| exposure to dust-borne bacteria in agriculture. ii. immunological survey. | in order to investigate whether high exposure to erwinia herbicola causes sensitization in grain handlers, immunological tests (agargel precipitation, complement fixation, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, and intradermal) with the extracts of these bacteria were performed in different groups of grain workers and in other groups of population. tests with extracts of grain dust and other microorganisms were also performed. grain workers showed in all the tests high incidence of positive reactions to ... | 1978 | 101155 |
| [properties of enterobacter agglomerans strains isolated from different sources (author's transl)]. | | 1975 | 127663 |
| differential toxicities of mercury to bacteria and bacteriophages in sea and in lake water. | mixtures of anionic hgcl3-/hgcl4(2)-complexes were less toxic to terrestrial bacteria (erwinia herbicola, agrobacterium tumefaciens), to marine bacteria (acinetobacter sp., aeromonas sp.), and to bacteriophages (phi 11 m 15 of staphylococcus aureus and p1 of escherichia coli) than were equivalent concentrations of hg as cationic hg2+. the toxicity of 1 ppm hg to a. tumefaciens. aeromonas sp., and phi 11 m 15 was less in seawater than in lake water. inasmuch as the hg-cl species are formed in env ... | 1979 | 161510 |
| partial purification and properties of a beta-glucosidase from erwinia herbicola y46. | a constitutive beta-glucosidase of erwinia herbicola y46 was studied as a prerequisite to an assessment of its significance in the release of bacteriotoxic aglycones from plant beta-glucosides, and the possible effects of the aglycones on the course of such plant diseases as "fire-blight". the enzyme was purified 86.5-fold from crude extracts of cells grown on yeast beef broth. ammonium sulfate precipitation, deae-cellulose fractionation, and gel filtration through sephadex g-100 resulted in a p ... | 1975 | 235359 |
| the isolation and characterization of a temperate phage, y46/(e2), from erwinia herbicola y40. | a temperate phage was induced from exponential phase cells of erwinia herbicola y46 by treatment with mitomycin c. the phage was purified by single plaque isolation, and produced in bulk by successive cultivation in young cultures of e. herbicola y 178. phages were concentrated from culture filtrates by rate zonal centrifugation and resuspension in 0.02 m tris buffer, ph 7.2, twice, yielding suspensions of about 5 times 10(11) pfu/ml. purification was achieved by centrifugation in buffered sucro ... | 1975 | 238732 |
| taxonomy of the genus serratia. | one hundred and fifty-six strains of serratia and related bacteria including representatives of enterobacter liquefaciens, enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter aerogenes, erwinia carotovora, erwinia chrysanthemi, erwinia herbicola and erwinia nimipressuralis were studied using 223 morphological, physiological, biochemical and carbon source utilization tests. the results were subjected to computer analysis. at the 80% similarity level all strains, except two, grouped into eight phenons representing ... | 1977 | 319202 |
| characterization of enterobacter agglomerans (erwinia spp.) from clinical specimens. | the biochemical reactions of 18 anaerogenic and 45 aerogenic isolates of enterobacter agglomerans are described and used for subdivision in the biogroups suggested by ewing & fife. the presence of special cultural characteristics (symplasmata and biconvex bodies) was also recorded and was found to be unrelated to formation of gas from glucose. previous authors have reported such structures in anaerogenic cultures only. the amount of gas produced varied to a great extent between strains and also ... | 1977 | 320820 |
| enzymatic degradation of polygalacturonic acid by yersinia and klebsiella species in relation to clinical laboratory procedures. | as scored by several specified plating procedures, clinical and environmental strains of yersinia enterocolitica, yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and klebsiella pneumoniae "oxytocum" showed detectable, albeit generally weak, ability to digest polygalacturonic (pectic) acid. none of these bacterial strains had the vigorous and rapid pectolytic activity on these polygalacturonic acid-containing media that is typical of soft-rot erwinia species, although some of the oxytocum strains came fairly close. ... | 1977 | 334794 |
| endotoxin in germfree, gnotobiotic, or conventional-flora sprague-dawley rats. | the limulus assay for bacterial endotoxin was performed on serum and (or) plasma from animals monoassociated with clostridium species, staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis, enterobacter agglomerans, bacteroides fragilis, klebsiella pneumoniae, or candida albicans. plasma from animals monoassociated with the gram-negative bacteria or c. albicans consistently showed a positive limulus test while conventional-flora controls, germfree rats, and gnotobiotic animals monoassociate ... | 1978 | 371771 |
| nitrogen fixation in a biotype of erwinia herbicola resembling escherichia coli. | | 1979 | 383675 |
| nitrogen fixation associated with 'park' kentucky bluegrass (poa pratensis l.). | associative nitrogen fixation in kentucky bluegrass (poa pratensis l.) turfs inoculated with five nitrogen-fixing bacterial isolates was evaluated using the acetylene reduction assay and nitrogen accumulation as indicators of fixation. 'park' and 'nugget' kentucky bluegrass turfs were grown in controlled environment chambers and inoculated with klebsiella pneumoniae (w-2, w-6, and w-14), erwinia herbicola (w-8), and enterobacter cloacae (w-11). 'park' inoculated with k. pneumoniae (w-6) had sign ... | 1979 | 394819 |
| a special report: four-year study of a boy with combined immune deficiency maintained in strict reverse isolation from birth. | a 4-year study of a boy with combined immune deficiency is presented, and the impact of this disease on various aspects of his growth and development is examined. there is no evidence of immune deficiency in either parent or in the genetic background on the maternal side. three children of a brother of the mother's father may have had immune deficiencies but two have grown to be teenagers with no problems. another died. at autopsy, however, lymph nodes appeared normal. the deceased older brother ... | 1977 | 401538 |
| nosocomial meningitis and bacteremia due to contaminated amphotericin b. | nosocomial gram-negative bacillary meningitis and bacteremia occurred in a patient who was receiving intrathecal and intravenous amphotericin b. an epidemiologic investigation found the amphotericin b to be contaminated with enterobacter agglomerans, pseudomonas fluorescens, and p aeruginosa. these contaminants were traced to a lot ot sodium phosphate buffer that was added to all intrathecal and intravenous amphotericin b preparations. the phosphate buffer underwent prolonged storage at room tem ... | 1978 | 413939 |
| [biological properties of erwinia herbicola (duggeli) dye isolated from plants of the cucurbitaceous family]. | | 1979 | 530119 |
| enterobacteria of emerging pathogenic significance from clinical cases in man and animals and detection of toads and wall lizards as their reservoirs. | a total of 416 samples comprising faecal samples from diarrhoeic cases of man, calves, sheep and goats, and urine samples from patients with urinary tract infections, were examined for the presence of enterobacteria of emerging pathogenic significance. citrobacter freundii from 20, c. intermedius biotype-a from four, serratia marcescens (serotype 05:h13, bactericin type 16) from one and erwinia herbicola from two human stool samples were isolated. only two urine samples yielded c. freundii. citr ... | 1978 | 582096 |
| clinical study of the use of the new aminoglycoside tobramycin for therapy of infections due to gram-negative bacteria. | tobramycin, a new aminoglycoside antimicrobial, was evaluated as therapy for infections due to gram-negative bacilli in 15 seriously ill patients with underlying diseases. three of 10 patients with gram-negative bacteraemia also had a urinary tract infection. two patients had a respiratory tract infection, one had cellulitis, one had a urinary tract infection, and another had septic phlebitis. twelve patients were cured of their infections. eosinophilia was observed in one patient, and another d ... | 1977 | 600202 |
| nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) associated with roots of winter wheat and sorghum in nebraska. | root segments and root-soil cores (6.5-cm diameter) from fields and nurseries of winter wheat and sorghum were tested for n2 fixation by using the acetylene reduction assay. wheat samples (approximately 1,200) from 109 sites generally had low or no activity (0 to 3.1 nmol of c2h4 produced per h per g [dry weight] of root segments), even after 24 h of incubation. however, a commercial field of scout 66, located in western nebraska, exhibited appreciable activity (290 nmol of c2h4 produced per h p ... | 1978 | 623458 |
| microflora analysis of a child with severe combined immune deficiency. | an infant with severe combined immune deficiency was delivered by caesarean section and continuously maintained in an isolator in an effort to restrict microbial contact. however, during the past 5 years the child came in contact with at least 54 different microbial contaminants. his skin autoflora was similar to the reference group of healthy male adults in numbers of different species and the number of viable cells present per square centimeter of surface area. the subject's autoflora differed ... | 1978 | 631877 |
| septic arthritis caused by enterobacter agglomerans. | a case of septic arthritis was caused by enterobacter agglomerans, an association that to our knowledge has not been described previously. the right knee joint of a previously healthy 11-year-old boy became infected when the organism was introduced through the overlying skin by a contaminated wooden splinter. conservative management with antibiotic therapy and repeated arthrocenteses was successful. enterobacter agglomerans is a known plant pathogen, and a relationship between human infections c ... | 1978 | 646543 |
| the role of nationwide nosocomial infection surveillance in detecting epidemic bacteremia due to contaminated intravenous fluids. | since january, 1970, the center for disease control (cdc) has corridnated surveillance of nosocomial infections in a group of voluntarily cooperating hispitals in the united states. in 1970, this surveillance system failed to realize one of its major goals: detection of a nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated intravenous products. however, retrospective review of infections reported to cdc revealed that the data received were sufficient for the outbreak to have been recognized ... | 1978 | 707489 |
| exposure to dust-borne bacteria in agriculture. i. environmental studies. | in order to evaluate the exposure of agricultural workers to dust-borne bacteria, microbiological examinations of the air were performed in grain storing and processing plants and in animal houses. large concentrations of viable microorganisms, ranging from 129.2 to 1289.9 thousands/m3 of air, were found in the rooms contaminated with grain dust and much lower in those contaminated with flour dust (22.6 thousands/m3). bacteria predominated in the air of grain plants, whereas actinomycetes and fu ... | 1978 | 708119 |
| [numerical taxonomic studies on enterobacteria of surface-water (author's transl)]. | 435 enterobacterial strains of surface-water were tested in 35 physiological characters and classified numerically by a single-linkage procedure. the relations of similarity are shown in a "vernetzungsdiagramm" (connected graph, fig. 1). tab. 1 specifies the characters of the taxa, which were formed graphically. the following facts are the result of this taxonomic classification: 1. 32% of the escherichia group are kcn-positive. in addition it was found that 60% of the e. coli isolated from the ... | 1978 | 735569 |
| distribution of ice nucleation-active bacteria on plants in nature. | a replica plating method for rapid quantitation of ice nucleation-active (ina) bacteria was developed. leaf washings of plant samples from california, colorado, florida, louisiana, and wisconsin were tested for the presence of ina bacteria. of the 95 plant species sampled, 74 were found to harbor ina bacteria. only the conifers were, as a group, unlikely to harbor ina bacteria. all of the ina bacteria isolated resembled either pseudomonas syringae or erwinia herbicola. sufficient numbers of ina ... | 1978 | 736541 |
| thorn-induced periostitis associated with enterobacter agglomerans infection. | | 1978 | 737644 |
| less frequently reported gram-negative fermentative rods. | the clinical significance and distinguishing characteristics of less frequently reported gram-negative fermentative rods (pasteurella, yersinia, vibrio, aeromonas and plesiomonas, enterobacter agglomerans, and chromobacterium) are described. increased awareness of these organisms, a knowledge of possible sites in which they cause infection, and identification criteria which will separate them from similar bacteria will prepare the clinical microbiologist for the isolation and identification of t ... | 1976 | 769548 |
| derivation and properties of f-prime factors in escherichia coli carrying nitrogen fixation genes from klebsiella pneumoniae. | a his+ nif+ escherichia coli k12, hfr strain (unf43) was constructed by an intergeneric mating between a klebsiella pneumoniae donor strain (hf3) and a his-hfr e. coli strain (sbi824) which transfers his as an early marker. an f-prime nif plasmid, fn39, carrying genes which correspond to the e. coli chromosomal region, metg gnd his shia, but excluding purf and arod, was isolated from unf43. translocation of carbenicillin resistance genes from a p-type r-factor, r68, to fn39 increased the stabili ... | 1976 | 772161 |
| acceptance and transfer of r-factor rp1 by members of the "herbicola" group of the genus erwinia. | the r-factor rp1 was transferred by conjugation from pseudomonas aeruginosa pao12r(rpi) to various strains of erwinia herbicola and to one strain of erwinia stewartii. the exconjugate strains had minimum inhibitory concentration values for carbenicillin, kanamycin, neomycin, and tetracycline somewhat lower than the corresponding values for the pseudomonad rp1 donor strain. the biochemical characteristics of the exconjugant strains displayed minor variation in some instances from those of the cor ... | 1976 | 824272 |
| [effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the growth of pseudomonas]. | the effect of concentration of oxygen dissolved in the medium (o2) on growth was studied with pseudomonas herbicola, ps. non-liquefaciens, ps. aeruginosa, and ps. desmolytica. growth of all studied pseudomonas cultures was decelerated when (o2) fell beyond 30-50% of saturation of the medium with oxygen; (o2) critical for respiration was within the range of 11-17% saturation, i. e. was 2-3 times lower that for growth. a decrease in the specific growth rate was usually accompanied with a decrease ... | 1976 | 826764 |
| enterobacter agglomerans: the clinically important plant pathogen. | during a 5-month period enterobacter agglomerans, now described as a member of the phytopathogenic genus erwinia, was isolated from 13 patients in a general hospital; in 1 patient it was isolated from two sites. in six instances the organism was the sole pathogen isolated, in two instances it may have contributed to infection and in the remaining instances it was probably a transient saprophyte. the strains showed some variation in biochemical reactions but were similar in colonial morphology an ... | 1977 | 837319 |
| nitrogen-fixing enterobacter agglomerans isolated from guts of wood-eating termites. | two strains of facultatively anaerobic, n2-fixing bacteria were isolated from guts of coptotermes formosanus and identified as enterobacter agglomerans. the deoxyribonucleic acid base composition of isolates was 52.6 and 53.1 mol% guanine plus cytosine. both isolates and a known strain of e. agglomerans carried out a mixed acid type of glucose fermentation. n2 fixation by e. agglomerans was inhibited by o2; consequently, n2 served as an n source only for cells growing anaerobically in media lack ... | 1977 | 848958 |
| differential diagnosis of enterobacter agglomerans. | on a number of instances, attempts to identify strains related to ent. agglomerans by some of their characters were exemplified. correlation with the tables proposed by ewing et al. was employed. | 1977 | 899373 |
| [sepsis due to enterobacter agglomerans erwinia herbicola]. | | 1976 | 935595 |
| bacteria within ovules and seeds. | surface-sterilized ovules and seeds of 27 species of plants were cultured in the water of syneresis of a nutrient medium low in agar content. bacteria were obtained from 30% of the ovules, 15% of the seeds of herbaceous plants, 16% of the seeds of woody plants, 5.4% of the overwintered noncereal seeds, and 13.5% of overwintered cereal seeds. in no instance did every ovule or seed of a plant species contain bacteria. no bacteria were obtained from the hard, waxy seeds of mimosa or yellowwood. the ... | 1976 | 984839 |
| vaginal discharge and enterobacter agglomerans. | | 1976 | 990772 |
| [formation and structure of oval aggregates of erwinia herbicola cells]. | formation and structure of oval aggregates were studied by electron and light microscopy of the cells of erwinia herbicola. some cells in these cultures were found to synthesize extracellular slime which caused the formation of the aggregates. as has been established by cytochemical techniques, the slime consists mainly of polysaccharides. the aggregates are compact groups of cells submerged into the slime whose bulk is located at the periphery. formation of slime synthesizing cells in the cultu ... | 1976 | 1004271 |
| numerical taxonomy of some yellow-pigmented bacteria isolated from plants. | phenetic data on over 60 heterotrophic, gram-negative, yellow chromogenic bacteria from plant material were collected and analysed using numerical taxonomic methods. marker strains representing 42 taxa were included in the analyses. at similarity levels of 80% or above, eight distinct clusters were obtained, the first four of which included yellow chromogens. custer i contained isolates from green healthy leaves of agrostis tenuis, festuca rubra, holcus lanata, lolium perenne and poa pratensis, ... | 1976 | 1011010 |
| studies on endotoxin of erwinia herbicola and their biological activity. | the endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) preparations were extracted by the boivin method from 10 strains of erwinia herbicola isolated from the air of grain mills and from human and animal sources. it was found in assays for biological activity that these preparations had true endotoxic properties: lethality for mice, ability to produce primary inflammatory lesions in rabbit skin and ability to prepare rabbit skin for the local shwartzman reaction. endotoxins obtained from five e. herbicola isolates ... | 1976 | 1015031 |
| chronic polymicrobial bacteremia. | a 13-year-old girl had chronic polymicrobial bacteremia with enterobacter hafnia and enterobacter agglomerans in the absence of any demonstrable underlying illness, use of immunosuppressive drugs, or discovery of portal of entry of the bacteria. she was treated successfully with a prolonged course of carbenicillin and aminoglycoside antibiotics which were tolerated well. the only side effect of the therapy was a transient episode of vestibular dysfunction which was reversible following cessation ... | 1975 | 1078798 |
| nucleoside phosphotransferase from erwinia herbicola, a new membrane-bound enzyme. | a nucleoside phosphotransferase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of nucleosides to nucleotides by low energy phosphate esters, has been isolated and purified 500-fold from the membrane fraction of erwinia herbicola. its most noteworthy difference from other enzymes of this class is that it is membrane bound and can be isolated and handled only in the presence of a detergent. with a ribonucleoside acceptor, adenosine, the reaction product is exclusively 5'-amp; with deoxyadenosine, 5'- and 3' ... | 1976 | 1083386 |
| traumatic endophthalmitis caused by an erwinia species. | a previously healthy 70-year-old white man sustained a plant injury to his left eye while gardening and was admitted here because of an ensuing perforated cornea and endophthalmitis. the lens was opaque and its anterior capsule was ruptured. culture of fluid obtained by anterior chamber paracentesis yielded a species of the erwinia herbicolalathyri group (enterobacter agglomerans). thirty-seven days after a course of cefazolin and gentamicin therapy, corneal edema necessitated a planned extracap ... | 1976 | 1087119 |
| polypectate digestion by yersinia. | the ability of yersinia to digest polypectate may be of some value in differentiating y. enterocolitica and y. pseudotuberculosis from some of the other fermenting gram-negative bacilli, such as enterobacter agglomerans, with which they can be confused. pectolytic activity in yersinia may also have some teleologic or taxonomic significance about which we do not care to speculate. | 1975 | 1206110 |
| some biological properties and an in vivo evaluation of tyrosine phenol-lyase on growth of b-16 melanoma. | tyrosine phenol-lyase from erwinia herbicola was purified with the goal of assessing its effect on growth of malignant melanoma. ammonium sulfate-sodium citrate fractionation and diethylaminoethyl cellulose-hydroxylapatite chromatography were used. the purified enzyme was shown to reduce plasma tyrosine levels when administered to normal c57bl x dba/2 f1 mice. the plasma half-life value of the enzyme was found to be 6 to 7 hr. unlike results reported with glutaminase and asparaginase preparation ... | 1976 | 1247996 |
| nationwide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated intravenous products. i. epidemiologic and clinical features. | between mid-1970 and april 1, 1971, enterobacter cloacae or e. agglomerans septicemia developed in 378 patients in 25 american hospitals while they were receiving intravenous products manufactured by one company. each of the hospitals noted a marked increase in the incidence of such septicemia during this period. enterobacter agglomerans (formerly designated erwinia, herbicola-lathyri group) was better known as a plant pathogen and had been a human blood pathogen only rarely in the past. septice ... | 1976 | 1274981 |
| direct recovery and molecular analysis of dna and rna from soil. | a simple method for the recovery of dna and direct detection of nif and tn5 sequences in soil has recently been presented by selenska and klingmüller. on the basis of that method we have developed a procedure for the recovery and separation of dna and rna from the same soil sample. a 550 bp sequence from the kmr gene of tn5 was identified by pcr amplifications in total dna and rna, isolated from soil inoculated with a nitrogen-fixing enterobacter agglomerans 19-1-1, which carries this transposon ... | 1992 | 1285255 |
| role of antibiotic production by erwinia herbicola eh252 in biological control of erwinia amylovora. | erwinia herbicola eh252 is a nonpathogenic epiphytic bacterium that reduces fire blight incidence when sprayed onto apple blossoms before inoculation with erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight. eh252 was found to produce on minimal medium an antibiotic that inhibited the growth of e. amylovora. this antibiotic was inactivated by histidine but not by fe(ii), was sensitive to proteolytic enzymes, and showed a narrow host range of activity. to determine the role of this antibiotic in t ... | 1992 | 1314801 |
| biotransformation, by enterobacter agglomerans, of pyrimidine acyclonucleosides to acyclonucleotides. | the ability of enterobacter agglomerans to transform naturally occurring nucleosides into nucleotides has been utilized to transform newly synthesized pyrimidine acyclonucleosides into the corresponding acyclonucleotides. unselected bacteria were used as the source of nucleoside phosphotransferase, the phosphate group donor being 4-nitrophenyl phosphate in the presence of zn2+ ions. optimal reaction conditions are outlined. | 1992 | 1319351 |
| cloning of an erwinia herbicola gene necessary for gluconic acid production and enhanced mineral phosphate solubilization in escherichia coli hb101: nucleotide sequence and probable involvement in biosynthesis of the coenzyme pyrroloquinoline quinone. | escherichia coli is capable of synthesizing the apo-glucose dehydrogenase enzyme (gdh) but not the cofactor pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq), which is essential for formation of the holoenzyme. therefore, in the absence of exogenous pqq, e. coli does not produce gluconic acid. evidence is presented to show that the expression of an erwinia herbicola gene in e. coli hb101(pmcg898) resulted in the production of gluconic acid, which, in turn, implied pqq biosynthesis. transposon mutagenesis showed th ... | 1992 | 1325965 |
| fermentation and isolation of herbicolin a, a peptide antibiotic produced by erwinia herbicola strain a 111. | erwinia herbicola (enterobacter agglomerans), belonging to the enterobacteriaceae, produces the lipopeptide antibiotics herbicolin a and b, which are active against sterol-containing fungi. fermentation of these antibiotics was performed in 20-l stirred glass fermentors in a batch process. best yields of antibiotic production were found at low cultivation temperatures in a tris-buffered chemically defined medium. under these conditions the amount of impurities aggravating the purification was mi ... | 1991 | 1367233 |
| broad host-range vector for efficient expression of foreign genes in gram-negative bacteria. | a broad host-range expression plasmid was constructed comprising the incq replicon, the reca promoter from escherichia coli and the g10-l ribosome binding site (rbs) derived from bacteriophage t7. the structural genes for porcine somatotropin (pst) and e. coli beta-galactosidase (lacz) were used to monitor gene expression in a diverse collection of gram-negative bacterial hosts: escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, pseudomonas syringae, pseudomonas putida, pseudomonas fluorescens, pseudomon ... | 1991 | 1367537 |
| dna recovery and direct detection of tn5 sequences from soil. | specific tn5 sequences inserted in the genome of enterobacter agglomerans were detected in ecori digested dna directly recovered from soil 70 d after its inoculation with the bacteria, when these were no longer culturable on agar medium. a new method of dna extraction from soil was used. no amplification of dna sequences by pcr was needed. | 1991 | 1369331 |
| structure of the o-specific polysaccharide chain of the lipopolysaccharide of enterobacter agglomerans. | | 1992 | 1394314 |
| isolation of an enterobacter agglomerans strain with inhibitory activity on pseudomonas aeruginosa. | antagonism between enterobacter agglomerans and pseudomonas aeruginosa was due to an extracellular substance produced by e. agglomerans which accumulates in the culture medium. this substance was also toxic to escherichia coli and staphylococcus albus and its mic for p. aeruginosa ranged between 7.8 and 3.9 micrograms/ml. however, when the extracts from the culture medium were irradiated from 2 h with white light (15 mw/cm2), the mic was lower (3.9-1.9 micrograms/ml) suggesting that the active s ... | 1992 | 1406340 |
| functional expression of zeaxanthin glucosyltransferase from erwinia herbicola and a proposed uridine diphosphate binding site. | erwinia herbicola, a nonphotosynthetic bacterium, is yellow colored due to the accumulation of unusually polar carotenoids, primarily mono- and diglucosides of zeaxanthin. we have cloned and expressed the gene for the enzyme that catalyzes the glucosylation of zeaxanthin. the enzyme has an apparent molecular mass of 45 kda on an sds/polyacrylamide gel, which is consistent with its calculated molecular mass. in vitro enzymatic activity was demonstrated using udp-[14c]glucose and zeaxanthin as sub ... | 1992 | 1409639 |
| cloning and expression of the erwinia herbicola tyrosine phenol-lyase gene in escherichia coli. | the tyrosine phenol-lyase (tpl) gene of erwinia herbicola was cloned and expressed in escherichia coli, and the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene determined. the tpl gene comprises 1368 bp, encoding 456 amino acids which have 90% amino acid identity with tpl from citrobacter freundii. after replacing the 5'-flanking region of the tpl gene with the e. coli lac promoter, tpl protein could be hyperproduced constitutively in e. coli without induction by l-tyrosine. | 1992 | 1418690 |
| inhibition of morphine dependence by a lipopolysaccharide from pantoea agglomerans. | a lipopolysaccharide from pantoea agglomerans (lpsp) was purified and examined for relief of morphine dependence by observing its inhibition of the jumping of mice on naloxone-precipitate withdrawal. administration of lpsp either intravenously or intradermally showed marked inhibition of the jumping. beta-endorphin in mouse serum and brain tissue were recognized to be in synchrony with the time course of the relief. administration of tnf-alpha gave similar effect, suggesting that lpsp induces a ... | 1992 | 1421014 |
| 252cf plasma-desorption mass spectrometry of lipid a from enterobacter agglomerans. | endotoxins from gram-negative bacteria are believed to be causative agents of byssinosis, an occupational pulmonary disease associated with exposure to cotton dust in textile mills. lipid a preparations from enterobacter agglomerans, a gram-negative bacterium commonly found in cotton and cotton dust, have been analyzed using plasma-desorption mass spectrometry. results indicate the existence of at least two lipid a types which differ only by the presence of an additional oxygen atom whose positi ... | 1992 | 1421514 |
| effect of storage time with different lens care systems on in-office hydrogel trial lens disinfection efficacy: a multi-center study. | a combined prospective and retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of in-office disinfection methods for hydrogel trial contact lenses. two hundred and twenty-one trial contact lenses, disinfected by four different disinfection methods, were collected from seven study centers and cultured for microbial contamination after various storage periods. negative and positive control lenses were included as an additional center in this double-masked study. there was a significant diff ... | 1992 | 1437007 |
| loss of allosteric control but retention of the bifunctional catalytic competence of a fusion protein formed by excision of 260 base pairs from the 3' terminus of phea from erwinia herbicola. | a bifunctional protein denoted as the p protein and encoded by phea is widely present in purple gram-negative bacteria. this p protein carries catalytic domains that specify chorismate mutase (cm-p) and prephenate dehydratase. the instability of a recombinant plasmid carrying a phea insert cloned from erwinia herbicola resulted in a loss of 260 bp plus the taa stop codon from the 3' terminus of phea. the plasmid carrying the truncated phea gene (denoted phea*) was able to complement an escherich ... | 1992 | 1444388 |
| agglutination of lung surfactant with glucan. | respirable cotton dust, implicated in the pathogenesis of byssinosis, contains a number of bioactive compounds. these include lipopolysaccharide (lps), tannins, bacterial peptides, byssinosin, iacinilene c, and 1,3-beta-d-glucan. the exact aetiological agent of byssinosis in such dust has not been definitively identified nor has its mechanism of action on lower lung surfaces been determined. in the present study 1,3-beta-d-glucan, enterobacter agglomerans lps, and ovine pulmonary surfactant were ... | 1992 | 1463675 |
| the crte gene in erwinia herbicola encodes geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase. | a cluster of genes essential for the biosynthesis of carotenoids in erwinia herbicola has been isolated and characterized [armstrong, g.a., alberti, m. & hearst, j. e. (1990) proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 87, 9975-9979]. related gene clusters are found in other carotenoid-producing bacteria. two of these genes, crtb and crte, have been assigned to enzymes responsible for conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (ggpp) to prephytoene diphosphate and prephytoene diphosphate to phytoene, respectively. ... | 1992 | 1495965 |
| in vitro activity and beta-lactamase stability of ljc 10,627. | the in vitro activity of ljc 10,627, a new carbapenem, was compared with those of imipenem, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and gentamicin. ljc 10,627 inhibited 90% of escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, klebsiella oxytoca, enterobacter aerogenes, enterobacter agglomerans, enterobacter cloacae, hafnia alvei, citrobacter freundii, citrobacter diversus, proteus mirabilis, morganella morganii, proteus rettgeri, serratia marcescens, pseudomonas cepacia, salmonellae, shigellae, aeromonas, and yersiniae ... | 1992 | 1510436 |
| a monofunctional prephenate dehydrogenase created by cleavage of the 5' 109 bp of the tyra gene from erwinia herbicola. | a cohesive phylogenetic cluster that is limited to enteric bacteria and a few closely related genera possesses a bifunctional protein that is known as the t-protein and is encoded by tyra. the t-protein carries catalytic domains for chorismate mutase and for cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase. cyclohexadienyl dehydrogenase can utilize prephenate or l-arogenate as alternative substrates. a portion of the tyr a gene cloned from erwinia herbicola was deleted in vitro with exonuclease iii and fused in-fr ... | 1992 | 1512561 |
| nonspecific reactions of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (tecra) for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins in foods. | a staphylococcal enterotoxin visual immunoassay kit (tecra) has recently become commercially available. since the kit is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system equipped with polyvalent antisera against staphylococcal enterotoxin types a to e (sea to see) and the test is simple and rapid to perform (4 h), it has been widely used for screening purposes. in this study, the sensitivity of the kit for detection of sea, seb, and sec in ham, cheese, and mushrooms was similar to those of kits based ... | 1992 | 1514798 |
| homeostasis as regulated by activated macrophage. ii. lps of plant origin other than wheat flour and their concomitant bacteria. | in order to seek a macrophage-activating substance, lipopolysaccharide (lps) of plant origin other than that of wheat flour was surveyed. a large amount of lps (10-100 micrograms/g) was detected in laminaria japonica (kelp), curcuma longa (turmeric), undaria pinnatifida and other substances. since concomitant bacteria possibly existing in root of farm products can be considered to contribute to lps of plant origin, a count was taken of bacterial cells both dead and alive. this count revealed tha ... | 1992 | 1525958 |
| homeostasis as regulated by activated macrophage. iii. protective effect of lpsw (lipopolysaccharide (lps) of wheat flour) on gastric ulcer in mice as compared with those of other lps from various sources. | protective effect of lipopolysaccharide (lps) from various sources on gastric ulcer has been examined in mice using parenteral as well as oral route. ulcer is induced by indomethacin, stress or alcohol. lps was prepared from 6 species of bacteria (escherichia coli, pantoea agglomerans, serratia ficaria, enterobacter cloacae, bordetella pertussis, alcaligenes faecalis) and from wheat flour. when administered intravenously, lps of pantoea agglomerans was the most effective among other lps examined ... | 1992 | 1525959 |
| visual identification of bacterially contaminated red cells. | there have been increasing numbers of reports of transfusion-acquired yersinia enterocolitica bacteremia (including several fatal cases). fifteen units of whole blood were inoculated with various concentrations of y. enterocolitica serotype 0:3 and processed into as-3 preserved red cells (rbcs). consistent growth of the organism was found at inoculum concentrations greater than or equal to 10 colony-forming units per ml. in all 13 units of rbcs that supported the growth of y. enterocolitica, a d ... | 1992 | 1557802 |
| pantoea punctata sp. nov., pantoea citrea sp. nov., and pantoea terrea sp. nov. isolated from fruit and soil samples. | a total of 37 bacterial strains with the general characteristics of the family enterobacteriaceae were isolated from fruit and soil samples in japan as producers of 2,5-diketo-d-gluconic acid from d-glucose. these organisms were phenotypically most closely related to the genus pantoea (f. gavini, j. mergaert, a. beji, c. mielearek, d. izard, k. kersters, and j. de ley, int. j. syst. bacteriol. 39:337-345, 1989) and were divided into three phenotypic groups. we selected nine representative strain ... | 1992 | 1581180 |
| efficacy of burning, tillage, and biocides in controlling bacteria released at field sites and effects on indigenous bacteria and fungi. | decontamination treatments of burning and biocide application, alone and in combination with tillage, were evaluated for their ability to reduce populations of bacteria applied to the leaves of plants in field plots. in addition, the effects of these control methods on indigenous leaf and soil bacteria and fungi were assessed. field plots of bush beans (phaseolus vulgaris), sprayed with the bacterium pseudomonas syringae, pseudomonas fluorescens, or erwinia herbicola, received the following trea ... | 1992 | 1599240 |
| in vitro assays of three carotenogenic membrane-bound enzymes from escherichia coli transformed with different crt genes. | in vitro assays have been developed for three membrane-bound carotenogenic enzymes, phytoene desaturase, lycopene cyclase and beta-carotene hydroxylase, expressed in escherichia coli. transformants of e. coli containing different deletion constructs of the erwinia herbicola carotenogenic gene cluster were employed, allowing the estimation of enzyme activities without interference from subsequent reactions. new hplc systems were developed to separate substrates and reaction products enabling the ... | 1992 | 1599492 |
| transfusion associated bacteremia and septic shock due to erwinia herbicola. | we report a case of severe septicemia after blood transfusion to a 61-year-old man. the patient developed septic shock with signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation already during the blood transfusion. blood culture from the patient showed growth of erwinia herbicola and culture from the blood bag massive growth of the same microorganism. the bag had been stored in a refrigerator for 3 weeks after tapping. it is likely that contamination occurred during the tapping procedure. | 1992 | 1641602 |
| chiral linear hydroxamates as biomimetic analogues of ferrioxamine and coprogen and their use in probing siderophore-receptor specificity in bacteria and fungi. | linear hydroxamate derivatives, possessing chiral alpha-amino acid moieties, were synthesized and their iron transport activities were studied in bacteria and fungi. no growth-promoting activity could be detected in the gram-positive hydroxamate-auxotroph aureobacterium flavescens jg9. however, gram-negative enterobacteria, such as escherichia coli, pantoea agglomerans and hafnia alvei were able to utilize iron from these analogues. uptake of 55fe-labeled analogues was inhibited by sodium azide, ... | 1991 | 1657086 |
| phosphorylation of acyclonucleosides by nucleoside phosphotransferase from higher plants and bacteria. | new pyrimidine acyclonucleosides, prepared by us, were phosphorylated by nucleoside phosphotransferase from wheat shoots as well as from enterobacter agglomerans. conditions and parameters of enzymic phosphorylation were optimized and the results obtained with the two phosphotransferases were compared. | 1991 | 1667563 |
| cotranscription of the electron transport protein genes nifj and niff in enterobacter agglomerans 333. | a nucleotide sequence showing extensive homology to the niff gene, which codes for a flavodoxin involved in nitrogen fixation in klebsiella pneumoniae, was localized on the plasmid pea3 of enterobacter agglomerans and determined. the analysis of transcriptional fusions, as well as transcript protection assays, indicated a novel nif gene organization, that is, the cotranscription of nifj and niff. | 1991 | 1708766 |
| enterobacter agglomerans as a contaminant of blood. | | 1992 | 1731443 |
| immunocytochemical determination of the role of alveolar macrophages in endotoxin processing in vitro and in vivo. | endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide or lps) inhalation has been implicated in increased pulmonary edema, most likely due to activation of an inflammatory response. the purpose of this study was to determine the cell types in the lung responsible for binding inhaled lipid a from enterobacter agglomerans lps. five-hour exposures of aerosolized lipid a resulted in measurable pulmonary edema in hamsters, as determined by the accumulation of lung water. immunocytochemistry was used to localize the inhaled ... | 1991 | 1769744 |
| [desiccated rattlesnake capsules: a potential source of gram-negative bacterial infection]. | the ingestion of rattlesnake powder capsules is frequent in mexico in view of their alleged curative properties in various diseases, among them different malignancies. based on previous reports showing both bacteremia and septicemia in patients with malignant diseases ingesting such capsules, we conducted a study to evaluate the presence of microorganisms in 16 different preparations of rattlesnake powder capsules, obtained in six different cities of our country. we found that all the samples we ... | 1991 | 1798864 |
| clinical results of a multicenter study with sulbactam/ampicillin for the treatment of patients with lower respiratory and urinary tract infections. | a total of 124 patients with lower respiratory tract (44) or urinary tract infections (80) were enrolled in an open, multicenter study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of sulbactam/ampicillin, administered at the dosage of 3 g/die by intramuscular route. pretreatment pathogens from patients with lower respiratory tract infections included: streptococcus alpha-haemolyticus in 8 cases, streptococcus beta-haemolyticus in 2 cases, staphylococcus albus in 7 cases, haemophilus influenzae in 7 ... | 1991 | 1809811 |
| phosphatidylinositol, a phospholipid of ice-nucleating bacteria. | the nature of the phospholipids of the various bacteria that have ice nucleation activity in supercooled water has been determined. the seven bacteria studied included pseudomonas syringae, erwinia herbicola, three escherichia coli k-12 strains that are phenotypically ice+ because they contain plasmids with different amounts of either p. syringae or e. herbicola cloned dna, and two e. coli k-12 strains without cloned ice gene dna. all five ice+ bacterial strains contained small amounts (0.1 to 1 ... | 1991 | 1848220 |
| characterization of the yellow-pigment genes of erwinia herbicola. | a 6.7 kb dna fragment containing the pigment genes of erwinia herbicola eho13 has been cloned into escherichia coli. these genes were chromosomally encoded in e. herbicola. the entire dna fragment could be divided into at least three regions. deletions in region i resulted in a non-pigmented phenotype, a deletion in region ii resulted in a pink/yellow phenotype, deletions in region iii resulted in either a pink or a non-pigmented phenotype. tn1000 insertions in the same regions, however, gave di ... | 1991 | 1849608 |
| a single cyclohexadienyl dehydratase specifies the prephenate dehydratase and arogenate dehydratase components of one of two independent pathways to l-phenylalanine in erwinia herbicola. | dual biosynthetic pathways diverge from prephenate to l-phenylalanine in erwinia herbicola, the unique intermediates of these pathways being phenylpyruvate and l-arogenate. after separation from the bifunctional p-protein (one component of which has prephenate dehydratase activity), the remaining prephenate dehydratase activity could not be separated from arogenate dehydratase activity throughout fractionation steps yielding a purification of more than 1200-fold. the ratio of activities was cons ... | 1991 | 1897969 |
| formation of bacterial membrane ice-nucleating lipoglycoprotein complexes. | the preliminary finding that nonprotein additions to the protein product of the ice-nucleating gene of pseudomonas syringae or erwinia herbicola are essential for ice nucleation at the warmest temperatures has led to experiments aimed at identifying possible linkages between the ice protein and the other components. it appears that the protein is coupled to various sugars through n- and o-glycan linkages. mannose residues are apparently bound via an n-glycan bond to the amide nitrogen of one or ... | 1991 | 1917877 |
| bacteria associated with tegument of clinostomum marginatum (digenea). | adults of clinostomum marginatum freshly collected from a heron, ardea herodias, were examined using transmission electron microscopy. specimens from the mouth of the bird were encrusted with bacteria that were not removed by washing unless the saline contained antibiotics. there was no evidence that the attached bacteria were damaging to the trematode tegument. three species of gram-negative bacteria were isolated from the worm surfaces and identified; achromobacter sp. was present in pure cult ... | 1991 | 1919930 |
| [detection of bacteria of the genus erwinia in sanitary- microbiological control of dry milk products for infants]. | the possibility of identification of erwinia bacteria was established during the microbiological analysis of child nutrition products, containing vegetable components, for the presence of coliform bacteria. biochemical and cultural-physiological properties differentiating erwinia herbicola from enterobacter agglomerans were studied, and the most significant differential-diagnostic tests for bacteria identification were determined. to identify erwinia bacteria that do not belong to coliform bacte ... | 1991 | 1926816 |
| transport and utilization of ferrioxamine-e-bound iron in erwinia herbicola (pantoea agglomerans). | we have analyzed ferrioxamine-e-mediated iron uptake and metabolization in erwinia herbicola k4 (pantoea agglomerans) by means of in vivo mössbauer spectroscopy and radioactive labeling techniques. a comparison of cell spectra with the spectrum of ferrioxamine clearly demonstrates that ferrioxamine e is not accumulated in the cell, indicating a fast metal transfer. only two major components of iron metabolism can be detected, a ferric and a ferrous species. at 30 min after uptake, 86% of the int ... | 1991 | 1931438 |
| carotenoids of erwinia herbicola and an escherichia coli hb101 strain carrying the erwinia herbicola carotenoid gene cluster. | carotenoid pigments of erwinia herbicola and a transformed strain of escherichia coli carrying the carotenoid biosynthesis gene cluster of e. herbicola have been analyzed. both organisms are capable of making essentially the same carotenoids, indicating that all of the genes required for the biosynthesis of the wild type e. herbicola carotenoids have been transformed intact into e. coli. the major products in both species of bacteria are beta-cryptoxanthin glucoside, zeaxanthin monoglucoside and ... | 1991 | 1946693 |
| plant thorn synovitis: an uncommon cause of monoarthritis. | plant thorn synovitis (pts) is an uncommon cause of monoarthritis. seven cases of pts were identified at our institution from january 1979 to july 1990, six of whom were men. mean age was 27 years (range, 7 to 56 years). symptoms included pain, swelling, and stiffness. synovitis was present on examination along with decreased range of motion of affected joints in all patients. roentgenograms were unremarkable in five patients, but disclosed demineralization in two others. initial conservative tr ... | 1991 | 1948100 |
| physical and chemical control of released microorganisms at field sites. | an important consideration in the environmental release of a genetically engineered microorganism is the capability for reduction or elimination of microorganism populations once their function is completed or if adverse environmental effects are observed. in this study the decontamination treatments of burning and biocide application, alone and in combination with tilling, were evaluated for their ability to reduce populations of bacteria released on the phylloplane. field plots of bush beans ( ... | 1991 | 1954582 |
| biophysical alteration of lung surfactant by extracts of cotton dust. | byssinosis, a lung disease that can affect cotton mill workers, may be caused in part by lipopolysaccharides (lps) from gram negative bacteria. in vitro, lps complexes with sheep lung surfactant (sls). to determine whether lps in extracts of cotton dust alters the biophysical characteristics of lung surfactant, aqueous extracts (1.0% w:v) of sterile surgical cotton (ssc) and a bulk raw cotton dust (1182db) were prepared. aliquots of the soluble extracts were incubated with sls and studied by suc ... | 1991 | 1993159 |
| phenotypical properties of enterobacter agglomerans (pantoea agglomerans) from human, animal and plant sources. | clinical, animal and plant isolates, representing different geographical areas, were identified as enterobacter agglomerans (pantoea agglomerans) using a quantitative bacterial dot method for dna-dna hybridization. the phenotypical properties of the 65 strains were investigated by conventional test methods. no strain decarboxylated ornithine. twenty-two strains, mainly plant isolates, showed delayed acid production from alpha-methyl-glycoside, a trait which may have ecological significance. with ... | 1991 | 2036218 |
| mapping of a carotenogenic gene cluster from erwinia herbicola and functional identification of six genes. | six genes have been mapped and identified by hybridization or by carotenoid analysis of deletion mutants on a 9 kb chromosomal fragment originating from erwinia herbicola eho 10. these genes include crtb, e and i which have been formerly described for rhodobacter, and three new ones: crtz encoding lycopene cyclase, crth for beta-carotene hydroxylase, and crtg for zeaxanthin glycosilase. their arrangement on the plasmid has been elucidated. | 1991 | 2040425 |
| [endocarditis and bacteremia caused by enterobacter agglomerans]. | | 1991 | 2046434 |
| [ecological behavior of plasmids and resistance to lead of enterobacter agglomerans isolated from soil]. | soil samples taken monthly in 1990 from five parks outside tokyo were examined for enterobacter agglomerans. a total of 348 strains were isolated and 250 of them were tested for the presence of plasmids by dna agarose gel electrophoresis. all the isolates carried at least two kinds of plasmids. those isolated from july to september showed four or five kinds of plasmids (group i) and those isolated from january to june and from october to december showed two or three kinds of plasmids (group ii). ... | 1991 | 2062005 |
| toxin production by bacillus pumilus. | two strains of bacillus pumilus (m11 and m38) and one strain each of bacillus cereus (m27), bacillus subtilis (m67), and enterobacter agglomerans (m14) were identified from the air of lancashire cotton mills. these strains were tested for cytopathic effects in vero cells; b pumilus and b cereus strains were also examined for haemolytic activity, lecithinase production, and proteolytic action on casein. rounding and clumping of the vero cells occurred after the addition of supernatants prepared f ... | 1991 | 2066422 |
| prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonadaceae and acinetobacter in human periodontitis. | this study examined the occurrence of non-oral gram-negative facultatively anaerobic rods in advanced adult periodontitis. speciation and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the microscan micromethod system. a total of 42 taxa of enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonadaceae and acinetobacter were isolated from 427 of 3,050 (14.0%) patients. in 159 (5.2%) patients, these organisms comprised more than 5% of the cultivable subgingival microflora. enterobacter cloacae, klebsiel ... | 1990 | 2080069 |
| a clinical and endocrine study on the effect of orally administered bacterial endotoxin in adult pigs and goats. | endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria was orally administered in 5 female pigs and 8 male goats. two of the gilts were pregnant. a solution of lipopolysaccharide (lps) of enterobacter agglomerans was mixed into the feed ration of the pigs (40 mg/animal), and given by gastric tube into the rumen of the goats (1-20 mg/animal). jugular venous blood was collected and clinical signs, rectal temperature and wbc counts were recorded for 12-24 hours. plasma concentrations of the major plasma metabolite of ... | 1990 | 2113750 |
| sterile water used for humidification in low-flow oxygen therapy: it is necessary? | currently it is standard practice in many acute care hospitals to use only sterile water in humidifier reservoirs for the delivery of low-flow oxygen therapy. this practice is based primarily on the centers for disease control's 1982 "guideline for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia." the present study was designed to investigate and compare the bacterial contamination of tap water and sterile water used to fill clean (nonsterile) disposable oxygen humidifier reservoirs. disposable oxygen hu ... | 1990 | 2156468 |
| three separate classes of bacterial ice nucleation structures. | studies of the properties of the ice nucleation structure exposed on the surfaces of various bacteria such as pseudomonas syringae, erwinia herbicola, or various strains of ice+ recombinant escherichia coli have shown that there are clearly three major related but chemically distinct types of structures on these cells. first, the ability of ice+ cells to nucleate super-cooled d2o has been examined, and it has been found that this ability (relative to the ability of the same cells to nucleate sup ... | 1990 | 2158972 |
| increased superoxide anion generation by alveolar macrophages stimulated with antigens associated with organic dusts. | the gaseous phase cultures of alveolar macrophages (ams) of guinea pig were exposed to the saline extracts of the dust-borne bacteria micropolyspora faeni (syn. faenia rectivirgula) and erwinia herbicola (syn. enterobacter agglomerans) which have been added at the concentration of 1 microgram/ml to culture medium with or without complement. the effects of exposure on superoxide anion (o2-) production by ams were assessed by the lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence method. both extracts caused s ... | 1990 | 2176060 |
| induction of interleukin-1-beta release from human monocytes by cotton bract tannin. | the human t lymphocyte proliferative response to cotton bract tannin was shown to be dependent upon the presence of monocytes. since monocytes support the t cell mitogenic response by interleukin-1 (il-1) production, it was anticipated that tannin has il-1-inducing ability. to examine this possibility, human monocytes were cultured alone or with peripheral blood t lymphocytes, and stimulated with tannin. control cultures included unstimulated cells, and cells challenged with other il-1 inducers: ... | 1990 | 2210874 |
| toxic risks from inhalation of bacterial endotoxin. | a potential risk for workers exposed to inhalation of endotoxin, as well as the primary tissue changes, is the possibility of subsequent development of adult respiratory distress syndrome. accordingly, hamsters were administered one hour aerosols of enterobacter agglomerans and allowed to rest for six hours to produce maximum microlesions in the lung. one hour before this peak, the animals were injected intravascularly with the same suspension used in the aerosol. after one hour the animals were ... | 1990 | 2223661 |