| purification and properties of pepstatin hydrolase from bacillus sphaericus. | | 1975 | 1364 |
| occurrence of meso-alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase in bacillus sphaericus. | | 1976 | 10904 |
| characterization and separation of exocellular gamma-d-glutamyl-(l)meso-diaminopimelate endopeptidase and ld-carboxypeptidase from bacillus sphaericus 9602. | two exocellular enzymes have been characterized in the culture media of sporulating bacillus sphaericus 9602 : a gamma-d-glutamyl-(l) meso-diaminopimelate endopeptidase and a l-lysyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase. these two enzymes and the corresponding membrane-bound peptidases found in bacillus sphaericus and bacillus subtilis strains have similar activities. their separation is described. both enzymes were precipitated between 25 and 65 per cent (nh4)2so4 saturation and a first chromatography wa ... | 1977 | 15631 |
| bioassay of three strains of bacillus sphaericus on field-collected mosquito larvae. | | 1977 | 20477 |
| food availability and period of exposure as factors of bacillus sphaericus efficacy on mosquito larvae. | | 1979 | 43341 |
| inactivation of bacterial d-amino acid transaminases by the olefinic amino acid d-vinylglycine. | d-vinylglycine (2-amino-3-butenoate) functions as a transamination substrate and irreversible inactivator of the homogeneous pyridoxal phosphate-dependent d-amino acid transaminases from bacillus subtilis and bacillus sphaericus. in the absence of alpha-ketoglutarate as co-substrate, vinyl-glycine causes little if any inactivation of either enzyme; in the presence of excess alpha-ketoglutarate, both enzymes are inactivated with pseudo-first order kinetics. the limiting rate constant for inactiva ... | 1977 | 402367 |
| ultrastructure of midgut events in the pathogenesis of bacillus sphaericus strain ssii-1 infections of culex pipiens quinquefasciatus larvae. | the fate of bacillus sphaericus strain ssii-1 cells ingested by culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (= c. pipiens fatigans, c. fatigans, c. quinquefasciatus of authors; diptera: culicidae) larvae and the cytological events preceding death of the host were observed using electron microscopy. bacillus sphaericus cells were digested rapidly in the anterior and central midgut. the outer cell wall layer and cytoplasmic ground substance disappeared soon after ingestion. cytolysosomes became prominent in mi ... | 1979 | 436015 |
| location of peptidoglycan lytic enzymes in bacillus sphaericus. | the level of three peptidoglycan hydrolases was determined in the mother cell compartment and forespores of bacillus sphaericus. vegetative and sporulating cells contained in ld-carboxypeptidase active only on the vegetative cell wall peptidoglycan, and we have previously shown that sporulation is accompanied by the production of two new enzymes active only on the spore cortex peptidoglycan. these gamma-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelate endopeptidase and a meso-diaminopimelate-d-alanine dipeptida ... | 1979 | 438128 |
| specific interaction of the tetragonally arrayed protein layer of bacillus sphaericus with its peptidoglycan sacculus. | tetragonal layer protein (t-layer) isolated from bacillus sphaericus ntcc 9602 (wild type) or 9602 lmw (variant) bonded specifically to the sacculi (peptidoglycan) of either cell type. only uncleaved t-layer subunits were capable of specific recognition of the b. sphaericus sacculi; other bacillus strains and gram-positive bacterial sacculi would not adsorb b. sphaericus strain 9602 t-layer. the peptidogylcan did not function as a template since isolated t-layer subunits self-assembled into char ... | 1979 | 457591 |
| isolation, characterization, and in vitro assembly of the tetragonally arrayed layer of bacillus sphaericus. | the tetragonally arranged cell wall layer (t-layer) of bacillus sphaericus ntcc 9602 was isolated and characterized. parallel studies were made on a spontaneous variant of the wild-type strain which had a t-layer subunit of altered molecular weight. a purification method for the t-layers was devised which involved separation of the cell walls from the cytoplasmic contents, urea dissociation of the t-layer from the cell walls, removal of soluble contaminants by differential centrifugation, and fi ... | 1979 | 457597 |
| [characterisation of a new endopeptidase from sporulating bacillus sphaericus which is specific for the gamma-d-glutamyl-l-lysine and gamma-d-glutamyl-(l)meso-diaminopimelate linkages of peptidoglycan substrates (author's transl)]. | a new peptidase which splits substrates related to the peptidic chains of peptidoglycans was found in the cell cytoplasm of sporulating bacillus sphaericus. this is a gamma-d-glutamyl-l-diaminoacid endopeptidase (endopeptidase ii). it was shown to have substrate requirements different from those of the previously described gamma-d-glutamyl-(l)meso-diaminopimelate endopeptidase (endopeptidase i). the substrates for endopeptidase ii are peptides of the general type: formula: (see text). unsubstitu ... | 1979 | 488088 |
| purification and properties of alanine dehydrogenase from bacillus sphaericus. | 1. the bacterial distribution of alanine dehydrogenase (l-alanine:nad+ oxidoreductase, deaminating, ec 1.4.1.1) was investigated, and high activity was found in bacillus species. the enzyme has been purified to homogeneity and crystallized from b. sphaericus (ifo 3525), in which the highest activity occurs. 2. the enzyme has a molecular weight of about 230 000, and is composed of six identical subunits (mr 38 000). 3. the enzyme acts almost specifically on l-alanine, but shows low amino-acceptor ... | 1979 | 488097 |
| purification and crystallization of l-ornithine:alpha-ketoglutarate delta-aminotransferase from bacillus sphaericus. | | 1979 | 488351 |
| comparative studies of the mosquito-larval toxin of bacillus sphaericus ssii-1 and 1593. | two strains of bacillus sphaericus. ssii-1 and 1593, were bioassayed for toxic activity against second-instar larvae of the mosquito culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. it was found that strain 1593 developed a level of toxicity 3000 times that of strain ssii-1. although the toxic activity of b. sphaericus ssii-1 was relatively unchanged throughout growth, an increase in activity of strain 1593 occurred as the bacteria began to sporulate. strain differences were examined by (i) growth cycle experime ... | 1979 | 540250 |
| a new sequence-specific endonuclease (bsp) from bacillus sphaericus. | a new restriction endonuclease has been isolated from bacillus sphaericus r. the purification procedure includes bio-gel filtration, (nh4)2so4 fractionation and phosphocellulose chromatography. after the phosphocellulose step the enzyme preparation is free of non-specific nucleases. bsp cleaves double-stranded dna with the same specificity as bacillus subtilis (bsu) and haemophilus aegyptius (haeiii) restriction endonucleases, as concluded from digests and double-digests of phix174 replicative f ... | 1977 | 590742 |
| toxic activity of bacillus sphaericus ssii-1 for mosquito larvae. | using larvae of the mosquito culex pipiens var. quinquefasciatus as a bioassay system, we have verified an earlier proposal that pathogenicity of bacillus sphaericus ssii-1 is a toxin-mediated rather than an infectious process. chloroform or ultraviolet-light treatments that decreased the viable count of ssii-1 cells by 4 or 5 logs did not significantly alter the ability of the bacterial cells to kill larvae. three lines of evidence indicated that toxic activity was not related to sporulation: ( ... | 1978 | 640722 |
| properties of crystalline leucine dehydrogenase from bacillus sphaericus. | the distribution of bacterial leucine dehydrogenase (l-leucine:nad+ oxidoreductase, deaminating, ec 1.4.1.9) was investigated, and bacillus sphaericus (ifo 3525) was found to have the highest activity of the enzyme. leucine dehydrogenase, which was purified to homogeneity and crystallized from b. sphaericus, has a molecular weight of about 245,000 and consists of six identical subunits (mr = 41,000). the enzyme catalyzes the oxidative deamination of l-leucine, l-valine, l-isoleucine, l-norvaline ... | 1978 | 670223 |
| biochemical characterization of the restriction-modification system of bacillus sphaericus. | a type ii restriction endonuclease (endo r . bsp) has been purified from bacillus sphaericus to electrophoretic homogeneity. the enzyme appears to be a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 35000. its ph optimum is around 8.2, it requires 20 mm mg2+ for optimal activity and it is inhibited by zn2+. the yield of the enzyme is higher than that of any type ii restriction endonuclease so far reported. the enzyme also cleaves single-stranded dna, albeit at a slower rate. it seems likely ... | 1978 | 710408 |
| meso-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelate d-dehydrogenase: distribution and the reaction product. | a high activity of meso-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelate dehydrogenase was found in extracts of bacillus sphaericus, brevibacterium sp., corynebacterium glutamicum, and proteus vulgaris among bacteria tested. b. sphaericus ifo 3525, in which the enzyme is most abundant, was chosen to study the enzyme reaction. the enzyme was not induced by the addition of meso-alpha-epsilon-diaminopimelate to the growth medium. the reaction product was isolated and identified as alpha-amino-epsilon-ketopimelate by ... | 1979 | 762012 |
| conditional spore cortex-less mutants of bacillus sphaericus 9602. | lysine-requiring mutants of bacillus sphaericus 9602 were isolated and classified into three groups by their mutation site in the pathway of lysine biosynthesis. the group i mutant lacks meso-alpha, epsilon-diaminopimelic acid (meso-dap) decarboxylase activity, but group ii and iii mutants have a normal level of dap decarboxylase activity. a group ii mutant makes dipicolinic acid from an intermediate in the lysine pathway, but group iii mutants do not. in the absence of meso-dap in the culture, ... | 1976 | 767335 |
| biological studies of amiclenomycin. | the action of amiclenomycin (am) in inhibiting growth of microorganisms is specific against mycobacteria in vitro, but the antibiotic does not show a therapeutic effect against tubercle bacilli in vivo. the action of am is reversed by biotin, desthiobiotin (dtb) and 7,8-diaminopelargonic acid (dapa), but not by 7-keto-8-aminopelargonic acid (kapa), pimelic acid and glutaric acid. in the presence of am, cultures of mycobacterium smegmatis and bacillus sphaericus accumulated kapa, whereas the form ... | 1975 | 805118 |
| degradation of 3-hydroxybenzoate by bacteria of the genus bacillus. | the pathway whereby certain bacterial strains of the genus bacillus degrade m-hydroxybenzoate is delineated. of 12 strains examined, nine were tentatively classified as representatives of the species bacillus brevis, two of bacillus sphaericus and one of bacillus megaterium. all strains degraded m-hydroxybenzoate via the same pathway. m-hydroxybenzoate was hydroxylated to 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate (gentisate), which was oxidized by a gentisate 1,2-deoxygenase yielding maleylpyruvate. maleylpyruvate ... | 1975 | 810087 |
| specificity profiles of the membrane-bound gamma-d-glutamyl-(l)meso-diaminopimelateendopeptidase and ld-carboxypeptidase from bacillus sphaericus 9602. | immunological studies on the carboxypeptidase y mutant prel-1 of saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed the origin of mutation in the structural gene of carboxypeptidase y. the absence of carboxypeptidase y has no effect on growth, even after drastic changes of growth conditions... | 1977 | 849747 |
| inactivation of bacterial d-amino acid transaminase by beta-chloro-d-alanine. | purified d-amino acid transaminase from bacillus sphaericus catalyzes an alpha,beta elimination from the d isomer of beta-chloroalanine to yield equivalent amounts of pyruvate, chloride, and ammonia; the l isomer of chloroalanine is not a substrate for this transaminase. during the beta elimination there is a synchronous loss in enzyme activity; the kinact for beta-chloroalanine was estimated to be about 10 micrometers. the alpha-aminoacrylate-schiff base intermediate formed after beta eliminati ... | 1977 | 863877 |
| relationship between cortex content and properties of bacillus sphaericus spores. | the muramic lactam content of spores of bacillus sphaericus mutants defective in meso-diaminopimelic acid synthesis increases almost linearly with an increase of meso-diaminopimelic acid concentration in the medium. since muramic lactam content is a measure of cortex content, the amount of cortex in spores of the mutants can be easily varied by changing the meso-diaminopimelic acid concentration in the medium. characteristic properties were tested in spores containing different amounts of corte ... | 1976 | 944183 |
| electron microscope studies of conditional spore cortexless mutants of bacillus sphaericus. | spore cortex of conditional cortexless mutants of bacillus sphaericus 9602 was not detectable by electron microscopy unless the medium was supplemented with meso-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid during sporulation. other spore structures appeared normal. spore shape was quite irregular in the absence of meso-alpha,epsilon-diaminopimelic acid. | 1976 | 956130 |
| pseudotumour of the lung caused by infection with bacillus sphaericus. | a patient is described who suffered from severe chronic asthma complicated by repeated chest infections. she developed a large gelatinous pseudotumour of the lung which was found to be caused by bacillus sphaericus. | 1976 | 977782 |
| molecular weight variation among bacterial flagellins. | the molecular weights of flagellins from 29 bacterial strains from 11 genera were investigated using the technique of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. the molecular weights range from 28,600 for bacillus sphaericus to 63,200 for one strain of escherichia coli. variation in molecular weight was observed not only between genera but also between different species of a genus and different strains of a species. | 1976 | 1026849 |
| transcriptional control of peptidoglycan precursor synthesis during sporulation in bacillus sphaericus. | synthesis of enzymes functional in the synthesis of nucleotide precursors of peptidoglycan ceases upon initiation of sporulation in bacillus sphaericus. during sporulation, two periods of synthesis of these enzymes occur. the first starts at spore septum formation and is conincident with forespore engulfment; it involves the synthesis of those enzymes required for making the precursor of vegetative-type peptidoglycan, including l-lysyl ligase but no mesodiaminopimelyl ligase. the second period o ... | 1976 | 1043879 |
| ultrastructural studies of sporulation in bacillus sphaericus. | spore septum formation in bacillus sphaericus 9602 occurs 2 h after the end of exponential growth at one end of the vegetative cell, which retains a uniform diameter. the apparently rigid spore septum contains an inner cell wall layer which disappears when the sporulation septum "bulges" into the mother cell cytoplasm. this process occurs simultaneously with terminal swelling at the end of the cell containing the spore septum. it is suggested that the inner cell wall layer is peptidoglycan and t ... | 1975 | 1097399 |
| pathogenesis of bacillus sphaericus strain ssii-1 infections in culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (equal to c. pipiens fatigans) larvae. | | 1975 | 1117164 |
| inhibition of phenylamide hydrolysis by bacillus sphaericus with methylcarbamate and organophosphorus insecticides. | the degradation of the phenylamide herbicides monolinuron, linuron, and solan by cultures of bacillus sphaericus atcc 12123 was inhibited by the methylcarbamate insecticides metmercapturon, aldicarb, propoxur, and carbaryl and by the organophosphorus insecticides fenthion and parathion. the extent of inhibition was largest with metmercapturon and smallest with parathion inhibition of hydrolysis of the two phenylurea herbicides was greater than of the acylanilide compound. tests with crude enzyme ... | 1975 | 1155931 |
| d-amino acid aminotransferase of bacillus sphaericus. enzymologic and spectrometric properties. | d-amino acid aminotransferase, purified to homogeneity and crystallized from bacillus sphaericus, has a molecular weight of about 60,000 and consists of two subunits identical in molecular weight (30,000). the enzyme exhibits absorption maxima at 280, 330, and 415 nm, which are independent of the ph (5.5 to 10.0), and contains 2 mol of pyridoxal 5'-phosphate per mol of enzyme. one of the pyridoxal-5'-p, absorbing at 415 nm, is bound in an aldimine linkage to the epsilon-amino group of a lysine r ... | 1975 | 1158891 |
| efficacy of the inactivation of bacterial spores in white petrolatum and a hydrophilic ointment by gamma irradiation. | to evaluate the possibilities of using gamma irradiation for the sterilization of ointments, the effect of irradiation on spores of bacillus pumilus and bacillus sphaericus in dry material and in two different kinds of ointments was studied. the results indicate that for sterilization purposes irradiation was less effective in white petrolatum as compared to irradiation in the dry state. no such protective effect was found in a hydrophilic ointment. accordingly, the sterilization dose needed for ... | 1975 | 1190757 |
| distribution of peptidoglycan synthetase activities between sporangia and forespores in sporulating cells of bacillus sphaericus. | sporulating cells of bacillus sphaericus 9602 containing fully engulfed forespores at different stages of maturity were broken by ultrasonic disruption, followed by grinding with alumina. in this way soluble enzymes derived mainly from the sporangial or from the forespore cytoplasms were obtained. diaminopimelate ligase activity is required exclusively for cortical peptidoglycan synthesis, is absent during vegetative growth, and is synthesized during forespore maturation. it is found exclusively ... | 1976 | 1262302 |
| the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene of tn2424: a new breed of cat. | we have sequenced the gene coding for the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase of tn2424 of plasmid nr79. this gene codes for a protein of 23,500 da, and the derived protein sequence is similar to those of the chromosomal chloramphenicol acetyltransferases of agrobacterium tumefaciens and pseudomonas aeruginosa and of unidentified open reading frames, which may encode chloramphenicol acetyltransferases, adjacent to the ermg macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin resistance gene of bacillus sphaericus ... | 1992 | 1314803 |
| tetracycline enhances tn916-mediated conjugal transfer. | pregrowth of the donor on medium containing tetracycline increased conjugative transposition of tn916 and the transposon-dependent mobilization of pc194 19- to 119-fold in matings between bacillus subtilis and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. tn916 and pc194 transferred independently under these conditions. when enterococcus faecalis was the donor and b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis the recipient, pregrowth in tetracycline increased the conjugative transposition frequency by approx ... | 1992 | 1334267 |
| biological control of mosquitoes and other biting flies by bacillus sphaericus and bacillus thuringiensis. | | 1992 | 1352283 |
| characterization and toxicity to mosquito larvae of four bacillus sphaericus strains isolated from brazilian soils. | four bacillus sphaericus strains, s1, s2, s5, and l2, isolated from brazilian soils, were found to be toxic to larvae of the mosquitoes culex pipiens and anopheles stephensi at a level similar to that of strain 2362 which is now used operationally. like strain 2362, the four strains belonged to the serotype h5 and produced major proteins of apparent molecular weights of 125, 110, 56, and 43 kda. these latter two proteins were immunologically related to toxins of the same molecular weight as b. s ... | 1992 | 1352318 |
| genomic variations in mosquitocidal strains of bacillus sphaericus detected by m13 dna fingerprinting. | the genomic variation of bacillus sphaericus reference and local strains belonging to different serotypes was examined by dna fingerprinting. a phage m13 dna probe detected a number of variable fragments in the restriction digests of total strain dnas. the patterns of band distribution showed a certain homology among mosquitocidal strains, expressed by similarity index d and might be a reliable criterion for assessing the level of genomic similarity between closely related strains. an important ... | 1992 | 1352319 |
| proteolytic processing of the mosquitocidal toxin from bacillus sphaericus ssii-1. | the 97-kda protein mtx21, derived from the 100-kda mosquitocidal protein (mtx) from bacillus sphaericus ssii-1 by the deletion of the putative signal sequence, was expressed as a fusion protein with glutathione s-transferase in escherichia coli, and the fusion protein was purified by affinity chromatography. the fusion protein bound to glutathione agarose was cleaved with thrombin to release the mtx21 protein. the 97-kda mtx21 protein was found to be toxic to culex quinquefasciatus larvae with a ... | 1992 | 1352768 |
| [the efficacy of a combined preparation based on bacillus sphaericus and bac. thuringiensis h-14 against the larvae of blood-sucking mosquitoes]. | the optimal bactoculicide/sphaerolarvicide ratio in combination using against aedes aegypti larvae was established in laboratory by selection. the field trials of the selected bs/bt sample containing the ingredients in titer: bactoculicide-83, sphaerolarvicide-17 were conducted in the arid area of central asia. with 1 g/m2, complete mortality of culex, aedes and anopheles larvae was obtained with the residual larvicidal action of 15 days. it is recommended to carry out more large-scale trials of ... | 1992 | 1354836 |
| differentiation of mosquito-pathogenic strains of bacillus sphaericus from non-toxic varieties by ribosomal rna gene restriction patterns. | dna from 17 strains of bacillus sphaericus, including representatives of all the established dna homology groups, was cleaved with ecori or hindiii and fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. southern blots of this dna were hybridized to a radioactively labelled dna probe prepared from the cloned 16s rrnb ribosomal rna operon of escherichia coli. banding patterns of the chromosomal dna digests and the autoradiograms were specific to dna homology groups i (b. sphaericus sensu str ... | 1992 | 1356139 |
| host range of clostridium bifermentans serovar. malaysia, a mosquitocidal anaerobic bacterium. | clostridium bifermentans serovar. malaysia (c.b.m.) is toxic to mosquito larvae. in this study, we quantified its toxicity to the mosquitoes, aedes aegypti, ae. albopictus, ae. caspius, ae. detritus, anopheles stephensi, an. gambiae, culex pipiens and cx. quinquefasciatus. anopheles larvae are the most susceptible, followed by ae. detritus and ae. caspius, then culex and other aedes larvae. according to mosquito species, the lc50 varies from 7 x 10(3) to 1.3 x 10(6) cells/ml. three concentration ... | 1992 | 1357087 |
| efficacy of bacillus sphaericus against the malaria vector anopheles gambiae and other mosquitoes in swamps and rice fields in zaire. | the microbial control of anopheles gambiae and other mosquitoes with a granular formulation of bacillus sphaericus (vectolex) was evaluated in rice fields and swamps, located around the suburban region of kingabwa-village in kinshasa, zaíre. ten treatment cycles with 15-day intervals were carried out with the same application rate, 10 kg/ha, during the dry season (may to september 1991). the treatments reduced larval populations of an. gambiae by 98% after 48 h, but repetitive applications were ... | 1992 | 1361940 |
| sensitivity of mosquito-pathogenic bacterial strains to various antibodies. | four strains of bacillus sphaericus, 1593, 2362, 9001 and 9002, b. thuringiensis h-14 and b. thuringiensis neoleonensis were tested for sensitivity against 18 antibiotics. the results revealed that all the four strains of b. sphaericus are resistant to colistin, nalidixic acid, polymyxin b and streptomycin. however, b. thuringiensis h-14 was resistant to 9 antibiotics, viz. ampicillin, cephalexin, carbenicillin, co-trimoxazole, colistin, cloxacillin, penicillin, nitrofurantoin and polymyxin b wh ... | 1992 | 1363415 |
| biotin formation by recombinant strains of escherichia coli: influence of the host physiology. | strains of escherichia coli were transformed with different plasmids bearing the gene clusters bioxwf and biodayb isolated from the gram positive bacterium bacillus sphaericus. these genes encode for the enzymes involved in the metabolic pathway which synthesizes biotin from the precursor pimelic acid. transformed e. coli strains were grown in bioreactors to reach a biomass of 18 g l-1 cell dry weight in 1 litre batch culture with substrate feeding and approximately 50 g l-1 in 10 l fed batch cu ... | 1991 | 1367314 |
| dna fingerprinting of the mosquito pathogen bacillus sphaericus with m13 dna as a probe. | hypervariable nucleotide sequences were detected in bacillus sphaericus by hybridization with radioactively labelled m13 dna. different serotypes could be distinguished by their hybridization profiles. the appearance of bands common for mosquito-pathogenic strains and their absence in an apathogenic strain opens the probability that m13 could hybridize to specific alleles, related to insect toxicity. | 1990 | 1369432 |
| scanning force microscopy studies of the s-layers from bacillus coagulans e38-66, bacillus sphaericus ccm2177 and of an antibody binding process. | in many prokaryotic cells (eubacteria and archaebacteria) the outermost cell envelope component is composed of a regularly structured protein surface layer (s-layer). the two-dimensional s-layer from bacillus coagulans e38-66 and bacillus sphaericus ccm2177 has been investigated by sfm at molecular resolution under physiological conditions (i.e., in buffer solution). we find the e38-66 s-layer lattice to be oblique with lattice parameters of a = 9-10 nm, b = 7-8 nm and gamma = 80 degrees -90 deg ... | 1992 | 1413261 |
| fate of bacillus sphaericus and bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis in the aquatic environment. | bacillus sphaericus spores were suspended in bottles of filtered (0.45 microns) freshwater and seawater under various conditions of temperature, ph and salinity. heat resistant culturable counts (spores) slowly decreased with time. spores suspended in dialysis bags submerged in a freshwater pond or in flowing seawater underwent a more rapid drop in heat resistant spore counts than did spores held in bottles. thus, laboratory studies may overestimate spore longevity in the environment. spore sett ... | 1992 | 1431856 |
| [a trial of the possible joint use of mermithids and bacterial preparations for the control of mosquito larvae]. | the action of bacterial insecticides based on bacillus thuringiensis h-14 and b. sphaericus in a dose of 0.005-2 mg/l on the mermithids romanomermis iyengari, r. culicivorax and r. jingdeensis was studied. it was shown that though bacterial agents suppressed mermithid preparasite larvae density about 30-40%, the survivors might invade 100% of mosquito larvae. the viability and fertility of adult mermithids did not change under the influence of bactoculicide in doses 5-50 times higher than those ... | 1992 | 1435554 |
| investigation of the first step of biotin biosynthesis in bacillus sphaericus. purification and characterization of the pimeloyl-coa synthase, and uptake of pimelate. | the pimeloyl-coa synthase from bacillus sphaericus has been purified to homogeneity from an overproducing strain of escherichia coli. the purification yielded milligram quantities of the synthase with a specific activity of 1 unit/mg of protein. analysis of the products showed that this enzyme catalysed the transformation of pimelate into pimeloyl-coa with concomitant hydrolysis of atp to amp. using a continuous spectrophotometric assay, we have examined the catalytic properties of the pure enzy ... | 1992 | 1445232 |
| binding of bacillus sphaericus binary toxin to a specific receptor on midgut brush-border membranes from mosquito larvae. | the presence of specific receptors for bacillus sphaericus binary toxin on brush-border membrane fractions (bbmf) from culex pipiens larvae midgut cells was demonstrated by an in vitro binding assay. both activated and radiolabelled polypeptides from the 51-kda and 42-kda binary toxin of b. sphaericus 1593 specifically bound to bbmf. direct binding and homologous competition experiments indicated a single class of b. sphaericus toxin receptors, with a dissociation constant (kd) of approximately ... | 1992 | 1459140 |
| cloning and expression of a conjugated bile acid hydrolase gene from lactobacillus plantarum by using a direct plate assay. | the conjugated bile acid hydrolase gene from the silage isolate lactobacillus plantarum 80 was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli mc1061. for the screening of this hydrolase gene within the gene bank, a direct plate assay developed by dashkevicz and feighner (m. p. dashkevicz and s. d. feighner, appl. environ. microbiol. 53:331-336, 1989) was adapted to the growth requirements of e. coli. because of hydrolysis and medium acidification, hydrolase-active colonies were surrounded with big hal ... | 1992 | 1476424 |
| acute toxicity of the mosquito larvicide, bacillus sphaericus, to the grass shrimp, palaemonetes pugio, and mummichog, fundulus heteroclitus. | | 1992 | 1498480 |
| binding of purified bacillus sphaericus binary toxin and its deletion derivatives to culex quinquefasciatus gut: elucidation of functional binding domains. | highly larvicidal strains of bacillus sphaericus produce a binary toxin composed of 51 and 42 kda proteins which binds to sharply delineated regions of the gastric caecum and posterior midgut of susceptible larvae of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus. to investigate the role of the individual subunits and the organization of functional binding regions within the toxin, plasmids were constructed for the expression in escherichia coli of the toxin proteins and their nh2- and cooh-terminal deleti ... | 1992 | 1512580 |
| utilization of organic acids and amino acids by species of the genus bacillus: a useful means in taxonomy. | the type strains of 26 bacillus species were investigated with respect to their capability to utilize 48 organic acids and 20 amino acids by using phenol red indicator plates and an amino acid analyzer, respectively. in addition, strains of bacillus sphaericus were found to utilize many organic acids and amino acids in contrast to carbohydrates which are routinely checked. the results obtained indicated an individual utilization pattern for every species investigated, pointing to a useful taxono ... | 1992 | 1512703 |
| new plasmid vector and host system for genetic engineering in bacillus sphaericus. | a new plasmid, pnq116, was constructed in bacillus sphaericus by cloning a promoter fragment from b. sphaericus ts-1 into pnq112. the plasmid (cmrkmr, 5.23 kb) contains a restriction endonuclease polylinker used for cloning foreign genes, and its cat-86 gene is expressed at high levels from the ts-1 promoter. this plasmid vector has been transformed into b. sphaericus as 1.270, as 1.465, as 1.469, and 2362, at frequencies of 10(2)-10(3) transformants per microgram of dna, and is maintained stabl ... | 1992 | 1513880 |
| purification and partial characterization of the gamma-d-glutamyl-l-di-amino acid endopeptidase ii from bacillus sphaericus. | 1. a gamma-d-glutamyl-l-di-amino acid endopeptidase ii (ec3.4.-.-) active on the peptide moieties of some bacterial peptidoglycans has been purified to homogeneity from the sporulation medium and from the spores of bacillus sphaericus. 2. enzyme from both sources showed a single protein band (mr 28,000) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions. it is an acidic protein (pi 4.1). kinetic studies have shown a km value of 0.24 mm and an apparent vmax of 8.3 mumol min-1 mg-1 ... | 1992 | 1551459 |
| [hydrolysis of methoxysubstituted phenylureas, acylanilides and phenylcarbamates by a microbial aryl acylamidase (author's transl)]. | the phenylurea herbicide linuron is hydrolyzed by bacillus sphaericus atcc 12123 quantitatively forming 3,4-dichloroaniline, co2, and n,o-dimethylhydroxylamine. the inducible enzyme responsible for this hydrolysis was purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. its molecular weight was 75 000 +/- 10%. studies on its substrate specificity showed that either whole cells as the linuron-induced enzyme hydrolyze a large number of herbicidal and fungicidal acylanilides, th ... | 1976 | 998041 |
| expression of the mosquitocidal toxins of bacillus sphaericus and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis by recombinant caulobacter crescentus, a vehicle for biological control of aquatic insect larvae. | in the quest for effective control of mosquitoes, attention has turned increasingly to strains of the bacteria bacillus sphaericus and bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis, which produce potent toxins with specific mosquitocidal activities. however, sedimentation of the bacterial spores limits the duration of effective control after field application of these bacilli. we describe here the cloning of genes encoding the 51.4- and 41.9-kda toxins from b. sphaericus 2297, the 100-kda toxin from ... | 1992 | 1575492 |
| the 8-amino-7-oxopelargonate synthase from bacillus sphaericus. purification and preliminary characterization of the cloned enzyme overproduced in escherichia coli. | the 8-amino-7-oxopelargonate synthase [6-carboxyhexanoyl-coa:l-alanine carboxyhexanoyltransferase (decarboxylating); ec 2.3.1.47] from bacillus sphaericus involved in biotin biosynthesis was purified from an escherichia coli overproducing strain. the purification afforded an electrophoretically homogeneous enzyme with a specific activity of 0.67 unit/mg. the purified enzyme is a monomer of 41 kda. n-terminal sequencing of the first 14 amino acid residues showed complete agreement with the predic ... | 1992 | 1575677 |
| cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the gamma-d-glutamyl-l-diamino acid endopeptidase ii of bacillus sphaericus. | the gene encoding the bacillus sphaericus gamma-d-glutamyl-l-diamino acid endopeptidase ii, a cytoplasmic enzyme involved in cell sporulation [1], contains the information for a 271-amino acid protein devoid of a signal peptide. the endopeptidase lacks sequence relatedness with other proteins of known primary structure except that its c-terminal region has significant similarity with the c-terminal region of the 54-kda p54 protein of enterococcus faecium, of unknown function [2]. | 1992 | 1587462 |
| isolation and characterization of four new strains of bacillus sphaericus from central nigeria highly toxic to mosquito larvae. | | 1992 | 1619298 |
| small-scale field trials of bacillus sphaericus (strain 2362) formulations against mansonia mosquitoes in malaysia. | five formulations of bacillus sphaericus (strain 2362) including aqueous suspension bsp 1, bsp 2, technical powder abg 6184, corncob granules abg 6185 (potencies 2 x 10(10), 2 x 10(7), 9.5 x 10(10), 5 x 10(10), 5 x 10(10) spore/g, respectively) and wettable powder abg 6232 (1,000 bs itu/mg) were tested against laboratory-cultured late third/early fourth instar larvae of mansonia uniformis in floating screened cages in small plots at swampy ditches on penang island, malaysia. mean dosage/response ... | 1991 | 1675256 |
| [the study of bacillus sphaericus ts-1 protoplast-plasmid transformation of electroporation]. | this report gave the best conditions of bacillus sphaericus ts-1 protoplast-plasmid phv33 electroporation. the highest transformation frequency and transformation efficiency induced by three pulse of 21 kv/cm and 10 microseconds duration applied at an interval of one sec., was 2.44 x 10(2) transformants/micrograms dna and 3.16 x 10(-6) respectively. the saturated concentration of dna absorbed by the protoplast was 5 micrograms dna/10(9) cells/ml. by means of this method, pjb417, a recombinant mo ... | 1991 | 1678216 |
| bacillus sphaericus as a mosquito pathogen: properties of the organism and its toxins. | in the course of sporulation, bacillus sphaericus produces an inclusion body which is toxic to a variety of mosquito larvae. in this review we discuss the general biology of this species and concentrate on the genetics and physiology of toxin production and its processing in the midgut of the larval host. the larvicide of b. sphaericus is unique in that it consists of two proteins of 51 and 42 kda, both of which are required for toxicity to mosquito larvae. there is a low level of sequence simil ... | 1991 | 1682792 |
| occurrence of protein phosphorylation in various bacterial species. | 1. the occurrence of protein phosphorylation in escherichia coli b, bacillus megaterium, bacillus sphaericus, pseudomonas fluorescens and arthrobacter s1-55, was investigated by means of both in vivo and in vitro experiments. 2. in each bacterial species the presence of several phosphorylated proteins was evidenced by gel electrophoresis and autoradiography after either labelling of growing cells with [32p]orthophosphate or incubating cellular extracts with radioactive atp. 3. the analysis of th ... | 1990 | 1693344 |
| isolation of bacillus sphaericus biotin synthesis control mutants: evidence for transcriptional regulation of bio genes. | the genes involved in biotin synthesis have recently been isolated from bacillus sphaericus [gloeckler et al., gene 87 (1990) 63-70]. sequence analysis revealed that they are organized into two gene clusters, designated bioxwf and biodayb. the 5'-noncoding region of the biod locus fused to the xyle reporter gene was inserted into the gram-positive pub110 replicon and the resulting plasmid was introduced into b. sphaericus ifo3525. transformants expressed the xyle gene only if the biotin concentr ... | 1991 | 1761229 |
| cellular fatty acid analysis as a potential tool for predicting mosquitocidal activity of bacillus sphaericus strains. | gas-liquid chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters and numerical analysis were carried out with 114 bacillus sphaericus strains. since only two clusters harbored mosquitocidal strains, this technique could be developed in screening programs to limit bioassays on mosquito larvae. it also allows differentiation of highly homologous strains. | 1991 | 1781697 |
| plasmid stability in bacillus sphaericus 2362 during recycling in mosquito larvae. | bacillus sphaericus 2362 strains transformed with the plasmid pub110 (4.5 kb) and plasmids derived from it, pldt103 (7.6 kb) and pldt117 (9.3 kb), were able to recycle (spore germination, vegetative growth, sporulation) in larvae of culex quinquefasciatus. during the course of recycling, the pub110 vector and the recombinant plasmid pldt103 were stable (100 and 99.2%, respectively). however, the recombinant plasmid pldt117 exhibited 23% segregational instability. isolates which lost pldt117 duri ... | 1991 | 1787324 |
| fate of bacillus sphaericus 2362 spores following ingestion by nontarget invertebrates. | elimination of bacillus sphaericus spores ingested by midge larvae, snails, and oysters was most rapid among midge larvae. spores remained in oysters up to 21 days and in snails up to 49 days. viable spores were recovered in snail and oyster feces for these same periods. there was no indication of actively growing b. sphaericus in the animals. passage through oyster gut detoxified the b. sphaericus mosquito larval toxin, but there was a 33% retention of toxicity following snail gut passage. midg ... | 1991 | 1787327 |
| evaluation of a microgel droplet formulation of bacillus sphaericus 1593 m (biocide-s) for control of mosquito larvae in rice fields in southern india. | a new microgel droplet formulation of bacillus sphaericus 1593 m (biocide-s) was tested at 2 rates against culicine vectors of japanese encephalitis and anopheles subpictus. a single application just after transplantation of rice seedlings prevented the buildup of anopheline as well as culicine populations, and gave 83-100% reduction of pupal density at the lower rate (2.2 kg/ha) and 87-100% reduction at the higher dosage (4.3 kg/ha) for at least 5 weeks. during the last 3 wk before harvest, den ... | 1991 | 1787400 |
| sustained release pellets for control of culex larvae with bacillus sphaericus. | bacillus sphaericus was formulated in pellets with partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, talc and a starch-based superabsorbent polymer. this formulation increased the residual activity against culex spp. larvae in large and small plots, including polluted water. when the pellets were applied to dry artificial larval habitats 5 days prior to flooding, the psorophora columbiae that hatched at the time of flooding were eliminated. after the pools were dried and reflooded, 611 bacillus colony-formi ... | 1991 | 1787401 |
| delayed mortality and morphogenetic anomalies induced in culex quinquefasciatus by the microbial control agent bacillus sphaericus. | two preparations of bacillus sphaericus 2362 were studied for their biological activity, delayed mortality and the induction of morphogenetic aberrations in larvae, pupae and adults of culex quinquefasciatus. longevity and fecundity of adult mosquitoes were also assessed. a dosage response line for b. sphaericus was established against 4th-instar larvae and sublethal concentrations (48 h lc50 and lower) were used against these larvae. sublethal concentrations of b. sphaericus induced delayed mor ... | 1991 | 1791451 |
| [the pilot project results of applications of the biolarvicide bacillus sphaericus 2362 on mosquito breeding grounds of the town of santa cruz del norte (la habana province)]. | the effectiveness of the bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 in liquid formulation, at a 10 ml/m2 dose, was tested in 157 breeding sites of culex quinquefasciatus mosquitos, 2 breeding sites of culex quinquefasciatus and anopheles albimanus and 1 breeding site of aedes taeniorhynchus, consisting of 1 river, 2 oxidation ponds, 1 pond, 4 dams, 2 microdams and 150 pits. the results reached with the application of 1800 1 of biolarvicide show its effectiveness. within 24 hours of treatment, mortality rat ... | 1991 | 1801088 |
| an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for monitoring bacillus sphaericus toxin. | larvicidal proteins of b. sphaericus h5a5b (strain vcrc b42), purified by ion-exchange chromatography were used to raise antibodies in rabbits. the antibodies were specific in reacting to alkali-solubilized fractions from whole cells of toxic strains only. ouchterlony immunodiffusion showed homology in toxin structure between strains of different serotype. a sandwich elisa using avidin-biotin amplification was standardized. the lowest detectable limit was 6.25 ng/ml. near linear quantitative bin ... | 1991 | 1814836 |
| toxicity of bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 on mansonia spp. larvae. | the efficiency of bacillus sphaericus strain 2362 (vectolex) as larvicide against mansonia spp. was studied. bioassay studies showed that the toxicity of b. sphaericus on both age groups (i-ii instar and iii-iv instar) of mansonia spp. larvae occurred within 24 hours. probit analysis revealed that lc100 (one hundred per cent lethal concentration) for both age groups of m. boneae were higher than those of m. dives. small scale field trials were done at kreng village, cha-uat district, nakhon si t ... | 1991 | 1818397 |
| isolation and laboratory evaluation of an indigenous strain of bacillus sphaericus (9001). | an indigenous strain of bacillus sphaericus h5a (9001), possessing high insecticidal properties, was isolated from diseased larvae of culex species. this strain in comparison with the known strains of b. sphaericus, i.e., 1593 and 2362, was found to be promising against the fourth instar larvae of anopheles culicifacies, an. stephensi, an. subpictus, aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. b. sphaericus 9001 is highly stable and virulent through 25 successive transfers and thus can be effectiv ... | 1991 | 1822451 |
| acute toxicity of certain organochlorine, organophosphorus, synthetic pyrethroid and microbial insecticides to the mosquito fish gambusia affinis (baird and girard). | acute toxicity of certain organochlorine, organophosphorus, synthetic pyrethroid and microbial insecticides to the mosquito fish gambusia affinis were determined to collect baseline data for selecting the resistant strains of the fish. the synthetic pyrethroid, lambdacyhalothrin was most toxic to the fish (lc50 = 0.0022 ppm), followed by deltamethrin, cypermethrin and fenvalerate. organochlorine insecticides, ddt and gamma-hch, were less toxic than the pyrethroids, and these were followed by org ... | 1991 | 1822454 |
| cloning, sequencing, and expression of a gene encoding a 100-kilodalton mosquitocidal toxin from bacillus sphaericus ssii-1. | a cosmid library was prepared from a partial bamhi digest of total dna from bacillus sphaericus ssii-1. two hundred fifty escherichia coli clones were screened for toxicity against larvae of the mosquito culex quinquefasciatus. one toxic clone, designated pkf2, was chosen for further study. two toxic subclones, designated pxp33 and pxp34, obtained by ligating psti-derived fragments of pkf2 into puc18, contained the same 3.8-kb fragment, but in opposite orientations. sequence analysis revealed th ... | 1991 | 1840581 |
| cloning and expression of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis delta-endotoxin dna in b. sphaericus. | bacillus thuringiensis israelensis delta-endotoxin genes were cloned into bacillus sphaericus 2362, producing stable transformants reacting with antibody to the 28- and 65-kda b. thuringiensis israelensis crystal proteins and approximately 10 times more toxic to aedes mosquito larvae than the original host strain. the lc50 after 48 hr of exposure of aedes larvae to the most active transformed clone was 0.19 microgram/ml, compared with an lc50 of 1.9 microgram/ml for b. sphaericus 2362 and less t ... | 1991 | 1850771 |
| expression of an l-alanine dehydrogenase gene in zymomonas mobilis and excretion of l-alanine. | an approach to broaden the product range of the ethanologenic, gram-negative bacterium zymomonas mobilis by means of genetic engineering is presented. gene alad for l-alanine dehydrogenase (ec 1.4.1.1.) from bacillus sphaericus was cloned and introduced into z. mobilis. under the control of the strong promoter of the pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) gene, the enzyme was expressed up to a specific activity of nearly 1 mu mol . min -1 . mg of protein -1 in recombinant cells. as a results of this high ... | 1991 | 1854197 |
| isolation of mosquito-pathogenic bacillus sphaericus & b. thuringiensis from the root surface of hydrophytes. | attempts were made to isolate b. sphaericus and b. thuringiensis active against mosquito larvae from the root surface of hydrophytes. out of 139 samples processed, 86 b. sphaericus and 23 b. thuringiensis isolates were obtained. sixty two of the b. sphaericus isolates belonged to the serotype h5a5b, 2 to h6 and 22 isolates did not agglutinate with any of the 6 antisera tested. twenty of the b. thuringiensis isolates belonged to the h14 serotype, 1 each to the h10 and h17 serotype(s) and 1 to an ... | 1991 | 1855819 |
| thermostable phenylalanine dehydrogenase of thermoactinomyces intermedius: cloning, expression, and sequencing of its gene. | the gene encoding the thermostable phenylalanine dehydrogenase [ec 1.4.1.-] of a thermophile, thermoactinomyces intermedius, was cloned and its complete dna sequence was determined. the phenylalanine dehydrogenase gene (pdh) consists of 1,098 nucleotides and encodes 366 amino acid residues corresponding to the subunit (mr 41,000) of the hexameric enzyme. the amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the pdh gene of t. intermedius was 56.0 and 42.1% homologous to those of the ph ... | 1991 | 1880121 |
| field trials with vectolex (bacillus sphaericus) and vectobac (bacillus thuringiensis (h-14)) against anopheles gambiae and culex quinquefasciatus breeding in zaire. | under field conditions in kinshasa, zaire, an aqueous suspension of bacillus thuringiensis (h-14), vectobac (12-as), lost most of its larvicidal activity at all concentrations after 48 h against culex quinquefasciatus breeding in polluted gutter water and anopheles gambiae breeding in clear water irrigation ponds. however, good control of cx. quinquefasciatus was obtained using a granular formulation of b. sphaericus, vectolex-g (abg-6185), at concentrations of 10-30 kg/ha. high concentrations o ... | 1991 | 1895075 |
| compatibility of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and bacillus sphaericus with the fungal pathogen lagenidium giganteum (oomycetes: lagenidiales). | larvae of culex quinquefasciatus were exposed to infection by lagenidium giganteum and various concentrations of b.t.i. or b. sphaericus. the resulting larval mortalities, percentages of infected dead larvae and percentages of larval body regions containing the fungus were compared. overall, the effectiveness of lagenidum giganteum against the larvae was not significantly affected by the presence of b.t.i. or b. sphaericus, and the fungal and bacterial agents were compatible. in experiments usin ... | 1991 | 1895077 |
| a functionally split pathway for lysine synthesis in corynebacterium glutamicium. | three different pathways of d,l-diaminopimelate and l-lysine synthesis are known in procaryotes. determinations of the corresponding enzyme activities in escherichia coli, bacillus subtilis, and bacillus sphaericus verified the fact that in each of these bacteria only one of the possible pathways operates. however, in corynebacterium glutamicum activities are present which allow in principle the use of the dehydrogenase variant and succinylase variant of lysine synthesis together. applying gene- ... | 1991 | 1906065 |
| hydrolysis of branched cyclodextrins by a cyclodextrin-hydrolyzing enzyme from bacillus sphaericus e-244. | the action of a cyclodextrin-hydrolyzing enzyme from bacillus sphaericus e-244 on branched alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins was investigated. glucosyl-alpha-cyclodextrin (6-o-alpha-d-glucosylcyclomaltohexaose) and maltosyl-alpha-cyclodextrin (6-o-alpha-d-maltosylcyclomaltohexaose) were hydrolyzed to 6(3)-o-alpha-d-glucosylmaltohexaose and 6(3)-o-alpha-d-maltosylmaltohexaose, respectively. glucosyl-beta-cyclodextrin (6-o-alpha-d-glucosylcyclomaltoheptose) and maltosyl-beta-cyclodextrin (6-o-alpha-d- ... | 1991 | 1915863 |
| evaluation of bacillus sphaericus formulations against the vector of bancroftian filariasis. | three different formulations of bacillus sphaericus viz, spherimos, vectobac and spherifix, were evaluated for their efficacy and residual activity against culex quinquefasciatus breeding in polluted disused wells. spherimos, a flowable concentrate formulation, exerted 96-100% control when treated at the dosage of 10 l/ha for 17 days, whereas the effective residual activity lasted up to 67 days at 15 l/ha. in the case of vectolex, a granular formulation, the residual activity lasted up to 56 day ... | 1991 | 1948272 |
| comparison of development of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and bacillus sphaericus in mosquito larvae. | immunofluorescent staining was used with thin sections of paraffin-embedded specimens to detect the development of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and bacillus sphaericus in the gut of mosquito larvae. the third- and fourth-instar larvae of aedes aegypti, anopheles maculatus, and culex quinquefasciatus were fed either vegetative cells or spores of the bacteria. spore germination, multiplication, and sporulation were studied in the larvae of each species. the spores of b. thuringiensis va ... | 1990 | 1969455 |
| numerical classification and identification of bacillus sphaericus including some strains pathogenic for mosquito larvae. | ninety-one strains of bacillus sphaericus, including representatives of all the established dna homology groups, related round-spored and oval-spored species, and six strains pathogenic for mosquito larvae, were examined for 155 characters. numerical analyses (jaccard coefficient/average linkage clustering) based on the 88 variable features revealed 14 clusters at the 79% similarity level that contained more than one strain and 17 single member clusters. all insect pathogenic strains were recove ... | 1990 | 1969924 |
| relative potency of bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis and bacillus sphaericus 2362 for mansonia titillans and mansonia dyari. | bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (b.t.i.), hd-968-s-1983, and a primary powder of bacillus sphaericus 2362 were assayed against mansonia titillans and ma. dyari. the susceptibility of the 2 species to the individual bacterial toxins was similar. the b.t.i. lc50 values were 50.5 micrograms/liter for ma. dyari and 54.7 micrograms/liter for ma. titillans; the b. sphaericus lc50 values were 339.0 micrograms/liter and 347.2 micrograms/liter, respectively. the log dose-probit mortality lines we ... | 1990 | 1973452 |
| the medical importance of riceland mosquitoes and their control using alternatives to chemical insecticides. | the medical importance, ecology and control of riceland mosquitoes using alternative strategies is reviewed. over 135 pest and vector anopheline and culicine mosquito species found in association with riceland habitats and their medical importance are presented. malaria and japanese encephalitis are the two most serious human diseases transmitted by riceland mosquitoes, but they have been incriminated as vectors of dozens of arboviruses and other parasites and pathogens including the causal agen ... | 1990 | 1973949 |
| characterization & larvicidal activity of indigenous isolates of bacillus sphaericus from natural breeding habitats. | soil, water and moribund/or dead mosquito larval samples collected from various mosquito breeding habitats of pondicherry and tamil nadu were screened for the presence of mosquito pathogenic b. sphaericus isolates. from 1892 samples 21 isolates were obtained. all these isolates fell under 3 serogroups viz., h5a5b, h6 and h45, the latter two serotypes not reported hitherto as toxic to mosquito larvae and three phage-groups namely, phage group 2, phage group 3 and an unknown one. twelve of the iso ... | 1990 | 1975802 |
| efficacy and persistence of bacillus sphaericus, bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, and methoprene against culiseta incidens (diptera: culicidae) in tires. | the efficacy and persistence of bacillus sphaericus (2362) was compared at three dosage rates in tires that continually contained cadavers of culiseta incidens (thomson) versus tires with all dead larvae removed. at treatment rates of 3.75 and 7.5 ppm, the continual presence of cadavers in the tire water resulted in higher mortality rates. at the 15 ppm treatment rate, mortality rates were similar in tires with or without cadavers. mortality rates increased in all tires 4-6 wk after treatment, s ... | 1990 | 1976658 |
| role of the gut proteinases from mosquito larvae in the mechanism of action and the specificity of the bacillus sphaericus toxin. | gut proteinases from larvae of mosquito species both susceptible and not susceptible to bacillus sphaericus converted the 43-kda toxin to a 40-kda polypeptide exhibiting enhanced cytotoxicity to mosquito cell cultures. the toxin was also activated by gut proteinases from the nonsusceptible lepidoptera spodoptera littoralis in vitro and in vivo. therefore, the specificity of bacillus sphaericus toxin does not seem to be determined by gut proteinase action. however, susceptibility of mosquito cell ... | 1990 | 1980629 |
| efficacy of bacillus sphaericus formulations against psorophora columbiae larvae in small rice plots. | bacillus sphaericus formulations were evaluated against psorophora columbiae larvae in small rice plots. all formulations tested provided good control (greater than 84%) for all rates tested at 2 days posttreatment. at 10 days posttreatment, fair control (greater than 70%) was recorded for abg-6232 (0.184 kg/ha), abg-6262; 27-242-ba (0.766 and 2.298 liters/ha), and abg-6262; 29-293-ba (2.298 liters/ha). at 7 days posttreatment mortality was below 66%. control did not exceed 27% at 15 days posttr ... | 1990 | 1983018 |
| construction of tracer plasmids for bacillus sphaericus 1593 utilizing the xyle gene from pseudomonas putida. | genetically engineered microorganisms (gems) released into the environment must be traceable in order to accurately assess their impact on the area of release. tracer genes other than those that introduce antibiotic resistance are preferred for use in identifying genetically engineered strains. in this study, we describe the construction of a series of tracer plasmids for use in bacillus sphaericus using the xyle gene from the pseudomonas putida tol plasmid. this gene codes for the enzyme catech ... | 1991 | 2002245 |
| modification of the bacillus sphaericus 51- and 42-kilodalton mosquitocidal proteins: effects of internal deletions, duplications, and formation of hybrid proteins. | the 51- and 42-kda proteins which constitute the binary mosquitocidal toxin of bacillus sphaericus 2362 have a low overall sequence similarity but share several regions of near identity (l. baumann, a. h. broadwell, and p. baumann, j. bacteriol. 170:2045-2050, 1988). by using site-directed mutagenesis, deletions of 6 to 16 amino acids in three of these regions of the 51- and 42-kda proteins were made, and the modified proteins were expressed in bacillus subtilis. deletions in both of these prote ... | 1991 | 2036015 |