| [diagnosis of bacillus larvae --the causative agent of american foulbrood]. | the authoress studied the growth of bacillus larvae on different nutrient media and its ability of decomposing hydrogen peroxide and reducing nitrates. there are also instructions for rapid cultivation and biochemical diagnosis of bacillus larvae. it can be performed in any microbiological laboratory, the culture medium can be prepared from available commercially produced preparations, and b. larvae can be detected in suspected material even out of the season, if the method of selective cultivat ... | 1978 | 96567 |
| [study of the spiral and spindle-shaped formations in cultures of bacillus larvae (white 1906) causing foulbrood in bees]. | the authors have been studying the bacterial diseases of the brood for a fairly long time. american and european foul brood has been studied with the highest attention. cultures of bacillus larvae (white, 1906) were examined both in freshly isolated strains and in collection strains of this micro-organism. in cases of foul brood, the pathological material was found to contain not only the typical rods of b. larvae but also immobile spiral forms which are usually referred to in literature as frag ... | 1978 | 96576 |
| [isolation from the soil of a bacteriophage lysing bacillus larvae]. | | 1976 | 1007965 |
| characterization of bacillus larvae white, the causative agent of american foulbrood of honey-bees. first record of its occurrence in argentina. | american foulbrood caused by bacillus larvae white is recorded for the first time on brood combs of argentinian hives. the identification of the causative agent was based on disease symptomatology, morphological characters, pathogenicity tests and physiological and biochemical reactions. studies by scanning electron microscopy showed the occurrence of large flagellar bundles of bacillus larvae strains growing in biphasic bl medium. an electron microscope survey of the surface configuration of ba ... | 1992 | 1298015 |
| [detection of bacillus larvae in mixed populations of bacterial spores from larval remains]. | an accurate laboratory technique for the detection of bacillus larvae from larval remains of apis mellifera with mixed bacterial spore populations was developed. the incorporation of nalidixic acid to the culture medium (3 micrograms/ml) was a satisfactory procedure for the separation of bacillus larvae strains from bacillus alvei motile colonies. | 1992 | 1492951 |
| large-scale isolation and partial characterization of plasmid dna from b. larvae. | large-scale preparation of plasmid dna from two bacillus larvae strains 423 and 728, honey-bee pathogens, is described. the isolated plasmid dnas were analyzed by restriction enzyme mapping. no difference in the resulting maps was found for six restriction enzymes. the plasmid dnas were also compared by southern blot hybridization and by electron microscopy. the results confirmed the identity of these plasmid dnas. all these data suggest that b. larvae strains harbor the same plasmid. | 1992 | 1505875 |
| selective inhibition of cecropin-like activity of insect immune blood by protease from american foulbrood scales. | bioassays of american foulbrood larval scale filtrates have shown the presence of an immune inhibitor with a specific activity of proteases that selectively destroy cecropin-like activity in insect immune hemolymphs. it was an unexpected phenomenon to find that bacillus larvae protease(s), even at trace concentrations, totally inhibits bactericidal activity of immune blood against escherichia coli d 31. thermal inactivation of a proteolytic enzyme coincides strictly with a disappearance of the a ... | 1990 | 2273283 |
| bacillus thiaminolyticus sp. nov., nom. rev. | the name "bacillus thiaminolyticus" kuno 1951 was not included on the approved lists of bacterial names and has lost standing in bacteriological nomenclature. the genetic homogeneity of "bacillus thiaminolyticus" was assessed by determining guanine-plus-cytosine contents by the buoyant density method and by measuring dna relatedness by using spectrophotometric reassociation procedures. of the 26 strains which i studied, 24 had guanine-plus-cytosine contents in the range from 52 to 54 mol%. the c ... | 1990 | 2397192 |
| [staphylococcus aureus infection in apis mellifera l. (honeybees)]. | the causative agent of american foulbrood is bacillus larvae, the causes of the european foulbrood diseases are streptococcus pluton and bacillus alvei and the causes of the septicemia are pseudomonas apiseptica and escherichia coli in honeybees (apis mellifera). apart from the above causative agents in this study, staphylococcus aureus has been isolated and identified from honeybees (apis mellifera). | 1989 | 2487466 |
| [infection of a cerebrospinal fluid shunt system by bacillus circulans and bacillus larvae]. | a two episodes case of csf ventriculo-atrial shunt infection due to b. circulans and b. larvae is presented. b. circulans was first isolated from 4 blood cultures and csf (shunt valve tap). the patient showed a brain damage syndrome reversible with antibiotic treatment. lethal toxin production was demonstrated for the b. circulans strain in a mouse model. this strain was found to be a variant of gordon's description as it produced urease and was tolerant to 7% nacl. the patient recovered after c ... | 1985 | 3870747 |
| [a simple culture method for the bacteriological identification of bacillus larvae on columbia blood-slant agar]. | | 1985 | 3883984 |
| studies on transfection and transformation of protoplasts of bacillus larvae, bacillus subtilis, and bacillus popilliae. | protoplasts of bacillus larvae nrrl b-3555 and bacillus subtilis rm125 (restrictionless, modificationless mutant) were transfected with dna from the b. larvae bacteriophage pbl1c in the presence of polyethylene glycol. b. subtilis 168 and bacillus popilliae nrrl b-2309m protoplasts could not be transfected with pbl1c dna. protoplasts of b larvae nrrl b-3555 were transformed with plasmids pc194 and phv33 in the presence of polyethylene glycol. the frequency of transformation was much higher when ... | 1985 | 3922299 |
| physiology of sporeforming bacteria associated with insects. iv. glucose catabolism in bacillus larvae. | bacillus larvae appears to be unique among related bacilli in that it contains enzymes of the embden-meyerhof-parnas, pentose phosphate, and entner-doudoroff pathways. simultaneous occurrence of enzymes of all three metabolic pathways has not until now been reported in other bacillus species. radiorespirometric analyses of specifically labeled glucose catabolism reveal that vegetative cells of b. larvae dissimilate glucose predominately via a direct oxidative route and to a lesser extent by a no ... | 1971 | 4331499 |
| [the fluorescent antibody test as a rapid method for the demonstration of bacillus larvae]. | | 1974 | 4602335 |
| the influence of pollen on the susceptibility of honey-bee larvae to bacillus larvae. | | 1974 | 4833177 |
| [effect of ether oils on bacillus larvae]. | | 1971 | 5149327 |
| bacillus larvae isolation, culturing, and vegetative thermal death point. | | 1969 | 5369203 |
| experimental infections with bacillus larvae. ii. bacteriophage production in the host. | | 1969 | 5371084 |
| flagellar bundles of the honeybee pathogen, bacillus larvae; their occurrence, size, and development in vivo and in vitro. | | 1970 | 5423288 |
| some properties of a bacteriophage from bacillus larvae. | | 1970 | 5435792 |
| synthesis of agglutinating substances in adult honeybees against bacillus larvae. | | 1970 | 5449743 |
| resistance to american foulbrood in honey bees. xi. fate of bacillus larvae spores ingested by adults. | | 1971 | 5575743 |
| [the sensitivity of strains of bacillus larvae white to antibiotics]. | | 1967 | 5600607 |
| experimental infections with bacillus larvae. i. a strain with a morphological marker. | | 1969 | 5777833 |
| fatty acids in bacillus larvae, bacillus lentimorbus, and bacillus popilliae. | the types of fatty acids produced by two strains each of bacillus larvae, b. lentimorbus, and b. popilliae, and their distribution patterns, were studied by gas-liquid chromatography. all six organisms produced eight major fatty acids: six branched (iso-c(14), -c(15), -c(16), and -c(17), and anteiso-c(15) and -c(17)), two normal (n-c(14) and -c(16)), and two minor (n-c(15) and monounsaturated n-c(16)). in addition, some other trace acids were produced. branched-chain fatty acids accounted for 54 ... | 1969 | 5781571 |
| in vitro growth studies of bacillus larvae white. | | 1965 | 5848794 |
| isolation of two bacteriophages from bacillus larvae, pbl1 and pbl0.5, and partial characterization of pbl1. | two temperate bacteriophages have been isolated from bacillus larvae: pbl1 and pbl0 .5. strains lysogenic for either of these phages are immune to lysis by the same phage but are sensitive to the other phage. pbl1 has an oval head, a non-contractile tail, and a base plate with a pin structure but no apparent tail fibres. the genome of pbl1 consists of double-stranded dna with a molecular weight of 24.1 (+/-0.6) x 10(6), a g + c content (derived from melting temperature) of 41.5%, and cohesive en ... | 1984 | 6726188 |
| detection of bacillus larvae spores in argentinian honeys by using a semi-selective medium. | a semi-selective medium for the detection in argentinian honeys of spores of bacillus larvae, a pathogen of american foulbrood, was developed. the technique involves dilution of samples (1:2) in phosphate buffer, concentration of spores by centrifugation and heat treatment prior to inoculation. two media (jnxpa and jnxpb) were prepared from j-agar, to which nalidixic acid and pipemidic acid were added. both jnxp media were reliable for the isolation of b. larvae colonies and, at the same time, p ... | 1995 | 7576350 |
| reclassification of paenibacillus (formerly bacillus) pulvifaciens (nakamura 1984) ash et al. 1994, a later subjective synonym of paenibacillus (formerly bacillus) larvae (white 1906) ash et al. 1994, as a subspecies of p. larvae, with emended descriptions of p. larvae as p. larvae subsp. larvae and p. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens. | a polyphasic taxonomic study of four strains of paenibacillus larvae and four strains of paenibacillus pulvifaciens (including duplicates of both type strains) supported the reclassification of both former bacillus species into one species, p. larvae. our conclusions were based on morphological and analytab products (api) tests, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) of whole-cell proteins, gas chromatography of methylated fatty acids, pyrolysis mass spectrometry, d ... | 1996 | 8573507 |
| bacillus larvae carrier status of swarms and feral colonies of honeybees (apis mellifera) in australia. | | 1996 | 8660215 |
| biological properties and antibiotic susceptibility of bacillus larvae originated from american foulbrood of honeybee in japan. | the biological properties and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of bacillus larvae were examined. twenty-nine strains, 28 isolates from each outbreak of american foulbrood in japan and a b. larvae type strain (atcc 9545t) were used. our b. larvae isolates had almost the same biological properties as the type strain. the isolates were more susceptible to penicillins, macrolides and lincomycin, a lincosamide, than other antimicrobials. microsamicin among the macrolides and ampicillin among th ... | 1996 | 8741604 |
| paenibacillus apiarius sp. nov. | the name "bacillus apiarius" katznelson 1955 was not included on the approved lists of bacterial names and thus lost standing in bacterial nomenclature. the genetic homogeneity of "b. apiarius" strains was assessed by determining their g+c contents by the buoyant density method and by measuring the levels of dna relatedness by spectrophotometric reassociation procedures. the g+c contents of the 15 strains examined, ranged from 52 to 54 mol%. dna reassociation revealed the presence of two cluster ... | 1996 | 8782677 |
| laboratory and field studies on the effects of the antibiotic tylosin on honey bee apis mellifera l. (hymenoptera: apidae) development and prevention of american foulbrood disease. | laboratory and field studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the antibiotic tylosin in preventing and controlling infections of american foulbrood disease (afb) of honey bees. studies conducted on immature worker bees maintained in the laboratory revealed that honey bee larvae could tolerate quite a range of doses of antibiotic in their diet. intermediate doses of tylosin protected very young larvae from becoming infected by bacillus larvae at a concentration of 1.5 x 10(8) spor ... | 1996 | 8812572 |
| a polyphasic reassessment of the genus paenibacillus, reclassification of bacillus lautus (nakamura 1984) as paenibacillus lautus comb. nov. and of bacillus peoriae (montefusco et al. 1993) as paenibacillus peoriae comb. nov., and emended descriptions of p. lautus and of p. peoriae. | seventy-seven strains representing 10 species in the paenibacillus polymyxa 16s rrna group and 3 other species that exhibit phenetic relatedness to members of this group, bacillus lautus, "bacillus longisporus," and bacillus peoriae, were characterized genotypically and phenotypically by performing an amplified ribosomal dna restriction analysis, a randomly amplified polymorphic dna analysis, a fatty acid methyl ester analysis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-c ... | 1996 | 8863428 |
| [characterization of isolates of paenibacillus larvae with biochemical type and oxytetracycline resistance]. | a collection of 91 isolates from different geographical origins of paenibacillus larvae, the etiologic agent of american foulbrood disease of honey bees, was characterized according to its biochemical type and susceptibility to oxytetracycline hydrochloride (otc), the most commonly used antibiotic for the control of the disease. the majority of the argentinian strains corresponded to the biochemical type ii while only one culture from río negro (argentina), one from buenos aires (argentina) and ... | 1996 | 9102660 |
| the proteases of american foulbrood scales | the gross protease activity of pathological samples of american foulbrood-infected cadavers from several uk sources was studied. in all cases the bulk of the activity is caused by neutral protease(s) (optimum ph ca. 6.8) that are inhibited by chelating agents such as edta and 1,10 phenanthroline (indicating metalloproteases) but not by inhibitors of other classes of proteolytic enzymes. the proteases, which derive from the infectious agent of afb, paenibacillus larvae, were unusual in being inse ... | 1997 | 9281394 |
| disposition of ampicillin in honeybees and hives. | disposition profile of ampicillin (abpc) among honeybees, larvae, honey and royal jelly in a hive after oral dosing to adult bees was studied. four honeybee colonies were administered the single dose of abpc at the rate of 30 mg/hive by addition to sugar syrup or pollen substitute (paste) for 1 day intake. the colonies received abpc in syrup showed high drug residue levels in honey and it lasted over 14 days beyond the detection limit of residual analysis. in the hives given abpc in paste, relat ... | 1997 | 9342699 |
| sporicidal activities of disinfectants on paenibacillus larvae. | sporicidal activities of glutaraldehyde, sodium hypochlorite, povidone iodine, ethylene oxide gas, chlorhexidine gluconate, and didecyl dimethylammonium chloride on wet and dry spores of paenibacillus larvae (basonym: bacillus larvae) were evaluated for control of honeybee american foulbrood. glutaraldehyde was found to have a strong and rapid effect on both the wet and the dry spores among the disinfectants tested. | 1997 | 9362051 |
| characterization of isolates of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae from diverse geographical origin by the polymerase chain reaction and box primers. | ninety-nine strains of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causal agent of american foulbrood disease (afb) of honeybees, were isolated from different regions of argentina and other countries. the isolates were characterized on the basis of dna fingerprints by a polymerase chain reaction technique (pcr) with box sequence-specific primers. isolates from argentina generated three groups of patterns (designated a, b, and c), while p. larvae subsp. larvae strains obtained from other countries yi ... | 1998 | 9647697 |
| disposition of mirosamicin in honeybee hives. | disposition of mirosamicin, a macrolide antibiotic, to honeybee adults, larvae, honey and royal jelly in the beehive after in-feed administration to adult bees was studied. treatment was initiated at the end of july when the availability of natural pollen and nectar was poor. the drug was mixed with pollen-substitute paste and administered to honeybee colonies continuously for a week at a dosage of 200 mg/hive/week. high distributions in adult bees, jelly, larvae and a relatively low distributio ... | 1998 | 9731948 |
| histopathological and histochemical changes in honeybee larvae (apis mellifera l.) after infection with bacillus larvae, the causative agent of american foulbrood disease. | morphological, histochemical and cytochemical changes were examined in honeybee larvae after infection with the bacterium bacillus larvae. the results indicate cell necrosis in the midgut epithelium accompanied by increasing cell vacuolization and nuclear pyknosis following per os inoculation with b. larvae. many autolysosomes were positive for acid phosphatase. non-vacuolar acid phosphatase activity was also found in lysed cell compartments. no such activity was found in regenerative epithelial ... | 1998 | 9878101 |
| a pcr detection method for rapid identification of paenibacillus larvae. | american foulbrood is a disease of larval honeybees (apis mellifera) caused by the bacterium paenibacillus larvae. over the years attempts have been made to develop a selective medium for the detection of p. larvae spores from honey samples. the most successful of these is a semiselective medium containing nalidixic acid and pipermedic acid. although this medium allows the growth of p. larvae and prevents the growth of most other bacterial species, the false-positive colonies that grow on it pre ... | 1999 | 10224028 |
| ppl1c, a virulent mutant bacteriophage useful for identification of paenibacillus larvae subspecies larvae | | 1999 | 10534418 |
| in situ localization of heat-shock and histone proteins in honey-bee (apis mellifera l.) larvae infected with paenibacillus larvae. | the immunohistochemical localization of the heat shock proteins (hsp70 and hsp90) and histone protein in healthy and paenibacillus larvae infected honeybee (apis mellifera l.) larvae has been studied. hsp70 was found in the nuclei and the cytoplasm of infected midgut, salivary gland cells and haemocytes, but not in uninfected larvae. hsp90 was localized in both infected and uninfected cells. exposed histone proteins were localized in the nuclei of dying uninfected cells undergoing programmed cel ... | 1999 | 10562442 |
| verification of oxytetracycline-resistant american foulbrood pathogen paenibacillus larvae in the united states. | | 2000 | 10631065 |
| histochemical characterization of cell death in honeybee larvae midgut after treatment with paenibacillus larvae, amitraz and oxytetracycline. | a number of techniques were employed to assess cell death induced in honeybee larvae midgut after per os inoculation of bacterium paenibacillus larvae var. larvae, the causative agent of american foulbrood disease, and separately with acaricide amitraz and antibiotic oxytetracycline. in honeybee larvae exposed to amitraz, which demonstrates both necrosis and apoptosis, cell death was found in 82% of midgut columnar and in 50% of regenerative epithelial cells, 24 h after treatment. cell death red ... | 2000 | 10805966 |
| comparative laboratory toxicity of neem pesticides to honey bees (hymenoptera: apidae), their mite parasites varroa jacobsoni (acari: varroidae) and acarapis woodi (acari: tarsonemidae), and brood pathogens paenibacillus larvae and ascophaera apis. | laboratory bioassays were conducted to evaluate neem oil and neem extract for the management of key honey bee (apis mellifera l.) pests. neem pesticides inhibited the growth of paenibacillus larvae (ash, priest & collins) in vitro but had no effect on the growth of ascophaera apis (olive & spiltoir). azadirachtin-rich extract (neem-aza) was 10 times more potent than crude neem oil (neem oil) against p. larvae suggesting that azadirachtin is a main antibiotic component in neem. neem-aza, however, ... | 2000 | 10826163 |
| two polyisoprenylated benzophenones from the trunk latex of clusia grandiflora (clusiaceae). | the polyisoprenylated benzophenones, chamones i and ii, were isolated from the trunk latex of clusia grandiflora (clusiaceae) growing in southeastern venezuela. a third benzophenone, nemorosone ii, was isolated from the pollinator reward resin of the female flowers of the same plant. chamone i and nemorosone ii are structurally similar, differing only in the degree of prenylation. bioassays of chamone i and nemorosone ii using the honeybee pathogens, paenibacillus larvae and paenibacillus alvei, ... | 2000 | 11021641 |
| adult honeybee's resistance against paenibacillus larvae larvae, the causative agent of the american foulbrood. | american foulbrood is a widespread disease of honeybee larvae caused by the spore-forming bacterium paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae. spores represent the infectious stage; when ingested by a larva they germinate in the midgut. the rod-shaped vegetative forms penetrate the larva's intestinal tissue and start multiplying rapidly, which finally kills the larva. spores fed to adult honeybees, however, do not harm the bees. we investigated this phenomenon. specifically, we studied the influence of ... | 2001 | 11437525 |
| disinfection of wooden structures contaminated with paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae spores. | the aim of the study is to examine the disinfection of wood contaminated with paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae spores, in order to find a practical decontamination method for hive materials. | 2001 | 11473585 |
| american foulbrood in uruguay: isolation of paenibacillus larvae larvae from larvae with clinical symptoms and adult honeybees and susceptibility to oxytetracycline. | | 2001 | 11812121 |
| differentiation of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the cause of american foulbrood of honeybees, by using pcr and restriction fragment analysis of genes encoding 16s rrna. | a rapid procedure for the identification of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causal agent of american foulbrood (afb) disease of honeybees (apis mellifera l.), based on pcr and restriction fragment analysis of the 16s rrna genes (rdna) is described. eighty-six bacterial strains belonging to 39 species of the genera paenibacillus, bacillus, brevibacillus, and virgibacillus were characterized. amplified rdna was digested with seven restriction endonucleases. the combined data from restricti ... | 2002 | 12089057 |
| paenibacillus koleovorans sp. nov., able to grow on the sheath of sphaerotilus natans. | two bacterial strains that are able to grow specifically on the sheath of a sheathed filamentous bacterium, sphaerotilus natans, were isolated from soil samples. the sheath-degrading organisms, designated strains tb(t) and tk, are facultatively anaerobic and form endospores. the gram reaction was negative at all stages of cultivation. the optimum growth temperature and ph were 30 degrees c and ph 7. the dna g+c content was 54.0-55.8 mol%. mk-7 was the predominant menaquinone and anteiso-c15:0 wa ... | 2002 | 12361261 |
| rapid detection of paenibacillus larvae from honey and hive samples with a novel nested pcr protocol. | the bacterial pathogen paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of american foulbrood disease in honeybees (apis mellifera). a touchdown nested pcr protocol was developed to detect the presence of p. larvae spores directly in honey and hive samples. this approach allows early discovery of the bacteria even at concentrations below pathogenic levels, opening the door to new prophylactic approaches against american foulbrood and real-time epidemiological studies. | 2003 | 12485745 |
| method of application of tylosin, an antibiotic for american foulbrood control, with effects on small hive beetle (coleoptera: nitidulidae) populations. | the method of application of the antibiotic tylosin (tylan) for control of oxytetracycline-resistant american foulbrood (paenibacillus larvae white) was tested in honeybee (apis mellifera l.) colonies. a powdered sugar mixture with tylosin, applied as a dust, was efficacious in eliminating american foulbrood symptoms at a rate of 200-mg tylan per 20 g of powdered sugar, applied at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. a second method of treatment consisting of tylan mixed with granulated sugar and veget ... | 2002 | 12539820 |
| development and evaluation of pcr assays for the detection of paenibacillus larvae in honey samples: comparison with isolation and biochemical characterization. | pcr assays were developed for the direct detection of paenibacillus larvae in honey samples and compared with isolation and biochemical characterization procedures. different primer pairs, designed from the 16s rrna and the metalloproteinase precursor gene regions, and different dna extraction methods were tested and compared. the sensitivity of the reactions was evaluated by serial dilutions of dna extracts obtained from p. larvae cultures. the specificity of the primers was assessed by analyzi ... | 2003 | 12620836 |
| diverse origins of tetracycline resistance in the honey bee bacterial pathogen paenibacillus larvae. | paenibacillus larvae is the causative agent of the important honey bee larval disease american foulbrood (afb). this pathogen has been treated in bee colonies by a single registered antibiotic, oxytetracycline (otc), for fifty years. recently, widespread resistance to otc has been reported. in this study, the degree of antibiotic resistance was contrasted with dna sequence variation for 125 p. larvae isolates collected in north america. resistance was uncorrelated with bacterial haplotype, sugge ... | 2003 | 12725811 |
| the possible role of varroa destructor in the spreading of american foulbrood among apiaries. | the aim of this investigation was to establish whether varroa destructor can play a role in the transmission of paenibacillus larvae larvae spores from infected to healthy bee colonies. mites, collected from an apis mellifera carnica colony heavily infected with american foulbrood and treated with apistan, were suspended in distilled water and treated in three different ways:homogenizing, shaking and stirring, or sonication. the resulting fluid samples were transferred onto selective agar medium ... | 2002 | 12797406 |
| evidence for intra-colonial genetic variance in resistance to american foulbrood of honey bees ( apis mellifera): further support for the parasite/pathogen hypothesis for the evolution of polyandry. | explanations for the evolution of multiple mating by social insect (particularly honey bee) queens have been frequently sought. an important hypothesis is that multiple mating is adaptive because it increases intracolonial genetic diversity and thereby reduces the likelihood that parasites or pathogens will catastrophically infect a colony. we tested one assumption of this model: that honey bee worker patrilines should differ in disease resistance. we used american foulbrood (caused by the bacte ... | 2003 | 12835837 |
| carbohydrate metabolism of bacillus larvae. | | 1957 | 13475223 |
| [the effect of antibiotics on strains of bacillus larvae white originating from different geographic areas]. | | 1959 | 13627579 |
| [antibiotic action on various substances from bees & bee-hives on bacillus larvae & bacillus alvei]. | | 1959 | 13629892 |
| bacillus larvae: its cultivation in vitro and its growth in vivo. | | 1962 | 13969015 |
| the effect of serial passage of bacillus larvae white in the honey bee. | | 1965 | 14323783 |
| thermal resistance of bacillus larvae spores in honey. | | 1952 | 14946093 |
| american foulbrood and african honey bees (hymenoptera: apidae). | we have taken samples of honey from individual beekeepers (n = 64), and of domestic (n = 35) and imported honey (n = 15) retailed in supermarkets in several sub-saharan countries and cultivated these samples for paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae heyndrickx et al. causing american foulbrood in honey bee colonies. the results are compared with samples of similar backgrounds and treated the same way but collected in sweden (n = 35). no p. larvae subsp. larvae spores were found in any honey produce ... | 2003 | 14977098 |
| transcriptional immune responses by honey bee larvae during invasion by the bacterial pathogen, paenibacillus larvae. | honey bee larvae are highly susceptible to the bacterial pathogen paenibacillus larvae only during the first instar of larval development. transcript levels were measured for genes encoding two antimicrobial peptides, abaecin and defensin, as well as for two candidates in the immune response cascade (pgrp-ld and masquerade) in control larvae and larvae exposed to the pathogen. transcripts for all four are present throughout development. this suggests that other physiological or dietary factors m ... | 2004 | 15050840 |
| paenibacillus larvae larvae spores in honey samples from uruguay: a nationwide survey. | american foulbrood is a severe bacterial disease affecting larvae of the honeybee apis mellifera and it is caused by paenibacillus larvae larvae. the disease is present worldwide and cases have been reported in almost all the beekeeping regions of the five continents. during 2001 and 2002 we carried out a nationwide study to assess the presence and amount of p. l. larvae spores in honey samples from uruguay, combining classic bacteriological, and molecular approaches. the distribution of p. l. l ... | 2004 | 15145253 |
| a pcr-based method that permits specific detection of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the cause of american foulbrood of honey bees, at the subspecies level. | a reliable procedure for the identification of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causal agent of american foulbrood disease of honey bees (apis mellifera l.) based on the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and subspecies - specific primers is described. | 2004 | 15189284 |
| biochemical characterization of different genotypes of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, a honey bee bacterial pathogen. | paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae (p. l. larvae) is the aetiological agent of american foulbrood (afb), the most virulent bacterial disease of honey bee brood worldwide. in many countries afb is a notifiable disease since it is highly contagious, in most cases incurable and able to kill affected colonies. genotyping of field isolates of p. l. larvae revealed at least four genotypes (ab, ab, ab and alpha b) present in germany which are genotypically different from the reference strain dsm 7030. ... | 2004 | 15256579 |
| bacterial probiotics induce an immune response in the honey bee (hymenoptera: apidae). | to explore immune system activation in the honey bee, apis mellifera l., larvae of four ages were exposed through feeding to spores of a natural pathogen, paenibacillus larvae larvae, to cells of a diverse set of related nonpathogenic bacteria, and to bacterial coat components. these larvae were then assayed for rna levels of genes encoding two antibacterial peptides, abaecin and defensin. larvae exposed to either p. l. larvae or a mix of nonpathogenic bacteria showed high rna levels for the aba ... | 2004 | 15279248 |
| antisporulation factors in complex organic media. i. growth and sporulation studies on bacillus larvae. | | 1950 | 15436419 |
| the influence of antibiotics and sulfa drugs on bacillus larvae, cause of american foulbrood of the honeybee, in vitro and in vivo. | | 1950 | 15436420 |
| proposal to reclassify paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens dsm 3615 (atcc 49843) as paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae. results of a comparative biochemical and genetic study. | the bacterial pathogen paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae (p. l. larvae), is the etiological agent of american foulbrood, an extremely contagious and disastrous disease of honeybee brood. in case of american foulbrood the destruction of infected colonies is often considered the only workable control measure. therefore, the ability to diagnose this disease properly is important to prevent unnecessary economic loss to beekeepers. the development of suitable methods for the early and reliable detec ... | 2004 | 15530737 |
| in vitro and in vivo susceptibility of the honeybee bacterial pathogen paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae to the antibiotic tylosin. | the minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics) of tylosin were determined to 67 strains of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causal agent of american foulbrood (afb) disease, from different geographical origins. mic values obtained ranged from 0.0078 to 0.5 microg/ml. these very low values imply that no resistance to tylosin was found in any isolate of the foulbrood pathogen. the measurement of diseased larvae with afb-clinical symptoms in three different field studies demonstrated that tylo ... | 2005 | 15951140 |
| regional distribution of paenibacillus larvae subspecies larvae, the causative organism of american foulbrood, in honey bee colonies of the western united states. | we examined honey bee, apis mellifera l., colonies pollinating almonds in california during february 2003 for paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causative organism of the virulent brood disease american foulbrood. colonies originating from the rocky mountain area and california had significantly higher numbers (p < 0.05) of bacterial colony-forming units (cfus) (408 and 324 per 30 adult bees, respectively) than colonies from the upper midwest (1.28). colonies from the northwestern, central, ... | 2005 | 16156557 |
| the determination of sulfonamides in honey by high performance liquid chromatography--mass spectrometry method (lc/ms). | the sulfonamides (sas) are stable chemotherapeutics used against the bacterial disease affecting bees, known as american foulbrood (bacillus larvae), so their residues could appear in the honey of treated bees. their presence at a concentration above the limit value could be a potential danger to human health. therefore, a simple, rapid, and reliable method for determination of 11 available sas in honey was optimized. the samples were homogenized and cleaned with extraction on solid phase by mea ... | 2005 | 16158984 |
| characterization of microorganisms in argentinean honeys from different sources. | seventy polyfloral honeys including commercial samples obtained from supermarkets, harvested from apiaries and purchased in bulk were initially examined for total antibacterial activity. from each sample, numbers of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total coliforms, moulds and yeasts were determined and the presence of salmonella spp., shigella spp., clostridium sulfite-reducers, paenibacillus larvae and bacillus spp. was investigated. moisture content, ph and total acidity were also determined for a ... | 2005 | 16169624 |
| strain- and genotype-specific differences in virulence of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, a bacterial pathogen causing american foulbrood disease in honeybees. | virulence variations of paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae, the causative agent of american foulbrood disease of honeybees, were investigated by analysis of 16 field isolates of this pathogen, belonging to three previously characterized genotypes, as well as the type strain (atcc 9545) of p. larvae subsp. larvae, with exposure bioassays. we demonstrated that the strain-specific 50% lethal concentrations varied within an order of magnitude and that differences in amount of time for the pathogen t ... | 2005 | 16269801 |
| medium promoting sporulation of bacillus larvae and metabolism of medium components. | a new medium, designated tmygp broth, was developed that allowed the honeybee pathogen bacillus larvae nrrl b-3650 to produce up to 5 x 10 spores per ml of culture (microscopic count). this species normally sporulates poorly, if at all, in artificial broth media. an aeration rate lower than that normally used to cultivate other bacillus species was required for sporulation. during the exponential growth phase, acids were produced by catabolism of yeast extract components, causing a decrease in p ... | 1983 | 16346399 |
| protection of bacillus larvae from oxygen toxicity with emphasis on the role of catalase. | sporulation of bacillus larvae nrrl b-3650 occurred only at aeration rates lower than those used for cultivation of most bacillus species. one possible explanation for the requirement for a low level of aeration in b. larvae is that toxic forms of oxygen such as h(2)o(2) and superoxide are involved. the superoxide dismutase levels of strain b-3650 were similar to those of bacillus subtilis 168 during sporulation, and no nadh peroxidase was present. catalase activity was absent during exponential ... | 1984 | 16346560 |
| ultrastructure of sporulating bacillus larvae in a broth medium. | an electron microscopic study of sporulation of bacillus larvae, a honeybee pathogen, in tmygp broth (d. w. dingman and d. p. stahly, appl. environ. microbiol. 46:860-869, 1983) was conducted. no parasporal structures were evident in the sporangial cytoplasm. the stages of sporulation were similar to those observed in other sporeformers. a rather unusual inner coat layer consisting of seven lamellae was apparent. | 1985 | 16346887 |
| identification of paenibacillus larvae to the subspecies level: an obstacle for afb diagnosis. | this study was initially aimed at developing a pcr-test to differentiate between the pathogenic agent of american foulbrood (paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae) and powdery-scale disease (p. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens) of the honeybee. the test was based on the "insert of clone 9" (ic9), referring to a cloned 1.9 kb haeiii fragment that occurs only in the p. larvae subsp. larvae reference strains and possibly correlates with american foulbrood virulence. it was shown that an ic9-based pcr-test d ... | 2006 | 16375916 |
| colony-level impacts of immune responsiveness in honey bees, apis mellifera. | social insects have evolved both communal and individual traits that reduce the impacts of their numerous parasites and pathogens. among the individual traits, innate-immune responses have the potential to reduce both individual mortality and the spread of pathogens among colony members. an understanding of the costs and benefits of such responses can provide a more complete understanding of a primary risk of social life, horizontal disease transmission among colony members. here we assess the i ... | 2005 | 16405170 |
| vertical transmission of american foulbrood (paenibacillus larvae) in honey bees (apis mellifera). | the mode of transmission between hosts (horizontal versus vertical) of disease agents is important for determination of the evolution of virulence in pathogens. for disease management, it is imperative that the epidemiology of the disease is understood and pathogen transmission rates between hosts is a key factor for this understanding. surprisingly little is known about transmission rates in honey bee pathology. we have studied the rate of vertical transmission of paenibacillus larvae, the caus ... | 2006 | 16420974 |
| inhibition of the growth of paenibacillus larvae, the causal agent of american foulbrood of honeybees, by selected strains of aerobic spore-forming bacteria isolated from apiarian sources. | the bacterium paenibacillus larvae, the causative agent of american foulbrood disease of honeybee larvae, occurs throughout the world and is found in many beekeeping areas of argentina. the potential as biocontrol agents of antagonic aerobic spore-forming bacteria isolated from honey samples and other apiarian sources were evaluated. each isolate was screened against one strain of paenibacillus larvae (atcc 9545) by using a perpendicular streak technique. ten randomly selected bacterial strains ... | 2006 | 16458322 |
| reclassification of paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens and paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae as paenibacillus larvae without subspecies differentiation. | a polyphasic taxonomic study of the two subspecies of paenibacillus larvae, paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae and paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens, supported the reclassification of the subspecies into one species, paenibacillus larvae, without subspecies separation. our conclusions are based on the analysis of six reference strains of p. larvae subsp. pulvifaciens and three reference strains and 44 field isolates of p. larvae. subsp. larvae. the latter originated from brood or honey of ... | 2006 | 16514018 |
| antagonistic interactions between honey bee bacterial symbionts and implications for disease. | honey bees, apis mellifera, face many parasites and pathogens and consequently rely on a diverse set of individual and group-level defenses to prevent disease. one route by which honey bees and other insects might combat disease is through the shielding effects of their microbial symbionts. bees carry a diverse assemblage of bacteria, very few of which appear to be pathogenic. here we explore the inhibitory effects of these resident bacteria against the primary bacterial pathogen of honey bees, ... | 2006 | 16551367 |
| relation of proteolytic enzymes to phase of life cycle of bacillus larvae, and two new culture media for this organism. | | 1940 | 16560382 |
| growth factor requirements of bacillus larvae, white. | | 1942 | 16560553 |
| nutritional requirements of bacillus larvae. | | 1948 | 16561516 |
| the effect of pollen on the sporulation of bacillus larvae (white). | | 1949 | 16561666 |
| american foulbrood of the honey bee: occurrence and distribution of different genotypes of paenibacillus larvae in the administrative district of arnsberg (north rhine-westphalia). | between march 2003 and october 2004, paenibacillus larvae, the aetiological agent of american foulbrood disease of the honey bee, was isolated from broodcombs and honey samples of 54 apiaries in the administrative district of arnsberg (north rhine-westphalia, germany). genotyping of 176 p. larvae isolates with repetitive element polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting (rep-pcr) using box a1r and mbo rep1 primers revealed five different genotypes (ab, ab, ab, ass, acapital be, cyrillic). in samp ... | 2006 | 16626408 |
| queen promiscuity lowers disease within honeybee colonies. | most species of social insects have singly mated queens, but in some species each queen mates with numerous males to create a colony with a genetically diverse worker force. the adaptive significance of polyandry by social insect queens remains an evolutionary puzzle. using the honeybee (apis mellifera), we tested the hypothesis that polyandry improves a colony's resistance to disease. we established colonies headed by queens that had been artificially inseminated by either one or 10 drones. lat ... | 2007 | 17015336 |
| [optimization of the growth of paenibacillus larvae in semi-selective media]. | the sensitivity of media mypgp, mypgp(nalpia) a (6 microg/ml nalidixic acid and 10 microg/ml pipemidic acid) and mypgp(nalpia) b (9 microg/ml nalidixic acid and 20 microg/ml pipemidic acid) for the recovery of viable spores of paenibacillus larvae from honey, was evaluated by using different incubation times and different spore concentrations. no significant differences between incubation times, spore concentration or culture media were found. in the case of the recovery of vegetative cells from ... | 2006 | 17037251 |
| [inhibition of paenibacillus larvae employing a mixture of essential oils and thymol]. | in vitro antimicrobial activity of a mixture of two essential oils and thymol against paenibacillus larvae, causal agent of american foulbrood (afb), was evaluated. the essential oils were extracted from cinnamon (cinnamomum zeylanicum) and thyme (thymus vulgaris). the third component used, thymol, is the major component of the essential oil of thyme which contains 39.9% of thymol. minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) in mueller-hinton broth by the tube dilution method and minimal bactericide ... | 2006 | 17037257 |
| genome sequences of the honey bee pathogens paenibacillus larvae and ascosphaera apis. | genome sequences offer a broad view of host-pathogen interactions at the systems biology level. with the completion of the sequence of the honey bee, interest in the relevant pathogens is heightened. here we report the genome sequences of two of the major pathogens of honey bees, the bacterium paenibacillus larvae (causative agent for american foulbrood disease) and the fungus ascosphaera apis. (causative agent for chalkbrood disease). ongoing efforts to characterize the genomes of these species ... | 2006 | 17069642 |
| diagnosis of american foulbrood in honey bees: a synthesis and proposed analytical protocols. | worldwide, american foulbrood (afb) is the most devastating bacterial disease of the honey bee (apis mellifera). because the distinction between afb and powdery scale disease is no longer considered valid, the pathogenic agent has recently been reclassified as one species paenibacillus larvae, eliminating the subspecies designations paenibacillus larvae subsp. larvae and paenibacillus larvae subsp. pulvifaciens. the creamy or dark brown, glue-like larval remains of infected larvae continue to pr ... | 2006 | 17083701 |
| paenibacillus larvae and american foulbrood in honeybees. | american foulbrood, a globally spread bacterial disease of honeybee brood, is one of the most deleterious bee diseases. its etiological agent is the gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium paenibacillus larvae. this review will focus on recent achievements in the study of paenibacillus larvae brought about by molecular methods introduced into the field over the last fifteen years. one topic will be the classification of the etiological agent which changed several times since the first description ... | 2007 | 17290940 |
| analysis of pma67, a predicted rolling-circle replicating, mobilizable, tetracycline-resistance plasmid from the honey bee pathogen, paenibacillus larvae. | this work characterizes a recently discovered natural tetracycline-resistance plasmid called pma67 from paenibacillus larvae--a gram-positive bacterial pathogen of honey bees. we provide evidence that pma67 replicates by the rolling-circle mechanism, and sequence comparisons place it in the pmv158 family of rolling-circle replicons. the plasmid contains predicted rep, cop, and rnaii genes for control of replication initiating at a predicted double-strand origin. the plasmid has an ssot single-st ... | 2007 | 17363055 |