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[antigenic properties of the cells of 4 variants of bacillus brevis var. g.-b].the antigenic composition was studied among the cells of four variants of bacillus brevis var. g.-b. (r, s, p+, p-). the variants have a common antigen. each variant has also an additional antigen. these data confirm that the variants of bac. brevis var. g.-b. are related.197555943
[role of gramicidin s in the sporulation of the r+ and r- variants of bacillus brevis var. g.-b].the effect of gramicidin s added to the cultivation medium on sporulation of the gramicidin s-producing p+ variant and gramicidin s-nonproducing p- variant of bacillus brevis var. g.-b. was studied. gramicidin s added to the synthetic medium with glucose in an amount of 30 and 100 microgram/ml 4 and 7 hours after inoculation with the vegetative cells of r- variant had no effect on the growth of the culture but retarded its sporulation. when gramicidin s was added in an amount of 100 microgram/ml ...197992912
biological function of gramicidin: selective inhibition of rna polymerase.this paper describes a novel biochemical effect of gramicidin, a class of peptide antibiotics produced by bacillus brevis during the transition from vegetative growth to sporulation. gramicidin inhibits rna synthesis by purified rna polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:rna nucleotidyl-transferase, ec 2.7.7.6) by interfering with the binding of rna polymerase to dna. this effect seems to involve the destabilization of the "open" rna polymerase-dna complex, a mode of action consistent with the contr ...197767602
biosynthesis of enzyme-bound formylvaline and formylvalylglycine. a possible initiation complex for gramicidin a biosynthesis.a partially purified fraction (component i) which catalyzed the atp-ppi exchange reaction dependent only on valine and glycine among the five constituent amino acids of gramicidin a was obtained from crude extracts of bacillus brevis atcc 8185, which produces both gramicidin a and tyrocidines. this fraction was found to bind valine and glycine as thioesters. the addition of a formylthfa synthesizing system to component i brought about the formation of component i-bound formylvaline and formylval ...197766230
production of gramicidin s synthetases by bacillus brevis in continuous culture.the effects of different nutrient limitations on the production of the two enzymes of gramicidin s biosynthesis were studied during continuous culture of bacillus brevis. gramicidin s synthetases i and ii were produced in the chemostat under carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus or sulphur limitation. the growth rate, rather than the nature of the limitation, was the major controlling factor in regulating the level of the gramicidin s synthetases. synthetase production was low at high dilution rates (0.4 ...197662820
nutrition of bacillus brevis atcc 9999, the producer of gramicidin s.the nutrition of the gramicidin s (gs) producer bacillus brevis atcc 9999 was studied with respect to growth and antibiotic production. in a complex medium containing yeast extract and peptone, only glycerol, d-fructose, and meso-inositol contributed to growth, whereas other hexoses, pentoses, polyols, polysaccharides, and organic acids were inactive. glycerol and fructose were inhibitory to gs formation; inositol had no effect. in chemically defined media containing a mixture of five amino acid ...197662553
[effect of gramicidin c on the formation and germination of bacillus brevis var. gb (p+-variant) spores].the effect of gramicidin c added to the medium at various periods of cultivation in concentrations of 20, 40 and 100 gamma/ml on sporulation of p+-variant of bac. brevis var. gb was studied. the most effective increase in the sporulation rate and percentage of the cells germinating into the spores was observed on addition of the antibiotic to the medium in amounts of 20 and 40 gamma/ml in 13 hours of the culture development. the amount of gramicidin c during sporulation decreased and partially p ...197555097
gramicidin s synthetase: variations in the activites of the light and heavy enzymes with growth of culture of bacillus brevis. 197552564
tyrocidine and the linear gramicidin. do these peptide antibiotics play an antagonistic regulative role in sporulation?1. the cyclic peptide antibiotic tyrocidine, synthesized by bacillus brevis (atcc 8185), inhibits rna synthesis in an in vitro transcriptional system by forming a complex with the dna. 2. the linear peptide antibiotic gramicidin, synthesized by the same strain, reverses at least partly this inhibition. the molecular mechanism of this reactivation is unknown. gramicidin by itself inhibits transcription in vitro. this inhibition is not due to a complex formation between dna and the peptide. 4. a p ...197550860
effects of the peptide antibiotics tyrocidine and the linear gramicidin on rna synthesis and sporulation of bacillus brevis. 197548380
bacterial pathogens of mosquito larvae--bacillus alvei (cheshire and cheyene) and bacillus brevis (migula)--isolated in pondicherry. 197944265
interaction of the aflatoxins with classical antibiotics which inhibit bacillus brevis (2611).synergism, antagonism and addictive action are three modes of interaction among antibiotics and non-antibiotic compounds. the present paper reports the type of interaction between each of the four main members of the aflatoxin family (bb, g and g) and each of five commonly used classical antibiotics. the test aflatoxins were freshly prepared and confirmed crystalline pure by the use of ultraviolet (u.v.), infrared (i.r.) and nuclear magnetic resonane (n.m.r.) spectroscopy. interaction between pe ...1979122329
induction of sporulation in bacillus brevis by peptide antibiotics. 197995355
comparison of the effect of linear gramicidin analogues on bacterial sporulation, membrane permeability, and ribonucleic acid polymerase.various analogues of linear gramicidin were tested for their biological activity in restoring the normal spore phenotype of gramicidin-negative mutants of bacillus brevis and for their ability to increase cation conductivity of black lipid membranes and to inhibit bacterial rna polymerase. whereas many biologically active gramicidin analogues had no effect on membrane permeability, all biologically active peptides were able to inhibit ribonucleic acid (rna) polymerase. these observations make it ...197991382
sp127, a bacterial protein enhancing the activity of macrolide antibiotics against pseudomonas aeruginosa: isolation and characterization.some strains belonging to the genera bacillus and pseudomonas were found to produce in the culture broth, a protein which synergistically enhanced the activity of macrolide antibiotics against pseudomonas aeroginosa. the protein produced by bacillus brevis atcc 8185, designated sp127, was isolated in a pure state by means of ammonium sulfate fractionation, cm-cellulose column chromatography and gel filtration on sephadex g-100. the sedimentation coefficient and the molecular weight of sp127 were ...1977405355
biological role of gramicidin s in spore functions. studies on gramicidin-s-negative mutants of bacillus brevis atcc9999.gramicidin-s-negative mutants of bacillus brevis atcc9999 have been isolated with a remarkly higher yield after ethidium bromide or acridine orange treatment, than after n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine treatment. four (miv, smr170, r5 and eb 16) of 38 isolated mutants were characterized with respect to the lesion in gramicidin-s-synthesizing activity. the mutants sporulate to the same extent as the parental strain except mutant smr 170 which sporulates less. however, mutant spores were more ...197990616
studies on gramicidin s synthetase. purification and properties of the light enzyme obtained from some mutants of bacillus brevis.the phenylalanine-activating and/or-racemizing enzyme, i.e., the light enzyme, of gramicidin s synthetase was purified to a homogenous state by d-phenylalanine-sepharose 4b chromatography from a wild and some gramicidin s-lacking mutant strains of bacillus brevis. the light enzyme obtained from a mutant strain e-1 could activate phenylalanine but not racemize it, and had no phenylalanine-dependent atp-[14c]amp exchange activity, whereas the same enzyme obtained from other mutants and the wild st ...197881201
studies on gramicidin s synthetase. purification of the heavy enzyme obtained from some mutants of bacillus brevis.the heavy enzyme of gramicidin s synthetase was purified to an almost homogeneous state by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, ornithine-sepharose 4b chromatography, deae-cellulose chromatography, and ultrogel aca 22 chromatography. the enzyme was proved to be essentially homogeneous by ultracentrifugation and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. the heavy enzymes of gramicidin s synthetase from various groups of mutant strains lacking the ability to form gramicidin s were also ...197881200
enzyme-bound formylvaline and formylvalylglycine; an initiation complex for gramicidin a biosynthesis.gramicidin a is an antibiotic peptide produced by bacillus brevis atcc 8185, which also produces tyrocidines. an attempt was made to establish a cell-free enzyme system for gramicidin a synthesis. an enzyme fraction, component i, was partially purified from crude extracts of the organism and proven to be involved in the synthesis of the formyl-val-gly- region of gramicidin a. the initiation of gramicidin a biosynthesis is a function of component i, which activates valine and binds it as a thioes ...197877858
biochemical aspects of germination and outgrowth of bacillus brevis nagano and control by gramicidin s [proceedings]. 197877233
evidence for gramicidin s functioning as a bacterial hormone specifically regulating spore outgrowth in bacillus brevis nagano [proceedings]. 197877232
[processes of spore formation and gramicidin c formation by bacillus brevis var. g.b].correlation between gramidicin c biosynthesis and sporulation in the process of bac. brevis var. g.b. cultivation under various aeration conditions was studied. it was shown that biosynthesis of gramicidin c was characteristic of the young cells and its level was the highest during the culture active growth. the time of the sporulating forms appearance depended on the aeration rate which defined the quantitative composition of the population during the phase of the culture active growth and the ...197770191
[relationship between environmental factors, gramicidin c biosynthesis and growth kinetics of a culture of bacillus brevis var. g.b]. 197770190
the peptide antibiotic gramicidin d. a specific reactivator of tyrocidine-inhibited transcription.the sporulating bacterial strain bacillus brevis (atcc 8185) produces two types of peptide antibiotics, the linear gramicidins and the cyclic tyrocidines. their effects on transcription in vitro were studied: 1. rna synthesis catalized by rna polymerase and dna as template, both from b. brevis cells, is inhibited by the addition of gramicidin maximally to 50% as compared to controls without gramicidin. this inhibition is dependent on the concentration of gramicidin as well as on that of rna poly ...197769443
oxygen-dependent inactivation of gramicidin s synthetase in bacillus brevis.incorporation of l-[14c]ornithine into gramicidin s by crude, unfractionated lysozyme extracts of bacillus brevis atcc 9999 was shown to represent the activity of the gramicidin synthetase complex. frozen-thawed cells were the source of active extracts, but when cells were shaken in air at 37 degrees c, they rapidly lost activity in a first-order reaction with a half-life of 13 min. protease inhibitors and inhibitors of energy metabolism had no effect on the inactivation process in frozen-thawed ...197768033
[antibiotics from basidiomycetes, vi. merulinic acids a, b, and c, new antibiotics from merulius tremellosus and phlebia radiata (author's transl)].three new antibiotics, merulinic acids a, b, and c, have been isolated from fruiting bodies of merulis tremellosus and phlebia radiata. they are closely related derivatives of beta-resorcylic and salicylic acid, carrying monounsaturated c17-alkyl side chains in 6-position. the merulinic acids are mixtures of the delta8'-compounds with minor amounts of the corresponding delta10'-, dehydro, and dihydro derivatives, separable only by means of hplc. delta8'-merulinic acid a (i) was synthesized via a ...1978154220
degradation of 3-hydroxybenzoate by bacteria of the genus bacillus.the pathway whereby certain bacterial strains of the genus bacillus degrade m-hydroxybenzoate is delineated. of 12 strains examined, nine were tentatively classified as representatives of the species bacillus brevis, two of bacillus sphaericus and one of bacillus megaterium. all strains degraded m-hydroxybenzoate via the same pathway. m-hydroxybenzoate was hydroxylated to 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate (gentisate), which was oxidized by a gentisate 1,2-deoxygenase yielding maleylpyruvate. maleylpyruvate ...1975810087
[relationship between culture and conditions, the qualitative composition of a culture of bacillus brevis and its formation of gramicidin c].qualitative composition of the population of bacillus brevis was found to depend on growth conditions. under optimum aeration conditions for growth of the culture and biosynthesis of gramicidin c, the population was polymorphous and contained cells and spores of different age. no spores and prospores were found in the culture in conditions of weak and strong aeration. the population consisted only of young, intensively coloured cells with homogeneous or weakly differentiated content in condition ...197767551
carbohydrate metabolism in bacillus brevis atcc 9999.bacillus brevis atcc 9999, which produces gramicidin s, was found to be unable to ferment various carbohydrates such as glucose, galactose, mannose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, and mannitol. this defect in carbohydrate utilization was attributed to the lack of the transport system(s) for various carbohydrates. this organism can take up only fructose and glycerol and form acids. the presence in this organism of the phosphoenolpyruvate: sugar phosphotransferase system for fructose, but not glycerol ...1977881417
biological function of gramicidin: studies on gramicidin-negative mutants.by the use of a rapid radioautographic screening procedure, two mutants of bacillus brevis atcc 8185 that have lost the ability to produce gramicidin have been isolated. these mutants produced normal levels of tyrocidine and sporulated at the same frequency as the parent strain. their spores, however, were more heat-sensitive and had a reduced dipicolinic acid content. gramicidin-producing revertants occurred at a relatively high frequency among the survivors of prolonged heat treatment and had ...197766680
a guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate-sensitive nuclease from bacillus brevis.in toluene-treated cells of bacillus brevis, newly synthesized rna is rapidly degraded in a reaction that is inhibited by cyclic guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cgmp) and by 1,10-phenanthroline. this appears to be due to a ribonuclease found in cell-free extracts of b. brevis which is inhibited by cgmp and related compounds as well as by 1,10-phenanthroline. the cgmp-sensitive nuclease hydrolyzes synthetic polynucleotides, yielding nucleoside 5'-monophosphates as the sole products, even during th ...1975163232
the relation between sporulation and the induction of antibiotic synthesis and of amino acid uptake in bacillus brevis.the induction and localization of tyrocidine-synthesizing enzymes is shown to be parallel, during growth of bacillus brevis (atcc 8185, american type culture collection, rockville, md.), with the induction of uptake of constitutive amino acids and of components of pantetheine, a coenzyme of tyrocidine synthesis. antibiotic synthesis appears at the end of logarithmic growth when the first soluble enzymes may be obtained from homogenates. during this period, binding proteins for metabolite uptake ...1975167031
a ribosome-independent, soluble stringent factor-like enzyme isolated from a bacillus brevis.a ribosome-independent synthesis of guanosine 5',3'-polyphosphates has been found in the soluble fraction of bacillus brevis (atcc 8185) extracts. the partially purified enzyme catalyzes the formation of both guanosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-diphosphate and guanosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-diphosphate, does not require 20% methanol to stimulate the rate of reaction, and is not stimulated by complexing with ribosomes of either escherichia coli or b. brevis. the b. brevis enzyme system is not inhibited by ...1976175825
phenylalanine stimulation of gramicidin s formation.bacillus brevis produces the antibiotic gramicidin s, a cyclic peptide comprised of two pentapeptide units of the sequence d-phe-l-pro-l-val-l-orn-l-leu. synthesis of this antibiotic is carried out by two enzymes, gs synthetases i and ii. by supplementing a defined minimal medium [glycerol, nh(4) (+), tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, salts] with each of the constituent amino acids (in the l form), we found that only l-phenylalanine had a marked stimulatory effect on gramicidin s production. this ...197659576
lysine- and lysine-plus-threonine-inhibitable aspartokinases in bacillus brevis.two aspartokinase (atp:l-aspartate 4-phosphotrasferase, ec 2.7.2.4) enzyme activities have been identified and partially purified from bacillus brevis. aspartokinase i is subject to both inhibition and repression by lysine, and has a molecular weight in the region of 110 000. aspartokinase ii is a lysine-stabilised enzyme, inhibited multivalently by lysine plus theonine and has a molecular weight in the region of 95 000. this attern of aspartokinase activity has not been described previously and ...1976182279
purification and properties of guanosine 5', 3'-polyphosphate synthetase from bacillus brevis.a ribosome-independent guanosine 5',3'-polyphosphate synthetase has been highly purified from bacillus brevis (atcc 8185). the enzyme has a molecular weight of 55,000, as measured by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. like the ribosome-connected stringent factor of escherichia coli, it catalyzes the synthesis of the guanosine 5', 3'-polyphosphates by a pyrophosphoryl transfer mechanism from adenosine triphosphate (atp) to guanosine di- or triphosphates (gdp, gtp). it has an apparent km of ...1976184817
induction of specific amino acid binding proteins preceding onset of tyrocidine synthesis in bacillus brevis. 1976188832
isolation of amino acid activating subunit--pantetheine protein complexes: their role in chain elongation in tyrocidine synthesis.dissociation of the multienzymes of tyrocidine synthesis by prolonged incubation of crude extracts of bacillus brevis (dubos strain, atcc 8185) has yielded, on sephadex g-100 chromatography, two fractions of amino acid activating subunits, a larger one of 70,000 daltons and a smaller one of 90,000 daltons; the latter was a complex consisting of the 70,000 dalton subunit and the pantetheine-carrying protein of about 20,000 daltons. when it dissociated, the intermediate enzyme, which activates thr ...1977196286
pulvomycin, an inhibitor of prokaryotic protein biosynthesis.antibiotic 1063-z isolated from culture fluids of streptoverticillium mobaraense was identified as pulvomycin. pulvomycin was observed to inhibit protein biosynthesis in growing cells of bacillus brevis. the poly(u)-directed poly(phe) synthesis in cell-free systems of bacillus brevis and escherichia coli was highly susceptible to the antibiotic. pulvomycin did not affect the transfer of phe to trna. the results suggest that the target of pulvomycin action is the polypeptide chain elongation.1979375861
[structure and physico-chemical properties of bacterial flagella].the structural organization of bacterial flagella was studied with bacillus brevis and escherichia coli ms 1350. the presence of a spherical body at the basis of a flagellum was confirmed. the structural organization of ingredients of the flagellar appratus, its inner and outer part, was investigated. the molecular weight of protein subunits in the filamentous portion of the flagellum was assayed as well as their amino acid composition. the mode of attachment of the flagellum to the cell is disc ...1979388161
metabolic products of microorganisms. 184. on the mode of action of cladosporin.cladosporin, a fungal isocoumarin derivative, strongly inhibits the uptake and thereby the incorporation of uracil and leucine into cells of bacillus brevis and the incorporation of uridine but not leucine into cells of the ascitic form of ehrlich carcinoma (eca) of mice. normal uptake was not restored by removal of the antibiotic. in cells of escherichia coli a 19-15 (met-) the inhibition of methionine uptake is associated with the cessation of growth. in a methionine-prototrophic revertant fro ...1979511784
catabolism of 5-chlorosalicylate by a bacillus isolated from the mississippi river.a strain of bacillus brevis isolated from a polluted section of the mississippi river was shown to utilize 5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoate (5-chlorosalicylate) as a sale source of carbon and energy. enzymic analyses of cell-free extracts prepared from 5-chlorosalicylate-grown cells demonstrated that the initial step in the pathway involved cleavage of the aromatic ring between c1 and c2 by a specific 5-chlorosalicylate 1,2-dioxygenase. loss of chloride from the growth substrate occurred after ring fi ...1979533271
[effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen on the physiological and biochemical properties of bacillus brevis and pseudomonas mycophaga].the pattern of oxido-reductive processes and antifungal properties of the bacteria bacillus brevis and pseudomonas mycophaga were studied as related to the type and ratio of nitrogen sources (nh4, no3) in the nutrient medium. the biosynthesis of antibiotics was coupled with the anaerobic pattern of metabolism, and energetic processes of metabolism varied with respect to the nitrogen source. nitrates exerted an inhibitory effect on the enzymic systems responsible for utilization of ammonium nitro ...1978565053
antibiotics from basidiomycetes. vii. crinipellin, a new antibiotic from the basidiomycetous fungus crinipellis stipitaria (fr.) pat.a crystalline antibiotic, which we have named crinipellin, was isolated from submerged cultures of the basidiomycete crinipellis stipitaria, strain no. 7612. high resolution mass spectrometry yielded the formula c22h28o5. the antibiotic is most active against gram-positive bacteria, although yeasts and filamentous fungi are affected to a lesser extent. crinipellin exhibits high in vitro inhibitory activity against the ascitic form of ehrlich carcinoma. the incorporation of precursors of dna-, rn ...1979571426
microbial conversion of dl-2-amino-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid to l-cysteine and l-cystine: screening of microorganisms and identification of products.microorganisms able to form l-cysteine from dl-2-amino-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (dl-atc), a chemical intermediate in the synthesis of dl-cysteine, were isolated from soil samples and classified as pseudomonas sp., pseudomonas cohaerens, p. desmolytica, and p. ovalis. thirteen l-cysteine-producing bacteria were also found in among 463 stock cultures representing 37 genera. these were achromobacter delmarvae. alcaligenes denitrificans, bacillus brevis, brevibacterium flavum, enterobacte ...1977596877
[conditions for formation of heteromorphic forms of bacillus brevis and their cytology].the conditions of formation of bacillus brevis var. gb heteromorphous forms were studied both under natural conditions and in the course of action of various factors. natural polymorphism of the culture is low. it increases as the temperature of cultivation is lowered down to 28 degrees c or when the culture is kept at 5--6 degrees c in a refigerator. the p- and s forms of dissociation display higher polymorphism than than p+ and r variants. cytological investigation has shown that heteromorphou ...1977600106
efficient production of thermostable thermus thermophilus xylose isomerase in escherichia coli and bacillus brevis.the xylose (glucose) isomerase from the thermophile thermus thermophilus seems to have potential for the development of new isomerization processes using high temperatures and slightly acidic ph. the isomerase has an optimum temperature at 95 degrees c, and is also very stable at high temperatures. the optimum ph is around 7.0, close to where by-product formation is minimal. since thermus produces only a little of this useful isomerase, the production of the cloned gene in escherichia coli and b ...19921368014
metabolic products of microorganisms. 170. on the antibiotic activity of cladosporin.cladosporin was isolated from the cultures of three species of the genus eurotium. cladosporin inhibited the growth of several fungi and at very low concentrations the growth of bacillus brevis and clostridium pasteurianum. bacillus subtilis and most other gram-positive bacteria were not sensitive. gram-negative bacteria and yeasts were not affected by concentrations up to 100 microgram/ml. dimethyl cladosporin showed only week activity against bacillus brevis with the minimal inhibitory concent ...1978646581
[extrachromosomal dna from the vegetative cells and spores of bacillus brevis var. g.-b]. 1978657952
isolation and characterization of plasmid from the bacillus brevis var. g.-b. cells.the plasmid designated pad1 was isolated from the cells of four variants of bacillus brevis var. g.-b. the plasmid dna has a molecular weight of about 47.1 x 10(6) daltons and contains 43.4 mole % g+c. the bulk of pad1 dna (96--98%) is associated with the fraction of chromosome dna and membranes. restriction endonucleases sma i, sal i and bam hi cleaved the plasmid dna into two, two and six fragments, respectively. the cleavage map of the pad1 genome has been constructed for these three endonucl ...1978703763
sequence specificity of dna methylases from bacillus amyloliquefaciens and bacillus brevis. 1978712853
toxic effects of aflatoxin b1 on bacillus brevis.at a concentration of 50 microgram/ml and below, aflatoxin b1 inhibited bacillus brevis (2611) bacteristatically, but at a concentration of 100 microgram/ml the inhibition was bactericidal. bactericidal inhibition was further studied by determining the mean single survivor times of the bacterium in 100 microgram/ml aqueous solutions of aflatoxin b1 (18.2 mins.) and phenol (16.6 mins.). further study on the bacteriostatic inhibition within the bacteriostatic concentration limit of 50 microgram/ml ...1978757519
[methylation of dna of 1p+f phage for bacillus brevis var. g-b].dna from a virulent mutant of the temperate 1p+f phage for bacillus brevis var. g-b belongs to at-type (gcequals34.5 mole %) and contains 5-methylcytosine (0.17 mole %) and n6-methyladenine (0.32 mole %). the amount of these minor bases in the phage dna does not depend on the bacterial host (p- and s-variants of bac.brevis var. g.-b). in contrast to the host dna and heterologous dna from pseudomonas aeruginosa cells, dna of 1p+f phage does not accept methyl groups from (methyl-3h)-s-adenosyl met ...1975813785
induction of microcycle sporulation in bacillus brevis spp. ag4 by amethopterin.addition of amethopterin to medium before inoculation inhibited dna synthesis and induced microcycle sporogenesis in bacillus brevis spp. ag4. synthesis of rna and proteins occurred at a considerably reduced rate.1977907429
isolation of brevistin, a new peptide antibiotic. studies on antibiotics from the genus bacillus. ix.a new peptide antibiotic, brevistin, was isolated from the culture broth of bacillus brevis 342-14. brevistin is an acylpeptide with an approximate empirical formula of c63h91n15o18 containing aspartic acid, threonine, glycine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. the antibiotic is soluble in acid and alkaline water. its hydrochloride is soluble in methanol. brevistin is active against ggam-positive bacteria in vitro and in vivo, and is of low toxicity to mi ...1976931805
adenine nucleotide pool and energy charge during growth of a tyrothricin-producing strain of bacillus brevis.the adenine nucleotide levels and derived energy charge value of a tyrothricin-producing strain of bacillus brevis under aerobic conditions were in good agreement with published values for other bacteria. when growing cultures of b. brevis underwent a transition from aerobic to anaerobic conditions, cyclic variations in the level of adenine nucleotides were observed and the energy charge value oxcillated between 0.87 and 0.70. the significance of these changes is considered in relation to antibi ...1976932690
[production of protease during continuous cultivation of the thermophilic bacterium bacillus brevis].conditions for continuous cultivation of the thermophilic strain of bacillus brevis prodlcing protease are substantiated. the culture was cultivated in order to obtain proteolytic enzymes taking into consideration data concerning kinetics of the bacterial growth and enzyme synthesis, as well as results of studying accumulation of the pool of mrna specific of protease synthesis, the rates of dilution and flow (approximately 0.4 hr-1) have been found which provide a high specific productivity of t ...19761004247
involvement of rna polymerase in the synthesis of dna by growing and toluene-treated cells of bacillus brevis. 19751111520
biosynthesis of edeine: ii. localization of edeine synthetase within bacillus brevis vm4.edeine-synthesizing polyenzymes, associated with a complex of sytoplasmic membrane and dna, were obtained from gently lysed cells of bacillus brevis vm4. the polyenzymes-membrane-dna complex, isolated from dells intensively synthesizing edeines (18--20 h culture) contained edeine b. edeine b was found to be bound covalently t o the edeine synthetase. the amount of edeine bound to polyenzymes was 0.1--0.3 mumol/mg protein, depending on the age of cells. detachment of deeine synthetase with a cova ...19751148278
isolation and characterization of polyadenylate-containing rna from bacillus brevis.a substantial fraction (30--40%) of pulse-labeled rna from exponentially growing cells of bacillus brevis contains polyadenylate sequences, as measured by adsorption to oligo(dt)-cellulose. the weight-average length of poly(a) tracts obtained after digestion with pancreatic and t1 ribonucleases is 60 nucleotide residues. susceptibility to degradation by snake venom phosphodiesterase after ribonuclease degradation indicates that the poly(a) sequences are located near the 3' ends of the rna chains ...1978210791
[effect of different factors on the germination of spores in s and p- variants of bacillus brevis].the effect of temperature, duration of heating and the presence of l-alanine and l-glutamine in the medium on the spore germination was studied with the s and p- variants of bacillus brevis which did not contain gramicidin s and with the r and p+ varants obtained on a defined medium with beta-phenyl-beta-alanine, an inhibitor of the biosynthesis of gramicidin s. the experiments were carried out according to the scheme of complete factor experiment. germination of the spores was found upon their ...19751226136
[dynamics of the formation of extracellular protease and the atp pool in a thermophilic strain of bacillus brevis].the dynamics of varying atp concentration was studied in the cells of the thermophilic strain of bacillus brevis 224 synthesizing a neutral exoprotease. some irregularities during the primary and secondary growth of the culture corresponded to the changes in the amount of atp. a sharp decrease (by a factor of ca. 100) in the level of atp pool was detected in the bacterial cells after 2.5 hours of their exponential growth; their growth ceased and the synthesis of protease was depressed. a decreas ...19751226137
inactive form of edeine in the edeine-producing bacillus brevis vm 4 cells.1. exogenous edeine inhibits the synthesis of dna and protein, but not that of rna, in extracts of edeine-producing bacillus brevis vm 4 cells. this is analogous to the effect of edeine on extracts obtained from edeine-sensitive cells. 2. producer cells, in contrast to sensitive ones, are not permeable to exogenous edeine. dna synthesis in producer cells rendered permeable by toluene treatment becomes sensitive to edeine. 3. no free edeine could be detected in post-log producer cells during maxi ...19761244852
[specific endonuclease bbvbi from bacillus brevis].a new restriction endonuclease bbvbi free from contaminating nonspecific nucleases and phosphatases was isolated from the bacillus brevis cells. the enzyme was purified by fractionating the sonicated cell-free extract in a two-phase peg/dextran system and subsequent chromatographies on deae-sepharose, blue sepharose and heparin sepharose. the endonuclease bbvbi displayed the maximal activity at 45 degrees c, ph between 8.0 and 8.5, mgcl2 concentration in the range of 5-10 mm and at the low ionic ...19921326276
efficient production of human alpha-amylase by a bacillus brevis mutant.a cdna for mature human salivary alpha-amylase was directly joined to a sequence encoding the signal peptide of the middle wall protein (mwp) gene of bacillus brevis 47. this hybrid gene was placed downstream from the multiple promoter region of the mwp gene on a low copy-number plasmid vector, phw1. b. brevis 47 carrying the plasmid produced 0.9 mg/l of active human alpha-amylase in the medium. a b. brevis 47 mutant obtained on mutagenesis with n-methyl-n'-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine produced an i ...19901367195
production of human epidermal growth factor by bacillus brevis increased with use of a stable plasmid from b. brevis 481. 19921368344
analysis by deletion and site-directed mutagenesis of promoters of the cell wall protein gene operon in bacillus brevis 47.the cell wall protein gene operon of bacillus brevis 47 has multiple and tandem promoters. the precise locations of the two major promoters (p2 and p3) of the operon were determined by deletion analysis. this together with results of oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis of the promoter regions confirmed that the -35 and -10 sequences of the two promoters proposed previously are essential for their promoter activity. a g + c-rich sequence upstream of the -35 region of p2 and an a-rich sequence up ...19911368663
genes for the biosynthesis of beta-lactam compounds in microorganisms.rapid progress has recently been made in the characterization of genes and gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins and cephamycins. the biosynthetic pathways are found in a wide range of microorganisms, including fungi, actinomycetes and gram-negative bacteria. comparisons of gene sequences (particularly the genes encoding isopenicillin n synthetase) and gene organization in these different microorganisms have led to proposals abo ...19921302173
gene disruption of the pcbab gene encoding acv synthetase in cephalosporium acremonium.plasmid pps96 was used to disrupt the genomic region immediately upstream of pcbc in c. acremonium by homologous integration. approximately 4% of the c. acremonium transformants obtained with pps96 were unable to produce beta-lactam antibiotics. all transformants obtained with other plasmids and isolates which had not been exposed to transforming dna retained the ability to produce beta-lactams. enzyme analysis showed that acv synthetase activity was missing in the beta-lactam-minus pps96 transf ...19902076552
isolation, mass spectrometric characterization, and protein phosphatase inhibition properties of cyclic peptide analogues of gramicidin-s from bacillus brevis (nagano strain).six substitutional variants of gramicidin-s, present in a commercial extract of bacillus brevis, have been characterized using a combination of liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of the crude extract, plus accurate mass measurements, tandem mass spectrometric investigations, and amino acid analyses, of isolated high-performance liquid chromatographic fractions. two of these variants were shown previously (nozaki and muramatsu, j. antibiotics 37, 689 (1984)) to involve replacement ...19921381222
mass production of sphingomyelinase of bacillus cereus by a protein-hyperproducing strain, bacillus brevis 47, and its purification.sphingomyelinase (sphingomyelin cholinephosphohydrolase) [ec 3.1.4.12] of bacillus cereus was overproduced in a protein-hyperproducing strain, b. brevis 47, by cloning the gene into an expression vector pnu211, which has been developed to express a foreign gene utilizing a promoter and a signal sequence of an outer cell wall protein gene. from 1 liter of culture, about 10 mg of protein was purified to near-homogeneity by two steps of column chromatography; this is almost 500 times higher product ...19921491003
[secretion of proteins by bacillus brevis]. 19921549705
cloning, characterization, and inactivation of the bacillus brevis lon gene.a gene of bacillus brevis hpd31 analogous to the escherichia coli lon gene has been cloned and characterized. the cloned gene (b. brevis lon gene) encodes a polypeptide of 779 amino acids with a molecular weight of 87,400 which resembles e. coli protease la, the lon gene product. fifty-two percent of the amino acid residues of the two polypeptides were identical. the atp-binding sequences found in e. coli protease la were highly conserved. the promoter of the b. brevis lon gene resembled that re ...19921551846
isolation of a gramicidin s hyperproducing strain of bacillus brevis by use of a fluorescence activated cell sorting system.a gramicidin s (gs) hyperproducing mutant of bacillus brevis was isolated by using a protein-staining fluorescence dye (fluorescein isothiocyanate, fitc), and a fluorescence-activated cell sorting system (facs). by flow cytometry (fcm) analysis after staining with fitc, higher producing cells of the wild-type had higher fluorescence signals than cells with low productivity or cells from a gs non-producing mutant. staining with fitc did not affect the viability of cells under the conditions chose ...19921283524
potential use of bacillus brevis for enzyme production. 19902076007
bacillus methanolicus sp. nov., a new species of thermotolerant, methanol-utilizing, endospore-forming bacteria.the generic position of 14 strains of gram-positive bacteria able to use methanol as a growth substrate was determined. all are obligately aerobic, thermotolerant organisms that are able to grow at temperatures of 35 to 60 degrees c. nine of the strains produce oval spores at a subterminal-to-central position in slightly swollen rod-shaped cells. dna-dna hybridization studies, 5s rrna sequence analysis, and physiological characteristics revealed that all 14 strains cluster as a well-defined grou ...19921380290
isolation of gln- mutants through transposon, tn917, mutagenesis in bacillus brevis.transposon, tn917, carried on ptv1 plasmid has been used successfully to mutagenise bacillus brevis. the transposon showed preference for insertion at an "aro" site. a second insertional event after elimination of the preferred site with ethidium bromide/acridine orange treatment has permitted isolation of gln- mutants in b. brevis.19911667395
four homologous domains in the primary structure of grsb are related to domains in a superfamily of adenylate-forming enzymes.the entire nucleotide sequence of the bacillus brevis grsb gene encoding the gramicidin s synthetase 2, which activates and condenses the four amino acids proline, valine, ornithine and leucine has been determined. the gene contains an open reading frame of 13,359 bp which encodes a protein of 4453 amino acids with a predicted mr of 510,287. the gene is located within the gramicidin s biosynthetic operon, also containing the genes grst and grsa, whose nucleotide sequences have been determined pr ...19921560782
on the nature of the cytosine-methylated sequence in dna of bacillus brevis var. g.-b.on growing the cells of bacillus brevis s methionine-auxotroph mutant in the presence of [me-3h]methionine, practically all the radioactivity incorporated into dna is found to exist in 5-methylcytosine and n6-methyladenine. the analysis of pyrimidine isopliths isolated from dna shows that radioactivity only exists in mono- and dinucleotides and the content of 5-methylcytosine in r-m5 c-r and r-m5 c-t-r oligonucleotides is equal. the analysis of dinucleotides isolated from dna by means of pancrea ...19751180970
[some properties of 1 p+f bacteriophage for bacillus brevis var. g.-b and its nucleic acid].the 1 p+f phage, a virulent mutant of the moderate p+ phage for bac. brevis var. g.-b., consists of a hexagonal head (90x90 nm) and a long non-contractile tail (340 nm). this phage is characterized by a relatively long latent period (90-110 min) and a low yield (40-50 particles per cell). the 1p+f phage is quite stable at ph values from 1 to 11, insensitive to osmotic shock, treatment with chloroform and acridine orange. the sensitivity of the phage to thermal treatment and uv-radiation has been ...19751214802
[specificity of methylation of cytosine risidues in dna of bacillus brevis var. g-b].on growing the cells of bacillus brevis s methionine-auxotroph mutant in the presence of (methyl-3h)-methionine practically the total radioactivity included into dna is found to exist in 5-methylcytosine (mc) and 6n-methyladenine (ma). the analysis of pyrimidine isopliths isolated from dna shows that radioactivity only exists in mono- and dinucleotides and the content of mc in pur-mc-pur and pur-mc-t-pur oligonucleotides is equal. the analysis of dinucleotides isolated from dna by means of pancr ...19751219384
characterization of the cephalosporium acremonium pcbab gene encoding alpha-aminoadipyl-cysteinyl-valine synthetase, a large multidomain peptide synthetase: linkage to the pcbc gene as a cluster of early cephalosporin biosynthetic genes and evidence of multiple functional domains.a 24-kb region of cephalosporium acremonium c10 dna was cloned by hybridization with the pcbab and pcbc genes of penicillium chrysogenum. a 3.2-kb bamhi fragment of this region complemented the mutation in the structural pcbc gene of the c. acremonium n2 mutant, resulting in cephalosporin production. a functional alpha-aminoadipyl-cysteinyl-valine (acv) synthetase was encoded by a 15.6-kb ecori-bamhi dna fragment, as shown by complementation of an acv synthetase-deficient mutant of p. chrysogenu ...19911706706
immunosuppressive effect of gramicidin s on experimental ocular neuritis and allergic encephalomyelitis.investigations were carried out on the immunosuppressive effect of gramicidin s (grs), a cyclic peptide antibiotic produced by bacillus brevis, on the onset of experimental ocular neuritis and allergic encephalomyelitis in lewis rats immunized with rat brain homogenates. the criteria for evaluation of the drug effect were changes in body weight, activity of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (cnpase), clinical manifestations such as paralysis of lower extremities and histopathological c ...19901706788
characterization of an extracellular protease inhibitor of bacillus brevis hpd31 and nucleotide sequence of the corresponding gene.a novel proteinaceous protease inhibitor was isolated from the culture supernatant of bacillus brevis hpd31. the protease inhibitor of b. brevis (designated bbrpi) was produced extracellularly in multiple forms having at least three different molecular weights. one of them, bbrpi-a, was purified to near homogeneity and only showed inhibitory activity toward serine proteases, such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, and subtilisin. bbrpi was presumed to form a trypsin-inhibitor complex in a molar ratio of ...19921610177
characterisation of a thermostable alpha-amylase from bacillus brevis.biochemical characterization of a novel heat-stable alpha-amylase, produced by a thermophilic strain of bacillus brevis, has been made. the pattern of the enzyme action on different substrates was studied. it was found that reducing groups were rapidly liberated from amylopectin, soluble and insoluble starch compared to amylose and glycogen. b. brevis alpha-amylase acted via endo-attack producing mainly maltopentaose during the first hour of hydrolysis. the enzyme showed high activity towards ma ...19921628658
two enzymically active forms of glycyl-trna synthetase from bacillus brevis. purification and properties.using sucrose density centrifugation and gel filtration of a 105000 x g supernatant of bacillus brevis two enzymic activities of glycyl-trna synthetase were separated. enzyme catalyzing the aminoacylation of trna (e1) elutes in a high-molecular-weight region. enzyme active in glycylhydroxamate formation (e2) elutes from a sephadex gel column and sediments in sucrose density gradient in a region of relatively low molecular weight. the presence of two enzymic activities does not depend on the meth ...19751149746
the nucleotide sequence for a proline-activating domain of gramicidin s synthetase 2 gene from bacillus brevis.a fragment encoding proline-activating domain (grs 2-pro) of gramicidin s synthetase 2 (gs 2) was found in an 8.1-kilobase pairs (kb) dna fragment of bacillus brevis nagano, which contained the full length of gs 1 gene (grs 1). the clones designated gs719 and gs708, which expressed gramicidin s synthetase 1, were elucidated to express immunoreactive proteins to gs 2 antibodies with approximate molecular weights of 115,000, 105,000 (gs719), and 110,000 (gs708). the partial purification of the gen ...19911939016
nucleotide sequence of the lys2 gene of saccharomyces cerevisiae: homology to bacillus brevis tyrocidine synthetase 1.the saccharomyces cerevisiae lys2 gene, which encodes alpha-aminoadipate reductase, an essential enzyme in the yeast lysine biosynthetic pathway, has been sequenced. a large open reading frame (orf) has been identified which can specify a 1392-amino acid protein with a deduced mr of 155,344. a dna database search using the translated lys2 orf as a probe has revealed significant aa sequence homology to the bacillus brevis enzyme tyrocidine synthetase 1.19912013406
repression of the cell wall protein gene operon in bacillus brevis 47 by magnesium and calcium ions.transcription from p2, one of the major promoters of the cell wall protein gene operon of bacillus brevis 47, was markedly enhanced at the early stationary phase of growth. mgcl2, when added at 1 to 5 mm to the medium, inhibited this enhancement of transcription as well as shedding of the cell wall protein layers from the cell surface. mgso4 or cacl2 showed an effect similar to that of mgcl2. the possible coordination of the cell wall structure with regulation of the cell wall protein genes is d ...19912061299
nucleotide sequence analysis reveals linked n-acetyl hydrolase, thioesterase, transport, and regulatory genes encoded by the bialaphos biosynthetic gene cluster of streptomyces hygroscopicus.nucleotide sequence analysis of a 5,000-bp region of the bialaphos antibiotic production (bap) gene cluster defined five open reading frames (orfs) which predicted structural genes in the order bah, orf1, orf2, and orf3 followed by the regulatory gene, brpa (h. anzai, t. murakami, s. imai, a. satoh, k. nagaoka, and c.j. thompson, j. bacteriol. 169:3482-3488, 1987). the four structural genes were translationally coupled and apparently cotranscribed from an undefined promoter(s) under the positive ...19912066341
characterization and location of the l-proline activating fragment from the multifunctional gramicidin s synthetase 2.gramicidin s synthetase 2 (gs2) derived from bacillus brevis is a multifunctional single polypeptide (mr 280,000) with a 4'-phosphopantetheine residue covalently bound to the enzyme. when gs2 was treated with trypsin or chymotrypsin, fragments with some activity were liberated. the molecular mass of the l-proline activating fragment was 114 kda on sds-page. this fragment, when incubated with gramicidin s synthetase 1 (gs1) in the presence of phenylalanine and proline, produced d-phe-l-pro dipept ...19911917901
[cloning and expression in bacillus subtilis of the gene for neutral protease of bacillus brevis].plasmids pcb20 and pcb22 were used for cloning and expression of the bac brevis 7882 neutral protease gene in bac. subtilis cells. the protease-containing fragments of 13 and 14 kb were cloned in pcb20 plasmid based on replication region of streptococci plasmid psm19035. expression of the gene was shown to take place in bac. subtilis. application of vegetative promoters of the previously identified expression unit eu19035 greatly increases the expression of the protease in bac. subtilis. bac. su ...19902123522
numerical analysis and dna base compositions of some thermophilic bacillus species.morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics and the dna base compositions of 133 thermophilic bacillus strains were determined. a total of 54 of these strains were received as identified species (mainly bacillus stearothermophilus, bacillus coagulans, bacillus brevis, and bacillus licheniformis) from international culture collections, and 79 newly isolated strains, which were isolated mainly from sugar diffusion juices of italian plants, were also examined. numerical taxonomy t ...19911742196
[analysis of the structure of bacillus brevis neutral proteinase and its biosynthesis in bacillus subtilis cells].amino acid sequence of neutral metalloprotease from bac. brevis has been compared with that of bac. amyloloquefaciens, bac. cereus, bac. subtilis, bac. stearothermophilis, bac. thermoproteolyticus (thermolysine). a sequence region from n-40 to n-1 with a significant degree of homology allowed to predict the processing site of the propart of bac. brevis enzyme. the sequence comparison allows to put bac. brevis enzyme within the evolutionary branch of enzymes, which includes thermolysin and protea ...19902127074
bacillus brevis migula 1900 taxonomy: reassociation and base composition of dna.of 87 strains previously identified as bacillus brevis migula 1900, 58 had g + c contents of 47.0 to 51.9 mol%, a range that included the g + c content (48.7 mol%) of the type strain. the g + c contents for three other groups consisting of 5, 7, and 17 strains were 37.0 to 41.9, 42.0 to 46.9, and 52.0 mol% or higher, respectively. dna reassociation studies showed that 25 of the 58 strains with g + c contents of 47.0 to 51.9 mol% were closely related genetically to the type strain and to each oth ...19911742197
temperature-dependent activation of bacillus brevis metalloprotease expressed in mesophilic bacillus subtilis.when the bacillus brevis secretory metalloprotease is expressed from the npr gene on a plasmid vector in the mesophile b. subtilis, grown at 37 degrees c, the enzyme was found to be properly processed, but secreted into the culture medium in a low-active conformation. secreted metalloprotease can by heat-treatment (70 degrees c for 30 min) be converted into fully active enzyme.19902125955
the multifunctional peptide synthetase performing the first step of penicillin biosynthesis in penicillium chrysogenum is a 421,073 dalton protein similar to bacillus brevis peptide antibiotic synthetases.the nucleotide sequence of the penicillium chrysogenum oli13 acva gene encoding delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase, which performs the first step in penicillin biosynthesis, has been determined. the acva gene contains an open reading frame of 11,238 bp encoding a protein of 3746 amino acids with a predicted mol. wt of 421,073 dalton. three domains within the protein of approximately 570 amino acids have between 38% and 43% identity with each other and share similarity wi ...19902118102
presence of n6-methyladenine in gatc sequences of bacillus popilliae and bacillus lentimorbus kln2.nine strains of bacillus popilliae and bacillus lentimorbus kln2 contain n6-methyladenine in gatc sequences, as determined by using the restriction enzymes mboi and dpni. among eight other bacillus species examined, all, except one strain of bacillus brevis (atcc 9999), lacked adenine methylation in gatc. a methylase with escherichia coli dcm site specificity was not present in any of the bacillus species studied.19902211533
[various physico-chemical and kinetic properties of metalloproteinase from bacteriolytic lysoamidase preparation].the amino acid composition of metalloproteinase was determined. it was shown that the enzyme is made up of four cysteinyl residues which makes it distinct from other known neutral metalloproteinases from bacillus brevis, bacillus subtilis and thermolysine that are devoid of cysteinyl residues. the inhibiting effect of amino acids and some di- and tripeptides on the metalloproteinase activity was studied. the ph-dependence of the michaelis constant (pkm0) of native and diethylpyrocarbonate-modifi ...19902223903
cloning of aldb, which encodes alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase, an exoenzyme from bacillus brevis.a gene for alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase (aldc) was cloned from bacillus brevis in escherichia coli and in bacillus subtilis. the 1.3-kilobase-pair nucleotide sequence of the gene, aldb, encoding aldc and its flanking regions was determined. an open reading frame of 285 amino acids included a typical n-terminal signal peptide of 24 or 27 amino acids. a b. subtilis strain harboring the aldb gene on a recombinant plasmid processed and secreted aldc. in contrast, a similar enzyme from enterobact ...19902198252
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