with sau3a and the fragments obtained were inserted into the unique bamhi site of the cloning vector phv33. the recombinant plasmids were used to transform escherichia coli hb101 with selection for ampicillin resistance. a collection of ampicillin-resistant, tetracycline-sensitive clones representative of the clostridium acetobutylicum genome was made. the clones were shown to carry recombinant plasmids each containing an insert of ... | 1986 | 3093821 |
| molecular analysis and nucleotide sequence of the adh1 gene encoding an nadph-dependent butanol dehydrogenase in the gram-positive anaerobe clostridium acetobutylicum. | the nucleotide sequence of a 2081-bp fragment of clostridium acetobutylicum dna containing the adh1 gene was determined. the butanol dehydrogenase gene is referred to as the adh1 gene since it was shown to have activity using butanol and ethanol as substrates. the adh1 gene consisted of 1164 bp and encoded an alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) enzyme of 388 aa residues with an mr of 43,274. the adh1 gene was separated from an upstream open reading frame by an intergenic region of 354 bp. no promoter co ... | 1989 | 2673928 |
| homology between hydroxybutyryl and hydroxyacyl coenzyme a dehydrogenase enzymes from clostridium acetobutylicum fermentation and vertebrate fatty acid beta-oxidation pathways. | the enzymes nad-dependent beta-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme a dehydrogenase (bhbd) and 3-hydroxyacetyl coenzyme a (3-hydroxyacyl-coa) dehydrogenase are part of the central fermentation pathways for butyrate and butanol production in the gram-positive anaerobic bacterium clostridium acetobutylicum and for the beta oxidation of fatty acids in eucaryotes, respectively. the c. acetobutylicum hbd gene encoding a bacterial bhbd was cloned, expressed, and sequenced in escherichia coli. the deduced primary a ... | 1989 | 2687255 |
| phosphotransbutyrylase from clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 and its role in acidogenesis. | phosphotransbutyrylase (phosphate butyryltransferase [ec 2.3.1.19]) from clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 was purified approximately 200-fold to homogeneity with a yield of 13%. steps used in the purification procedure were fractional precipitation with (nh4)2so4, phenyl sepharose cl-4b chromatography, deae-sephacel chromatography, high-pressure liquid chromatography with an anion-exchange column, and high-pressure liquid chromatography with a hydrophobic-interaction column. gel filtration an ... | 1989 | 2719475 |
| coenzyme a transferase from clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 and its role in the uptake of acids. | coenzyme a (coa) transferase from clostridium acetobutylicum atcc 824 was purified 81-fold to homogeneity. this enzyme was stable in the presence of 0.5 m ammonium sulfate and 20% (vol/vol) glycerol, whereas activity was rapidly lost in the absence of these stabilizers. the kinetic binding mechanism was ping pong bi bi, and the km values at ph 7.5 and 30 degrees c for acetate, propionate, and butyrate were, respectively, 1,200, 1,000, and 660 mm, while the km value for acetoacetyl-coa ranged fro ... | 1989 | 2719476 |
| construction of shuttle vectors useful for transforming clostridium acetobutylicum. | plasmids pim13, pt127 and pbc16 delta 1, introduced by transformation into clostridium acetobutylicum n1-4081, were shown to replicate in, and to confer antibiotic resistance upon this new host. recombinant plasmids were constructed by inserting erythromycin-resistant plasmid pim13 into the unique clai site of pbr322 or by ligating a tetracycline-resistant determinant of plasmid pt127 to hindiii-linearized pim13. the hybrid plasmids replicated and expressed erythromycin resistance in c. acetobut ... | 1989 | 2721922 |
| cloning of a lactate dehydrogenase gene from clostridium acetobutylicum b643 and expression in escherichia coli. | a lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) gene of clostridium acetobutylicum b643 was cloned on two recombinant plasmids, ppc37 and ppc58, that were selected by complementation of escherichia coli prc436 (acd), a fermentation-defective mutant that does not grow anaerobically on glucose. e. coli prc436(ppc37) and prc436(ppc58) grew anaerobically and fermented glucose to mostly lactate. when ppc37 and ppc58 were transformed into e. coli fmj39 (ldh pfl), an ldh-deficient strain, the resulting strains grew anae ... | 1990 | 2082823 |
| methods for cloning key primary metabolic enzymes and ancillary proteins associated with the acetone-butanol fermentation of clostridium acetobutylicum. | the unavailability of genetically defined mutants for complementation has intensified the problems inherent in cloning genes from c. acetobutylicum. the uniqueness of some of the pathways of this organism coupled with the relative inefficiency of transformation of clostridia and few characterized mutants in these pathways have made cloning these genes by traditional complementation methods impractical. oligonucleotide hybridization techniques have been shown to circumvent many problems involved ... | 1990 | 2192667 |
| conjugative plasmid transfer from escherichia coli to clostridium acetobutylicum. | the conjugation mechanism of incp plasmids may be employed to mobilize small non-conjugative plasmids from escherichia coli to a wide range of different organisms. this strategy has been adapted for use with the gram-positive anaerobe, clostridium acetobutylicum ncib 8052. several shuttle vectors containing replicons from pam beta 1 (enterococcus faecalis), pcb101 (clostridium butyricum) or pwv01 (streptococcus cremoris), together with the cis-acting orit region of rk2, have been constructed, an ... | 1990 | 2199603 |
| transport of substrates and metabolites and their effect on cell metabolism (in butyric-acid and methylotrophic fermentations). | the two components, delta ph and delta psi, of the membrane protonmotive force (delta p) effect and are affected by the transport of many substrates and metabolites. because the integrity (or restoration) of the delta p requires the expenditure of metabolic energy, such transport processes affect the overall cell bioenergetics. however, the transport or high concentrations of certain substrates and metabolites can have more serious effects on cell metabolism because they partially or completely ... | 1987 | 2829684 |
| cloning and expression of clostridium acetobutylicum phosphotransbutyrylase and butyrate kinase genes in escherichia coli. | a 13.6-kilobase (kb) sau3ai restriction endonuclease fragment of clostridium acetobutylicum dna cloned into pbr322 enabled escherichia coli ato mutants to grow on butyrate as a sole carbon source (but+). complementation of the ato defect by the recombinant plasmid pjc6 was due to expression of the genes for phosphotransbutyrylase (ptb) and butyrate kinase (bk). both genes were efficiently expressed in e. coli, as their products were readily detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel e ... | 1988 | 2844725 |
| effects of butanol on clostridium acetobutylicum. | the internal ph of clostridium acetobutylicum was determined at various stages during the growth of the organism. even in the presence of significant quantities of acetic, butyric, and lactic acids, an internal ph of 6.2 was maintained. experiments using n,n'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide indicated that a functioning h+-atpase is necessary for internal ph control. butanol, one of the end products of the fermentation, had numerous harmful effects on c. acetobutylicum. at a concentration high enough to ... | 1985 | 2868690 |
| molecular analysis and regulation of the glna gene of the gram-positive anaerobe clostridium acetobutylicum. | the nucleotide sequence of a 2.0-kilobase dna segment containing the clostridium acetobutylicum glna gene was determined. the upstream region of the glna gene contained two putative extended promoter consensus sequences (p1 and p2), characteristic of gram-positive bacteria. a third putative extended gram-positive promoter consensus sequence (p3), oriented towards the glna gene, was detected downstream of the structural gene. the sequences containing the proposed promoter regions p1 and p2 or p3 ... | 1988 | 2891680 |
| cloning and nucleotide sequence of the streptomyces coelicolor gene encoding glutamine synthetase. | the streptomyces coelicolor glutamine synthetase (gs) structural gene (glna) was cloned by complementing the glutamine growth requirement of an escherichia coli strain containing a deletion of its glnalg operon. expression of the cloned s. coelicolor glna gene in e. coli cells was found to require an e. coli plasmid promoter. the nucleotide sequence of an s. coelicolor 2280-bp dna segment containing the glna gene was determined and the complete glna amino acid sequence deduced. comparison of the ... | 1988 | 2906310 |
| sequence of the bacillus subtilis glutamine synthetase gene region. | the nucleotide sequence of the glutamine synthetase (gs) region of bacillus subtilis has been determined and found to contain several unique features. an open reading frame (orf) upstream of the gs structural gene is part of the same operon as gs and is involved in regulation. two downstream orfs are separated from glna by an apparent rho-independent termination site. one of the downstream orfs encodes a very hydrophobic polypeptide and contains its own potential rna polymerase and ribosome-bind ... | 1988 | 2906311 |
| purification and characterisation of glutamine synthetase from nocardia corallina. | glutamine synthetase (gs) (ec 6.3.1.2) has been purified 67-fold from nocardia corallina. the apparent mr of the gs subunit was approximately 56,000. assuming the enzyme is a typical dodecamer this indicates a particle mass for the undissociated enzyme of 672,000. the gs is regulated by adenylylation and deadenylylation, and subject to feedback inhibition by alanine and glycine. the ph profiles assayed by the gamma-glutamyl transferase method were similar for nh+4-treated and untreated cell extr ... | 1988 | 2906794 |
| [enzymatic conversion of n-butyraldehyde to n-butanol in clostridium acetobutylicum]. | | 1968 | 4298012 |
| [study of the formation of n-butanol in clostridium acetobutylicum]. | | 1969 | 4309217 |
| cloning and expression of clostridium acetobutylicum endoglucanase, cellobiase and amino acid biosynthesis genes in escherichia coli. | clostridium acetobutylicum p262 endoglucanase and cellobiase genes, cloned on a 4.9 kb dna fragment in the recombinant plasmid phz100, were expressed from their own promoter in escherichia coli. active carboxymethylcellulase and cellobiase enzymes were produced, but there was no degradation of avicel. the endoglucanase activities observed in cell extracts of e. coli hb101(phz100) differed in their ph and temperature optima from those previously reported for c. acetobutylicum p270. complementatio ... | 1986 | 3021896 |
| butyrate kinase from clostridium acetobutylicum. | crude extracts of clostridium acetobutylicum contain a butyrate kinase of high specific activity (5.2 mumol/min/mg of protein). the enzyme has been purified 77-fold in a six-step procedure to a specific activity of 402 mumol/min/mg of protein. the purified butyrate kinase showed a single band with a molecular weight of 85,000 on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the enzyme is a dimer o ... | 1987 | 3027059 |
| study of antibacterial activity and bacteriology of latex from asclepias syriaca l. | whole and fractionated latex of asclepias syriaca was tested for antimicrobial or growth-promoting activity with 16 genera and species of bacteria. latex and extracted fractions (distilled water, acetic acid, sodium bicarbonate, sulfuric acid, and ethyl ether) possessed no detectable antimicrobial activity. comparison of growth curves of selected bacteria incubated with serum and rubber fractions, as well as controls, revealed no detectable inhibition of growth, except for a slight inhibitory re ... | 1973 | 4790590 |
| effects of butyric and acetic acids on acetone-butanol formation by clostridium acetobutylicum. | the actions of butyric and acetic acids on acetone-butanol fermentation are investigated. production of butyric and acetic acids are controlled by the extracellular concentrations of both acids: acetic acid added to the medium inhibits its own formation but has no effect on butyric acid formation, and added butyric acid inhibits its own formation but not that of acetic acid. the ratio of end metabolites depends upon acetic and butyric acid quantities excreted during the fermentation. in contrast ... | 1987 | 3032286 |
| host: vector systems for gene cloning in clostridium. | the genus clostridium contains some of the most toxic bacteria known to man (e.g., clostridium tetani, clostridium botulinum) as well as solvent-producing organisms of biotechnological interest (e.g., clostridium acetobutylicum). developments within the areas of plasmid vector construction and plasmid delivery methodology now provide the opportunity for applying recombinant dna technology to this important group of bacteria. | 1988 | 3079172 |
| the ferredoxin-dependent reduction of chloramphenicol by clostridium acetobutylicum. | | 1971 | 5137676 |
| amino acid sequence of the pyruvate and the glyoxylate active-site lysine peptide of escherichia coli 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase. | pure 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase of escherichia coli, a "lysine-type" trimeric enzyme which has the unique properties of forming an "abortive" schiff-base intermediate with glyoxylate (the aldehydic product/substrate) and of showing strong beta-decarboxylase activity toward oxalacetate, binds any one of its substrates (2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate, pyruvate, or glyoxylate) in a competitive manner. to determine whether the substrates bind at the same or different (juxta-positioned) sites and ... | 1986 | 3090043 |
| [raffinose fermentation with clostridium acetobutylicum]. | | 1966 | 6002779 |
| [role of acetate and butyrate in the induction of nadh: rubredoxin oxidoreductase in clostridium acetobutylicum]. | study of the biosynthesis of nadh: rubredoxin oxidoreductase in resting cells of clostridium acetobutylicum shows that this enzyme is synthesized at a maximal rate in the presence of acetic acid at a concentration of 3 g . l-1 and at ph 4.8. protons do not play any role in this biosynthesis since no induction is observed in a medium without acetate for the same values of ph. butyric acid at a concentration of 0.5 g . l-1 gives 50% induction and formic acid, isobutyric acid and propionic acid hav ... | 1986 | 3091091 |
| effect of pyruvate on glucose metabolism in clostridium acetobutylicum. | pyruvate effects on the metabolism of clostridium acetobutylicum during glucose fermentation were studied. after addition to the culture medium, the pyruvate was rapidly used, provoking several changes in the metabolic pattern of the bacteria. when pyruvate addition occurred early in the fermentation, the glucose utilization decreased and the solventogenic phase was not induced. when pyruvate was added during solventogenesis, glucose consumption was slightly affected and the cells fermented both ... | 1987 | 3129023 |
| gene transfer, recombination and gene cloning in clostridium acetobutylicum. | although clostridium acetobutylicum has been used for over 70 years for the industrial production of solvents, it is only recently that studies on the genetics of this organism have been initiated. recent advances in the development of genetic transfer systems as well as the cloning and expression of genes from this organism in escherichia coli are reviewed. | 1986 | 3153137 |
| a general purpose computer analysis system for chromatographic data. | a manual integration system for the analysis of chromatographic data is described. the analog output produced by an hplc absorbance monitor is passed to a non-inverting signal amplifier. this amplified signal is sent to an ibm pc where an analog to digital converter is used to digitize the data. a set of six computer programs which collect, store and analyze these data are presented. this system was used to analyze the nucleotide content of the anaerobic organism clostridium acetobutylicum by st ... | 1988 | 3167601 |
| regulation of coenzyme a transferase and acetoacetate decarboxylase activities in clostridium acetobutylicum. | the activity of two enzymes involved in acetone production in clostridium acetobutylicum, acetoacetate decarboxylase and coenzyme a transferase, was studied under acidogenic or solventogenic conditions. acetoacetate decarboxylase activity was low under acidogenic conditions and after pyruvate addition. under the same conditions, coenzyme a transferase activity was high. a mutant which lacked acetoacetate decarboxylase activity but was positive for coenzyme a transferase activity was isolated. | 1988 | 3252905 |
| metabolism of adenylylated nucleotides in clostridium acetobutylicum. | in response to the stresses imposed by temperature upshift or addition of butanol, clostridium acetobutylicum cultures accumulated diadenosine-5',5'''-p1,p4-tetraphosphate (ap4a) and adenosine 5'-p1,p4-tetraphospho-5'-guanosine (ap4g) to high levels. the two adenylylated nucleotides were also accumulated in batch culture in the absence of imposed stresses when the clostridia switched from the acidogenic phase of growth to the solventogenic phase. most of the adenylylated nucleotides were extrace ... | 1988 | 3360745 |
| purification and properties of the inducible coenzyme a-linked butyraldehyde dehydrogenase from clostridium acetobutylicum. | the coenzyme a (coa)-linked butyraldehyde dehydrogenase (bad) from clostridium acetobutylicum was characterized and purified to homogeneity. the enzyme was induced over 200-fold, coincident with a shift from an acidogenic to a solventogenic fermentation, during batch culture growth. the increase in enzyme activity was found to require new protein synthesis since induction was blocked by the addition of rifampin and antibody against the purified enzyme showed the appearance of enzyme antigen begi ... | 1988 | 3384801 |
| isolation and characterization of xylose- and xylan-utilizing anaerobic bacteria. | by enrichment with xylose, nine mesophilic strains of anaerobic bacteria were obtained from various sources. two isolates appear to belong to the genus eubacterium. six other strains belong to the genus clostridium. three of the isolated strains utilized larch wood xylan. the percentage of utilization of xylose and xylan and the yield of fermentation end products--viz. acetic acid and butyric acid--are equivalent to that of clostridium acetobutylicum (atcc 824) and reported thermophilic strains. | 1989 | 2742371 |
| purification and characterization of the pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase from clostridium acetobutylicum. | the pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase from clostridium acetobutylicum was purified to homogeneity and partially characterized. a 9.2-fold purification was achieved in a three step purification procedure: ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on phenyl sepharose and on procion blue h-egn12. the pure enzyme exhibited a specific activity of 25 u/mg of protein. homogeneity of the pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase was confirmed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and sodium dodecy ... | 1989 | 2774799 |
| identification of a grpe heat-shock gene homolog in the archaeon methanosarcina mazei. | a grpe heat-shock gene was found by sequencing in the genome of the methanogenic archaeon methanosarcina mazei s-6. it is the first example of grpe from the phylogenetic domain archaea. since the other seven sequenced homologs are from the domain bacteria, it may be concluded that grpe appeared early in evolution, before the two domains separated. the archaeal grpe is located in the dnak locus, 431 base-pairs upstream of dnak, which is followed downstream by the dnaj gene. the organization of th ... | 1994 | 7517454 |
| amino acid transport by membrane vesicles of an obligate anaerobic bacterium, clostridium acetobutylicum. | membrane vesicles were isolated from the obligate anaerobic bacterium clostridium acetobutylicum. beef heart mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase was inserted in these membrane vesicles by membrane fusion by using the freeze-thaw sonication technique (a. j. m. driessen, w. de vrij, and w. n. konings, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 82:7555-7559, 1985) to accommodate them with a functional proton motive force-generating system. with ascorbate-n,n,n',n'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine-cytochrome c as the ... | 1988 | 2828326 |
| structure of an endo-beta-1,4-glucanase gene from clostridium acetobutylicum p262 showing homology with endoglucanase genes from bacillus spp. | the nucleotide sequence of an endo-beta-1,4-glucanase gene of clostridium acetobutylicum contained two putative extended promoter consensus sequences, a shine-dalgarno sequence and a ttg initiation codon. the nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for the c-terminal region of this enzyme was not required for activity. extensive homology in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the endoglucanase genes from c. acetobutylicum and bacillus spp. was demonstrated. | 1988 | 3389820 |
| mutagenesis of clostridium acetobutylicum. | mutagenesis of the obligate anaerobe clostridium acetobutylicum was best accomplished using agents (e.g. ethyl methane sulphonate or n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine) which are believed to act by a direct mutagenic mechanism. other agents (e.g. u.v. radiation) whose effectiveness relies on misrepair of damaged dna via an error-prone pathway, were poor mutagens of this organism. procedures are described which readily yielded a variety of auxotrophic and other useful mutant strains of cl. acet ... | 1985 | 3928568 |