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[new therapeutic viewpoints on ulcus molle]. 1975163807
the microbiological flora of penile ulcerations.the penile ulcerations of 100 consecutive men were tested for microorganisms. a polymicrobial flora was identified in the ulcers of 97 men. the microorganisms recovered from these ulcers included combinations of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria (including mycoplasma), herpes simplex virus, yeasts, and filamentous fungi. fifty-three study entrants had microorganisms, identified by culture or serologic tests, that were considered primary in ulcer pathogenesis. herpes simplex virus was the most preva ...1978203634
granuloma inguinale: a case report.a 20-year-old woman developed bleeding because of a painless genital ulcer. the diagnosis of granuloma inguinale was proven by showing the presence of donovan bodies in a biopsy of the lesion. treatment with tetracycline was successful when given in adequate dosage. granuloma inguinale, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with asymptomatic genital ulcers. multiple biopsies may have to be done and stained with fresh giemsa to prove the diagnosis, as in th ...1977303812
antimicrobial susceptibility of haemophilus ducreyi.the susceptibility of 19 isolates of haemophilus ducreyi from a recent chancroid outbreak and four reference strains was determined in vitro to 13 antimicrobial agents. the rabbit intradermal test for virulence was positive for all of the local isolates, but not for the reference strains. the "nonvirulent" reference strains were inhibited by lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of most agents tested. for the virulent isolates, the range of mics (in micrograms per milliliter) of the fol ...1978307364
[ulcus-molle epidemic in turkey].240 patients with soft chancre who have been observed within a year dating from march 1976 at the university dermatological clinic of istanbul are presented. the clinical findings encountered in our cases are presented and the therapeutic results are discussed.1978309877
ultrastructural detection of haemophilus ducreyi in biopsies of chancroid.during an endemic appearance of chancroids (26 cases) in berlin (west) coccobacilli were disclosed in biopsies by electron microscopy. the bacteria were aggregated predominantly in groups in the extracellular space. their cell wall is approximately 120 a thick and trilaminar as in gram-negative bacteria. concerning the cell wall structure and the cytoplasmic composition, the detected coccobacilli are identical to culturally grown haemophilus ducreyi obtained from chancroids.1978310659
plasmid-mediated ampicillin resistance in haemophilus ducreyi.three of 19 strains of haemophilus ducreyi, isolated during a recent outbreak of chancroid, were found to produce beta-lactamase and to harbor a 6.0 x 10(6)-dalton plasmid. escherichia coli transformed with this plasmid acquired beta-lactamase-mediated resistance to ampicillin. the guanine-plus-cytosine content of the plasmid was found to be 41 mol%. restriction endonuclease digestion studies suggest that a relatively large portion of the tn1 translocon is carried by this plasmid. whereas this p ...1979311618
[diagnosis and therapy of chancroid]. 1979314204
[the chancriod: a diagnosis not to leave out]. 1979314556
a comparison of the in vitro activity of rosamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, metroidazole and ornidazole against haemophilus ducreyi, including beta-lactamase producing strains. 1979317079
isolation of h. ducreyi (a preliminary communication). 1979317492
comparison of specimen collection and laboratory techniques for isolation of haemophilus ducreyi.sixteen patients with clinical chancroid were studied prospectively; different culture media and sampling techniques from genital lesions were evaluated. technique a was aspiration of a saline wash from the ulcer which was pooled and inoculated into rabbit blood, rabbit blood + vancomycin (5 microgram/ml), and semisolid chocolate agar + vancomycin (3 microgram/ml). each primary culture medium was subcultured to chocolate agar with 1% isovitalex (ca), ca with vancomycin (3 microgram/ml) plus poly ...1978342538
determination of the hemin requirement of haemophilus ducreyi: evaluation of the porphyrin test and media used in the satellite growth test.gonococcal (gc) agar supplemented with glucose and glutamine was found to be superior to eugonagar and trypticase soy agar in demonstrating the hemin requirement of 23 strains of haemophilus ducreyi by the satellite growth test. the porphyrin test confirmed the requirement for exogenous hematin. with the agar dilution technique, using supplemented gc agar, the hemin concentration required to initiate growth was 10 microgram/ml, and the optimal hemin concentration to produce growth equivalent to ...1978348716
an indirect fluorescent antibody technique for haemophilus ducreyi.an indirect fluorescent antibody technique which allows the detection of antibody against or the recognition of haemophilus ducreyi has been developed. heat inactivated antiserum was reacted uith prepared smears of haimophilus species and selected organisms commonly associated with penile ulcerations. in serum absorbed with haemophilus sp no fluorescence was observed with 156 heterologous organisms, but all six strains of bacteriologically confirmed h. ducreyi gave significant reactions with the ...1978359505
a case of chancroid.after a visit to hong kong, a 27-year-old salesman developed penile ulceration which failed to respond to three weeks' penicillin therapy. he then presented to hospital with acute paraphimosis. a clinical diagnosis of chancroid was confirmed by isolation of haemophilus ducreyi. the ulcers healed after sulphonamide and streptomycin therapy. although chancroid is an uncommon venereal disease in australia, its incidence is still high in many tropical countries. it should be considered as a possible ...1977887039
[ultrastructure of the causative agent of soft chancre]. 19761088238
identification of highly conserved and species-specific polypeptides of haemophilus ducreyi.chancroid is a sexually transmitted diseased caused by haemophilus ducreyi. the pathological manifestations of chancroid are unique among haemophilus species and the virulence factors of h. ducreyi that account for these features have not been identified. some of these virulence factors may be unique components of h. ducreyi, but attempts to identify h. ducreyi-specific components have been unsuccessful. four polypeptides--a, b, c and d of 83, 77, 56 and 28 kda, respectively--were identified wit ...19921281234
the role of haemophilus ducreyi bacteria, cytotoxin, endotoxin and antibodies in animal models for study of chancroid.haemophilus ducreyi cytotoxin-positive and -negative strains as well as bacterial sonicates and lipooligosaccharides (los) from such strains were evaluated for the capacity to produce dermonecrotic lesions, especially ulcers, after intradermal injections to rabbits and to different mouse strains, including nude mice. dermonecrotic lesions of the ulcerous type were observed within 4 days and they were developed in both rabbits and mice with about 10(7) colony forming units (cfu) of h. ducreyi. vi ...19921291843
antibacterial activity in vitro of cefpirome against clinical isolates causing sexually transmitted diseases.the in-vitro activity of cefpirome was compared with other antibiotics against organisms causing sexually transmitted diseases (std). the excellent activity of cefpirome against neisseria gonorrhoeae (mic90 1.0 mg/l), haemophilus ducreyi (mic90 0.5 mg/l), and gardnerella vaginalis (mic90 1.0 mg/l) suggests that this agent might be useful in the empirical treatment of a variety of venereal diseases.19921318294
atypical presentation of co-existent haemophilus ducreyi and treponema pallidum infection in an hiv-positive male.a 25-year-old homosexual black male presented with asymmetrical perianal ulceration of uncertain clinical origin. indepth microbiological examination revealed the combined presence of haemophilus ducreyi and treponema pallidum. the atypical clinical appearance may have been due to the changed immunological status of the host's being infected with human immunodeficiency virus.19921350139
expression of pili by haemophilus ducreyi. 19921350300
molecular analysis of the haemophilus ducreyi groe heat shock operon.chancroid is a sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease caused by haemophilus ducreyi. previously, we developed diagnostic dna probes for h. ducreyi (l. m. parsons, m. shayegani, a. l. waring, and l. h. bopp, j. clin. microbiol. 27:1441-1445, 1989). in the present study, dna sequencing of one of the diagnostic probes revealed two adjacent open reading frames (orfs). these h. ducreyi orfs and the encoded proteins show significant homology with the groe genes and groes and groel heat shock prote ...19921356926
binding of haemophilus ducreyi to extracellular matrix proteins.a collection of haemophilus ducreyi isolates were screened for the ability to bind to fibrinogen, fibronectin, collagen, gelatin and laminin by a particle agglutination test using latex beads coated with the individual proteins. thirteen of 21 isolates reacted with all five extracellular matrix proteins. binding of organisms to protein-coated latex beads was inhibited by pretreatment of the bacteria with detergent, trypsin or boiling. two isolates did not bind to collagen and gelatin with one of ...19921359380
characterization of an 18,000-molecular-weight outer membrane protein of haemophilus ducreyi that contains a conserved surface-exposed epitope.identification of antigenically conserved surface components of haemophilus ducreyi may facilitate the development of reagents to diagnose and prevent chancroid. a hybridoma derived from a mouse immunized with nontypeable haemophilus influenzae produced a monoclonal antibody (mab), designated 3b9, that bound to 35 of 35 h. ducreyi strains isolated from diverse geographic regions. the mab 3b9 bound to a non-heat-modifiable h. ducreyi outer membrane protein (omp) whose apparent molecular weight wa ...19921370430
lipooligosaccharides (los) of some haemophilus species mimic human glycosphingolipids, and some los are sialylated.the lipooligosaccharides (los) of strains of haemophilus ducreyi, neisseria gonorrhoeae, neisseria meningitidis, and neisseria lactamica contain epitopes that are antigenically and structurally similar to carbohydrates present in human glycosphingolipids. los from strains of haemophilus influenzae and h. influenzae biogroup aegyptius were tested for the binding of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that bind to human glycosphingolipids possessing gal beta 1-4glcnac (mab 3f11) and gal alpha 1-4gal beta ...19921372291
pathophysiological concept of haemophilus ducreyi infection (chancroid)our knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of infection due to haemophilus ducreyi is incomplete. in order to produce disease, h. ducreyi must presumably penetrate the skin of the external genitalia, colonize subcutaneous tissues, then produce tissue damage which results in ulcer formation. penetration of the normal skin most likely occurs via minor abrasions. adherence of h. ducreyi to different cell lines in vitro has been described, and might be mediated by adhesions such as pili or haemagglut ...19921391058
association of haemophilus ducreyi with cell-culture lines.the association of haemophilus ducreyi with epithelial cell cultures was studied by light microscopy, electronmicroscopy and viable counts. associated organisms were engulfed by epithelial cells and sequestered from the cell-surface environment. large numbers of organisms within epithelial cells appeared to induce cell lysis and release of h. ducreyi. such a mechanism occurring in vivo may assist h. ducreyi to evade the bactericidal action of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and may explain some of ...19921404326
treatment of chancroid with a single dose of spectinomycin.fifty patients with lesions characteristic of chancroid were enrolled in an open-label prospective study to examine the efficacy of a single 2-gm dose of spectinomycin for treatment of chancroid. only those patients (41 men; aged 18 to 49 years) with positive culture results for haemophilus ducreyi were included in the analysis. patients each received a single 2-gm dose of spectinomycin intramuscularly. the recovery process began on the third day of follow-up, as evidenced by the occurrence of e ...19921411847
correlation between in vitro antimicrobial susceptibilities and beta-lactamase plasmid contents of isolates of haemophilus ducreyi from the united states.we determined the susceptibilities of 94 strains of haemophilus ducreyi isolated in various municipalities in the united states between 1982 and 1989 to the following antimicrobial agents: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, trimethoprim, and spectinomycin. ceftriaxone (mic, less than or equal to 0.008 micrograms/ml), azithromycin (mic, less than or equal to 0.125 micrograms/ml), erythromycin (mic, less than or equal to 0.125 micrograms ...19921416845
evaluation of new anti-infective drugs for the treatment of chancroid. infectious diseases society of america and the food and drug administration.chancroid is a mucocutaneous infection caused by haemophilus ducreyi that produces ulcerative lesions and enhances the efficiency of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). confirmation of infection by culture of h. ducreyi is essential in therapeutic trials. minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics for the isolate should be determined by agar dilution. patients should be evaluated by appropriate laboratory tests for syphilis, infection with herpes simplex virus, gonorrhea, a ...19921477217
a simple medium for the primary isolation of haemophilus ducreyi.two simple, inexpensive media containing gonococcal agar-base, supplemented with 5% fildes' extract and either chocolated or unchocolated horse blood (gc-fhbc or gc-fhb) were compared with the standard gonococcal agar-based (gc-hgs) and mueller-hinton agar-based media (mh-hb) normally used for primary isolation of haemophilus ducreyi from presumptive chancroid lesions. overall, haemophilus ducreyi was recovered from 162 of 178 (91%) samples from primary chancroid lesions. as a single isolation m ...19921486890
use of an adsorption enzyme immunoassay to evaluate the haemophilus ducreyi specific and cross-reactive humoral immune response of humans.serodiagnosis of chancroid is limited by the cross-reactivity of haemophilus ducreyi with haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus parainfluenzae. this research describes an adsorption enzyme immunoassay (eia) that assesses the humoral immune response of north americans and africans to h. ducreyi. adsorption effectively removed anti-h. influenzae and anti-h. parainfluenzae antibodies, revealing that north american control sera had no residual anti-h. ducreyi reactivity. however, african control se ...19921492255
standardization of an enzyme immunoassay for human antibody to haemophilus ducreyi.we standardized a serologic enzyme immunoassay (eia) for human immunoglobulin g and m antibodies against haemophilus ducreyi. we evaluated the performance of this test with respect to the time from acute chancroid and coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). antibody to a crude, soluble bacterial antigen of one h. ducreyi strain was detected in a panel of serum samples from clinically and microbiologically confirmed cases of chancroid and from controls. test interpretation was standa ...19921500508
lack of immunoglobulin a1 protease production by haemophilus ducreyi.a collection of 20 strains of haemophilus ducreyi including freshly isolated, low-passage and multi-passage reference strains was examined for immunoglobulin a1 protease production by sds-page and immunoblotting. none of the strains demonstrated iga1 protease activity despite the fact that different culture media were used. by direct immunofluorescence testing, binding of iga to haemophilus ducreyi organisms could be demonstrated.19921520967
haemophilus ducreyi, a cytotoxin-producing bacterium.an extra- and an intracellular product from the bacterium haemophilus ducreyi were shown to have a cytotoxic effect on cell lines of epithelial origin, e.g., hep-2 and hela cells. the cytotoxic effect appeared on cells within 24 h and resulted in cell death and morphologically changed cells. the cytotoxic activity was heat and pronase sensitive. the activity could be removed by incubation with the target cells, suggesting attachment of the agent to the cells. the cytotoxic products were secreted ...19921541531
molecular epidemiology, based on plasmid profiles, of haemophilus ducreyi infections in the united states. results of surveillance, 1981-1990.to determine the distribution and extent of temporal changes in haemophilus ducreyi strains in the united states, 342 isolates of h. ducreyi collected in 18 urban areas in the united states between 1981 and 1990 were characterized by plasmid content. isolates possessed either no plasmid (29.8%), the 5.7-mdal plasmid (50.9%), both the 4.4- and 5.7-mdal plasmids (6.1%), the 3.2-mdal plasmid (12.9%), or a combination of 1.8-, 2.6-, 2.8-, and 3.2-mdal plasmids (1 case out of 342). isolates that poss ...19921561586
a randomized, double-blind study of the efficacy of fleroxacin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in men with culture-proven chancroid.chancroid is linked to the spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) in east africa. effective, easily administered therapy is a priority for the control of haemophilus ducreyi. the efficacy of a single oral dose of fleroxacin, 400 mg, was compared to a 3-day oral course of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz), 160/800 mg, twice daily for the treatment of chancroid in 98 hiv-1-seronegative men in nairobi, kenya. no differences were noted between the two groups with respect to demo ...19921569347
identification of a rob-1 beta-lactamase in haemophilus ducreyi.a collection of 100 clinical isolates of haemophilus ducreyi from thailand were all found to harbor a 5.4-kb plasmid, designated pth126, which was shown to contain the bla rob-1 gene. restriction enzyme analysis and dna-dna hybridization studies confirmed that pth126 was similar to the rob-1 beta-lactamase plasmid pvm105 from actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. in approximately one-half of the isolates, pth126 was found together with phd131, which mediates tem-1 beta-lactamase production.19921605612
association between hiv-2 infection and genital ulcer diseases among male sexually transmitted disease patients in the gambia.to investigate whether genital ulcer diseases are cofactors which enhance the transmission of hiv-2 in west africa.19921616655
partial characterization of the major lipooligosaccharide from a strain of haemophilus ducreyi, the causative agent of chancroid, a genital ulcer disease.the first preliminary structure of a surface lipooligosaccharide from haemophilus ducreyi has been determined. the major oligosaccharide was released by mild acid hydrolysis and analyzed by liquid secondary ion and tandem mass spectrometry. the mass spectral data combined with composition and methylation analysis yielded the most probable structure; gal1----4glcnac1----3gal1----4hep1----6glc1----( hep1----2hep1----)3,4hep1---- kdo, where the reducing terminal 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (or ...19921618845
cytopathic effect of haemophilus ducreyi for human foreskin cell culture.an explant adult foreskin cell culture (fs2-3) was compared with human lung carcinoma cell culture (a549) with regard to the ability of haemophilus ducreyi to produce a cytopathic effect. the survival of h. ducreyi for up to 26 days in fs2-3 cells was far greater than in any previously described in-vitro culture system. h. ducreyi survived for up to 7 days in a549 cells. the h. ducreyi cells grew and formed "fungal-like" microcolonies on the eukaryotic monolayer. portions of the microcolonies re ...19921625315
chancroid in the united states, 1981-1990: evidence for underreporting of cases.chancroid, a bacterial sexually transmitted disease (std) characterized by genital ulceration, has reemerged in the united states during the last decade. from 1950 to 1980, cases were infrequently reported. after an epidemic in california in 1981, however, the numbers of cases increased, peaking in 1987 at 5,035. despite a subsequent decline in numbers of reported cases to 4,223 in 1990, new areas continue to report outbreaks. interpreting chancroid surveillance data is difficult because confirm ...19921635549
mechanisms of skin adherence, penetration and tissue necrosis production by haemophilus ducreyi, the causative agent of chancroid.haemophilus ducreyi (h. ducreyi) strains, representing both reference strains and low-passage isolates, were investigated in terms of surface structures and enzymatic equipment. the interaction of these factors with host tissue was analysed using new in vitro- and in vivo-models. by electron microscopy studies there was no evidence of an extracellular capsule or surface appendages such as pili or flagella. interaction of all isolates tested with the lectin phaseolus vulgaris suggests n-acetyl-d- ...19921636361
use of electroporation to construct isogenic mutants of haemophilus ducreyi.little is known about the genetics of haemophilus ducreyi, the etiologic agent of chancroid. to develop a method for constructing isogenic mutants of this organism that could be utilized in pathogenesis-related studies, electroporation techniques were evaluated as a means of introducing dna into this organism. electroporation of the plasmid shuttle vector pls88 into h. ducreyi yielded approximately 10(6) antibiotic-resistant transformants per microgram of plasmid dna. studies of the feasibility ...19921644771
iron sources for haemophilus ducreyi.the ability of various haem- and non-haem-iron-containing compounds to support the growth of iron-limited cultures of haemophilus ducreyi was assessed in a plate bioassay. only haemin or the haem-containing proteins, bovine haemoglobin, human haemoglobin and bovine catalase, but not equine cytochrome c111, were capable of serving as the sole exogenous iron source. complexes of haptoglobin-haemoglobin and haem-serum albumin retained the ability to function as iron substrates. in contrast, no grow ...19911647460
genital ulcer disease in women in durban, south africa.to study the microbial aetiology of genital ulcer disease (gud) in women.19911655626
genital ulcer disease in men in durban, south africa.to study the microbial aetiology of genital ulcer disease (gud) in men.19911655627
absence of extracellular enzyme activity and cytotoxicity in cell-free culture filtrates of haemophilus ducreyi.ten isolates of haemophilus ducreyi, including seven clinical isolates and three laboratory reference strains, were assessed for their ability to produce extracellular enzymes which might contribute to their pathogenicity. protease, elastase, lecithinase, lipase or collagenase enzyme activity were not detected in culture filtrates from any of the isolates tested using either plate or spectrophotometrical assays. furthermore, cell-free culture filtrates did not exhibit cytotoxic activity in vitro ...19911661361
molecular characterization of haemophilus ducreyi by ribosomal dna fingerprinting.intraspecies genotypic heterogeneity among haemophilus ducreyi isolates was examined by using genomic fingerprints with rrna from escherichia coli as a probe. dna from 44 isolates of h. ducreyi was digested by restriction endonuclease hincii or hindiii, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, transferred to nylon membranes, and hybridized with 32p-labeled 16s and 23s rrna. hincii digests yielded four hybridization patterns (ribotypes), whereas hindiii digests yielded eight ribotypes. four hinc ...19911663518
serum-free media for isolation of haemophilus ducreyi. 19911677152
isolation of anaerobes from bubo associated with chancroid.ten men with bubo associated with chancroid were studied for bacterial flora especially anaerobes. anaerobes were isolated from all 10 buboes and eight out of 10 ulcers of chancroid. anaerobic cocci, b melaninogenicus and b fragilis were the most common isolates. anaerobes probably play a role in the pathogenesis of bubo in chancroid.19911680792
the development of specific rrna-derived oligonucleotide probes for haemophilus ducreyi, the causative agent of chancroid.part of a ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rrna) cistron of haemophilus ducreyi was enzymically amplified using conserved primers within the rrna molecules, cloned in a plasmid vector, and sequenced. from the nucleotide sequence, eight oligonucleotides complementary to different regions in the 16s and 23s rrna molecules were selected, chemically synthesized, and used as hybridization probes. hybridization experiments with at least 41 h. ducreyi strains and 13 or 14 non-h. ducreyi strains revealed tha ...19911707945
antigenic diversity in haemophilus ducreyi as shown by western blot (immunoblot) analysis.the antigenic diversity within a panel of 63 haemophilus ducreyi isolates was examined by western blot (immunoblot) analysis with a pool of 238 well-characterized human antisera. when a serum pool adsorbed on a mixture of haemophilus influenzae, h. parainfluenzae, and h. parahaemolyticus was used, the immunoprofiles suggested that prominent antigenic proteins involved in the human immune response have apparent molecular masses of 63, 42, 34 to 30, and 28.5 to 28 kda. preliminary subcellular loca ...19921730493
intravenous single-dose ceftriaxone treatment of chancroid.the antimicrobial susceptibility of haemophilus ducreyi varies according to the geographic region. increased resistance to trimethoprim and/or sulfamethoxazole led the centers for disease control to recommend 250 mg ceftriaxone as a single intramuscular dose for chancroid. intravenous or muscular routes of administration result in equivalent bioavailability. to avoid side effects such as syringe abscess and lidocaine intolerance, we prefer intravenous ceftriaxone therapy. the efficacy of this re ...19911743374
haemophilus ducreyi and other etiological agents of non-treponemal genital ulcer disease. 19911781092
mouse subcutaneous chamber model for in vivo growth of haemophilus ducreyi.the ability of haemophilus ducreyi, the causative agent of chancroid, to grow in subcutaneous chambers implanted in mice was studied. all seven h. ducreyi strains tested were able to maintain a long-term infection in icr mice; one mouse remained infected with strain hd175 for more than 4 months. growth curves obtained following the removal of chamber fluid at various time points from infected mice demonstrated that h. ducreyi was growing during the course of the infection. in addition, all three ...19911816492
a microbiological study of genital ulcers in kuala lumpur.the microbial aetiology of genital ulcers was studied in 249 patients (241 men and 8 women) attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic in kuala lumpur, malaysia. herpes simplex virus type 2 was isolated in 48 (19.2%) patients, haemophilus ducreyi from 22 (8.8%), neisseria gonorrhoeae from seven (2.8%) and chlamydia trachomatis from four (1.6%). syphilis was diagnosed in 18 (7.2%) patients on the basis of dark field microscopy. two (0.8%) patients were found to have both chancroid and syphil ...19911839925
cultural diagnosis of chancroid.culture of haemophilus ducreyi remains the definitive way to diagnose chancroid. since its discovery in 1889, cultural isolation of this fastidious organism has been a challenge for clinicians and microbiologists. a recent chancroid epidemic in our locale prompted a review of available culture techniques. despite the development of various selective solid media in the last 20 years, cultural diagnosis of chancroid remains problematic. many pitfalls may complicate this procedure, such as concomit ...19911845282
role of lipooligosaccharides in experimental dermal lesions caused by haemophilus ducreyi.the mouse and rabbit intradermal injection models have been used to define factors that may be important in haemophilus ducreyi pathogenesis. we used h. ducreyi strains with diverse geographic origins and phenotypic characteristics to evaluate the experimental models. injection of live and heat-killed bacteria caused skin abscesses in both models. semiquantitative cultures of skin injected with live bacteria showed that h. ducreyi failed to replicate in animal tissue. these data suggested that t ...19911855979
a temperature-dependent rabbit model for production of dermal lesions by haemophilus ducreyi.the fact that optimal in vitro growth of haemophilus ducreyi occurs at 33 degrees c prompted evaluation of the effect of temperature on the ability of this organism to produce skin lesions in rabbits after intradermal inoculation. animals housed at a reduced ambient temperature (15-17 degrees c) consistently developed necrotic lesions when injected intradermally with 10(5) cfu of h. ducreyi; this inoculum did not produce necrotic lesions in animals housed at normal room temperature (23-25 degree ...19911856485
chancroid in dallas: new lessons from an old disease.in june 1986, an unusual number of cases of darkfield negative, nonvesicular, painful genital ulcers were noted in men presenting to the sexually transmitted diseases clinic of the dallas county health department. serologic findings were routinely nonreactive in these patients. this clinical presentation was consistent with a diagnosis of chancroid, and empiric therapy with erythromycin proved quite efficacious. a retrospective review of charts revealed several similar presentations in may. afte ...19911882362
hiv and other sexually transmitted diseases among female prostitutes in kinshasa.in 1988, 1233 prostitutes from different geographic areas of kinshasa participated in a cross-sectional survey on hiv infection and other sexually transmitted diseases (stds). despite relatively good knowledge about aids and stds, the reported preventive behaviour was poor. only 12% of the women reported regular use of condoms, while greater than 50% of the women reported regular use of antibiotics and 38% reported doing nothing specific to prevent stds. thirty-five per cent of the women were hi ...19911883543
novel plasmid combinations in haemophilus ducreyi isolates from thailand.thirty isolates of haemophilus ducreyi collected in thailand in 1984 were characterized by plasmid content. three novel plasmids with estimated molecular masses of 1.8, 2.6, and 2.8 mda were observed in 29 isolates, in addition to the 3.2-, 5.7-, and 7.0-mda beta-lactamase and 4.4-mda sulfonamide resistance plasmids. at least three of the seven plasmids were observed in each of the 29 isolates. the number and diversity of plasmids observed in these isolates of h. ducreyi distinguish them from st ...19911939592
chancroid: a review for the family practitioner.chancroid, as the name implies, is like a chancre. unlike the painless chancre of syphilis, it is painful, darkfield negative, and does not respond to penicillin therapy. the number of cases have continued to rise in recent years. because it can cause irreversible anatomical destruction, making the correct diagnosis is important and can prevent chronic morbidity.19911956085
characterization of pili expressed by haemophilus ducreyi.twelve strains of haemophilus ducreyi isolated primarily from chancroid outbreaks in north america were examined for the presence of pili by transmission electron microscopy. we identified piliated cells in 10 of the 12 strains. pilin extracts were prepared from the mechanically sheared cells of the 12 h. ducreyi strains as well as the stably piliated h. influenzae strain r890 and its non-piliated parent r906. pili were present in 12 out of 12 h. ducreyi extracts and in the r890 extract but not ...19901982953
hiv-2 infection among prostitutes working in the gambia: association with serological evidence of genital ulcer diseases and with generalized lymphadenopathy.three hundred and fifty-five prostitutes working in the gambia were enrolled in a study of retroviral infections. eight-seven (24.6%) were infected with hiv-2 only, two (0.6%) with hiv-1 only, four (1.1%) had sera showing double hiv-1/hiv-2 reactivity, and 37 (10.4%) were seropositive for htlv-i. after allowing for socioeconomic and serological variables in a multivariate analysis, hiv-2 infection was associated with serological evidence of a previous episode of syphilis [a rapid plasma reagin ( ...19912059363
susceptibility of haemophilus ducreyi to spermicidal compounds, in vitro. 19912071133
soluble interleukin-2 receptors in serum and urine of patients with chancroid and their response to therapy.to investigate cell-mediated immune response in chancroid, soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in serum and urine samples of healthy individuals and patients were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. increased levels both in serum and in urine were observed in cases of haemophilus ducreyi infection. in patients showing a prolonged incubation period, urine levels exceeded serum values. therapy led to a reduction of elevated interleukin-2 receptor levels in serum and in urine.19902088539
characterization, in vitro susceptibility, and clinical significance of cdc group hb-5 from rwanda.from june 1984 until july 1988, cdc group hb-5 isolates were recovered from the exudates of genital ulcers in 25 of 675 (3.6%) patients (204 women, 471 men) in kigali, rwanda. among a group of 145 men presenting with urethritis but without genital ulcers, a positive culture for hb-5 of a specimen from the coronal groove of the penis of only 1 man (0.7%) was found. during the same period, the organism was not obtained in cultures of vaginal specimens from 838 women without genital ulcer disease. ...19902121781
a comparative study of spectinomycin and erythromycin in the treatment of chancroid.in a randomized, controlled study, 55 patients with genital ulcerations, culture-positive for haemophilus ducreyi, were treated with a single intramuscular injection of 2 g spectinomycin. a further 61 patients were treated with a five-day oral course of erythromycin base (500 mg, three times daily). treatment failure occurred in seven patients who received spectinomycin (13%), whilst no treatment failures were recorded among patients who received erythromycin. this difference in efficacy was sta ...19902146242
use of the rapid-ana system and sodium polyanetholesulfonate disk susceptibility testing in identifying haemophilus ducreyi.haemophilus ducreyi has traditionally been difficult to identify. we have utilized simple test methods to identify 19 fresh isolates obtained during a recent outbreak of chancroid in houston and six strains of h. ducreyi from other outbreaks. tests were performed from growth on chocolate agar after 48 h of incubation at 35 degrees c with increased humidity and co2. all isolates exhibited typical colonial morphology and gram stain. isolates were catalase negative and oxidase and nitrate positive ...19902153697
in-vitro activity of azithromycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin against neisseria gonorrhoeae, haemophilus ducreyi, and chlamydia trachomatis.the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of azithromycin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin for 300 strains of neisseria gonorrhoeae, 100 strains of haemophilus ducreyi and six strains of chlamydia trachomatis were determined. the two quinolones were more active against gonococcal strains than were the two macrolides. azithromycin was approximately eight-fold more active against n. gonorrhoeae than was erythromycin (mic90: 0.25 mg/l azithromycin, 2.0 mg/l erythromycin). the mtr phe ...19902154426
characterization of the tet m determinants in urogenital and respiratory bacteria.tetracycline-resistant fusobacterium nucleatum, haemophilus ducreyi, mycoplasma hominis, peptostreptococcus spp., ureaplasma urealyticum, and veillonella parvula had dna sequences which showed homology throughout the length of the tet m transposon, tn916. in contrast, gardnerella vaginalis, commensal neisseria spp., and the 25.2-megadalton plasmid family lacked the complete transposon.19902159259
treatment of chancroid with spectinomycin or co-trimoxazole.chancroid, the third most prevalent venereal disease in thailand, was treated with a single 2-gm dose of spectinomycin, or two tablets of co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) twice daily for seven days. the differences in cure rates between the two groups were statistically significant. the chancroidal ulcers were cured in 93.7% of 175 patients treated with spectinomycin, and in 48.2% of 168 co-trimoxazole-treated patients (p less than 0.01). the in vitro susceptibility of haemophilus ...19902165860
tna transposons can be introduced and maintained in neisseria gonorrhoeae.in neisseria gonorrhoeae, all penicillinase-specifying plasmids isolated so far share homology with each other and carry a 60% deleted sequence of tna. plasmid phd131, an element isolated from haemophilus ducreyi and carrying an intact copy of the ampicillin resistance transposable element, was introduced from escherichia coli into n. gonorrhoeae by both transformation and conjugative mobilization. plasmids were recovered with no detectable deletion. after their transfer back into e. coli, trans ...19902171110
[microbiological study of male genital ulcers. apropos of 75 cases].between november 1986 and june 1987, the microbial aetiology of genital ulcers was assessed in 75 male patients attending the sexually transmitted disease (std) clinic in hôpital saint-louis, paris. evidence of haemophilus ducreyi was found in 18 patients (24%), herpes simplex virus in 19 (25.3%). syphilis was diagnosed on the basis of dark field microscopy and/or positive serology test in 19 patients (25.3%). lymphogranuloma venereum was not diagnosed in any patient. primary pathogens were not ...19902172895
accuracy of clinical diagnosis of genital ulcer disease.in africa, establishment of an accurate clinical diagnosis in cases of genital ulcer disease is difficult owing to atypical presentation of ulcerations and mixed infections. this is compounded by the frequent lack of suitable laboratory facilities. in 240 cases of genital ulcer disease among mineworkers in carletonville, south africa, this study endeavored to correlate the clinical diagnosis with laboratory findings. clinical accuracy and positive and negative predictive values were determined f ...19902175951
the production and characterisation of rabbit antiserum and murine monoclonal antibodies to haemophilus ducreyi.rabbit antiserum and murine monoclonal antibodies were raised against a strain of haemophilus ducreyi. the antiserum gave high immunofluorescence titres and strong dot blot reactions with all h. ducreyi strains tested and the only cross reaction was with bordetella pertussis. three monoclonal antibodies, all of isotype igg2a, also gave high immunofluorescence titres with h. ducreyi but did not cross react with any other species tested. immunoblotting showed the monoclonal antibodies to react wit ...19902179558
treatment of chancroid, 1989.since recommendations for the treatment of chancroid were made in 1985, in vitro and in vivo data indicate that the two drugs recommended, erythromycin (500 mg four times a day for 7 days) and ceftriaxone (250 mg intramuscularly in a single dose), remain effective. the alternative therapies of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (160/800 mg twice a day for 7 days) and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (500/125 mg three times a day for 7 days) also appear to be effective, although there has been little exper ...19902201074
antimicrobial susceptibility of haemophilus ducreyi. 19902201248
the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in africa and latin america.we review some aspects of the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) in the developing countries of africa and latin america. apart from their elevated prevalence, they are responsible for important morbidity in mother and child. stillbirth, premature delivery, conjunctivitis, and respiratory tract morbidity of the neonate are frequently caused by stds. sequelae in adult women include pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. the emergence of antimicrobial re ...19902202406
inter- and intrafamilial similarities of rrna cistrons of the pasteurellaceae.we performed hybridizations between labeled rrnas from seven representative members of the family pasteurellaceae and from three other taxa on the one hand and dnas from 53 strains known or presumed to belong to the pasteurellaceae on the other hand. the members of the pasteurellaceae are most closely related to members of the enterobacteriaceae, the vibrionaceae, the aeromonadaceae, and the genus alteromonas. the family pasteurellaceae is very heterogeneous. there are at least seven rrna branch ...19902223605
inhibitory effect of fetal calf serum on the growth of haemophilus ducreyi. 19902230185
drug resistance of haemophilus ducreyi.chancroid, the disease caused by h. ducreyi is one of the common sexually transmitted diseases (std) in thailand and other tropical countries. in thailand, the diagnosis of chancroid is still based on clinical appearance which may be confused with other std manifested by genital ulcers. in recent years the increasing resistance strains of h. ducreyi to these antimicrobial agents has been reported so that cultivation and antimicrobial susceptibility tests of this organism have become more importa ...19902237585
chancroid and the role of genital ulcer disease in the spread of human retroviruses.chancroid is the most prevalent form of genital ulcer disease in developing countries and is undergoing a resurgence in industrialized countries. as a result of a nonspecificity of the clinical findings, the etiologic diagnosis of genital ulcer disease requires laboratory support. genital ulcer disease is a risk factor for the transmission of human retroviral infections. an understanding of this interaction is emerging and will impact on the treatment and control programs for the agents causing ...19902246947
chancroid: results from an outbreak in houston, texas.a recent (and continuing) epidemic of chancroid in houston has included morphologic variation in the disease, including so-called dwarf, classic, giant, transient, follicular, phagedenic, and pseudogranuloma inguinale types. most cases were clearly acquired by unprotected sexual encounters with local prostitutes. the strain of haemophilus ducreyi responsible for this outbreak was relatively easily cultured on routine media; unexpected sensitivity of this strain to vancomycin rendered the recomme ...19902251526
characterization of skin lesions in mice following intradermal inoculation of haemophilus ducreyi.twelve strains of h. ducreyi, which included two reference strains, were each inoculated intradermally into the flanks of cba mice. all strains produced self-limited lesions which were macroscopically and microscopically typical of those seen in chancroid. pustular nodules, about 5mm in diameter, developed at all inoculation sites by the second day when 10(7) organisms were inoculated. approximately half of these lesions ulcerated and all had regressed by 2 weeks. smaller nodules developed at ab ...19902331407
effect of iron limitation on protein composition and ultrastructure of haemophilus ducreyi.protein profiles of whole cells of haemophilus ducreyi grown in the presence or absence of the iron chelator desferal, were compared by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. each of four strains produced novel proteins in the range 43-160 kda when cultured under conditions of reduced iron availability. at some sub-inhibitory concentrations, desferal produced enhanced growth, possibly due to it functioning as an exogenous siderophore. organisms grown under conditions of reduced iron availability ul ...19902332158
rapid control of a chancroid outbreak: implications for canada.from june to november 1987 an outbreak of chancroid occurred in winnipeg, the first in more than 10 years; 14 people (9 men, 5 women) were involved. nine of the cases were confirmed through culture. a control strategy was implemented in november 1987 that included presumptive treatment of genital ulcer disease with single-dose antimicrobial therapy, intensive tracing of contacts and treatment of asymptomatic sexual contacts. the origin of the outbreak was not determined, and an epidemiologic lin ...19902337844
persistent genital ulceration. chancroid. 19892467625
chancroid. 19892495094
evaluation of fleroxacin (ro 23-6240) as single-oral-dose therapy of culture-proven chancroid in nairobi, kenya.chancroid is gaining importance as a sexually transmitted disease because of its association with transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). effective, simply administered therapy for chancroid is necessary. fleroxacin is effective against haemophilus ducreyi in vitro. we performed an initial randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy of fleroxacin for treatment of chancroid in nairobi, kenya. fifty-three men with culture-positive chancroid were randomly assigned to recei ...19892502065
in vitro activity of lomefloxacin against chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, haemophilus ducreyi, mycoplasma hominis, and ureaplasma urealyticum.the in vitro activity of lomefloxacin, a new difluorinated quinolone antimicrobial was compared to comparative agents against organisms causing sexually transmitted diseases. against chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma hominis, ureaplasma urealyticum, neisseria gonorrhoeae, and haemophilus ducreyi, lomefloxacin exhibited mic90 of 2.0, 8.0, 8.0, less than or equal to 0.015, and 0.003 micrograms/ml, respectively. overall, the lomefloxacin activity was very similar to ciprofloxacin.19892507222
in-vitro activity of meropenem against neisseria gonorrhoeae, haemophilus influenzae and h. ducreyi from canada and kenya.meropenem, a new parenteral carbapenem demonstrated increased activity as compared to imipenem against 336 strains of neisseria gonorrhoeae, 119 strains of haemophilus influenzae, and 110 strains of h. ducreyi. neither carbapenem was affected by the beta-lactamase activity of the organisms tested. ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin demonstrated activity superior to that of both carbapenems while the activity of ceftazidime was similar to that of meropenem.19892509415
the etiology of genital ulceration in rwanda.the etiology of genital ulcer disease was determined in 210 consecutive patients (110 men and 100 women) who presented at a clinic in kigali, rwanda, because of genital ulcers. when mixed infections are included, syphilis (21%), chancroid (24%), and genital herpes (17%) were about equally frequent in men. lymphogranuloma venereum with ulceration was found in 11% of patients. syphilis (40%) was the most common diagnosis in women; genital herpes (20%), lymphogranuloma venereum with ulceration (19% ...19892510325
comparative in vitro activity of quinolones.the quinolones are new antimicrobial agents that are descendants of nalidixic acid. as a new class of synthetic antimicrobials they exhibit a wide spectrum of activity. newer quinolones such as ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, enoxacin, and pefloxacin are highly active against gram negative bacilli of the enterobacteriaceae, neisseria gonorrhoeae, haemophilus influenzae and haemophilus ducreyi. they exhibit less activity against pseudomonas sp. and staphylococcus sp., and little in vitro activity aga ...19892537695
characterization of a streptomycin-sulfonamide resistance plasmid from actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.an actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strain contained a plasmid (phd8.1) conferring resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamide. restriction endonuclease mapping and dna-dna hybridization showed that phd8.1 is related to rsf1010 from salmonella panama, which also confers resistance to streptomycin and sulfonamide, and to phd148 from haemophilus ducreyi, which confers resistance only to sulfonamide.19892541656
treating chancroid: summary of studies in southern africa.recent studies undertaken in southern africa and elsewhere indicate that many short or single dose treatments are available to treat chancroid. erythromycin 500 mg three times a day for five days, ciprofloxacin 500 mg, sulphamethopyrazine 800 mg and trimethoprim 1000 mg or sulphametrole 3200 mg and trimethoprim 640 mg as single oral doses, or ceftriaxone 250 mg as a single intramuscular injection are all effective in treating the disease. the widespread use of these regimens largely depends on t ...19892629710
chancroid and haemophilus ducreyi.haemophilus ducreyi is the causative agent of chancroid, one of the genital ulcerative diseases. h. ducreyi is the major cause of genital ulcer disease in africa and southeast asia and is of increasing concern in the united states. definitive diagnosis of chancroid requires the isolation and identification of h. ducreyi, but isolation of this organism is difficult and the available medium is not optimal for all strains. fluorescent antibody and serologic tests are of limited value. in general, o ...19892650859
roxithromycin. a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and clinical efficacy.roxithromycin is an acid-stable orally administered antibacterial macrolide structurally related to erythromycin. it has an in vitro antibacterial profile similar to that of erythromycin, with activity against staphylococcus aureus, s. epidermidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, s. pyogenes, branhamella catarrhalis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, legionella pneumophila, chlamydia trachomatis, gardnerella vaginalis, haemophilus ducreyi, some anaerobes and other less common pathogens. roxithromycin has a pharm ...19892651088
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