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ultrastructure of legionella pneumophila.eleven lung samples positive for legionnaires' disease, 12 strains of legionella pneumophila cultured on various bacteriological media, and one strain growth in the yolk sac of fertile hens' eggs were examined by negative staining, thin sectioning, and scanning electron microscopy. all organisms studied were ultrastructurally similar irrespective of strain, source, or method of cultivation, presenting mainly as short rods, 0.6 x 1.5 micrometer, with tapered ends, though long forms and filaments ...197994059
confusion of legionella pneumophila and mycobacterium tuberculosis. 1979109752
in vivo susceptibility of the legionnaires disease bacterium to ten antimicrobial agents.the susceptibility of the legionnaires disease bacterium to various antimicrobial agents was determined by inoculation of embryonated eggs via the yolk sac. when administered prophylactically, the minimal dose of drug preventing all deaths due to the infection was as follows: rifampin, 0.02 mg; gentamicin, 0.25 mg; streptomycin, 0.39 mg; erythromycin, 0.62 mg; sulfadiazine, 1.56 mg; chloramphenicol, 2.50 mg; and cephalothin, 20.0 mg. smaller amounts delayed deaths, and larger or equal amounts re ...1978263885
inactivation of beta-lactam antibiotics by legionella pneumophila.beta-lactam-inactivating activity has been found in all sero-groups of legionella pneumophila. the beta-lactamase activity could be detected in intact cells and released by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid treatment, indicating that it is located in the periplasmic space. the enzyme acted primarily as a cephalosporinase hydrolyzing cefamandole, cephalothin, cephaloridine, and also penicillin g and ampicillin. cefoxitin and cefuroxime were not hydrolyzed. clavulanic acid and cp-45,899, beta-lactam ...1979316686
legionella, mycobacteria, and freund's adjuvant. 197991969
rapid presumptive bacteriological diagnosis of legionnaires disease.a simple, relatively rapid silver impregnation stain has been found to stain legionella pneumophila effectively in paraffin-embedded tissue sections while permitting visualization of histological detail. it may also be used to stain the organism in body fluids. the stain is not specific and thus must be confirmed by direct fluorescent-antibody technique or culture, but, in the absence of other bacilli demonstrable by gram or other stain, visualization of typical bacillary forms in a patient with ...197991620
atypical legionella-like organisms: fastidious water-associated bacteria pathogenic for man.a group of related bacteria designated atypical legionella-like organisms (allo) has been identified. allo, like l. pneumophila, are fastidious gram-negative rods that grow well on charcoal yeast extract (cye) agar and produce ground glass colonies and browning of modified yeast extract agar. unlike l. pneumophila, allo do not grow well on feeley-gorman (fg) agar, and on cye agar they fluoresce under longwave ultraviolet light. allo and l. pneumophila have a similar predominance of branched-chai ...197991024
flagella and fimbriae on legionella organisms. 197990852
legionnaires' disease caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 3. 197989463
identification of a clinical isolate as legionella pneumophila by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry of cellular fatty acids.culture of a bronchial aspirate from an immunosuppressed patient with severe pneumonia yielded a growth of filamentous poorly staining gram-negative rods. fluorescence with legionella pneumophila direct fluorescein-isothiocyanate conjugate was equivocal. gas-liquid chromatography (glc) and glc/mass-spectrometry (glc-ms) of the cellular fatty acids of the isolate confirmed that the organism was l. pneumophila. glc and glc-ms constitute a rapid and definitive method for identification of l. pneumo ...197989389
legionnaires' disease caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 3. 197988631
legionnaires' disease caused by legionella pneumophila serogroup 3. 197987929
new bacterial agent of pneumonia isolated from renal-transplant recipients.a gram-negative, weakly acid-fast bacillus has been isolated in embryonated eggs and in guineapigs from lung tissue of two renal-transplant recipients with acute purulent pneumonia. culture of infected lung tissue and subculture of the egg isolate on artificial media, including media for legionnaires' disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila), failed to produce growth. ultrastructural analysis showed that the organism is a prokaryote with a cell-wall structure typical of a gram-negative bacillu ...197987963
isolation of legionella pneumophila from blood. 197986691
culture of legionella pneumophila. 197985960
demonstration of legionella pneumophila by "half-a-gram" stain. 197985082
easy visualisation of legionella pneumophila by "half-a-gram" stain procedure. 197984922
isolation of legionella pneumophila from blood.legionella pneumophila has been isolated, with an in-vitro method, from the blood of a patient with fatal legionnaires' disease.197985991
staining of legionella pneumophila. 197985128
isolation of legionella pneumophila. 197985129
legionnaires' disease: more on staining and isolation of legionella pneumophila. 197983537
development of a chemically defined liquid medium for growth of legionella pneumophila.a chemically defined liquid medium has been developed for the study of the physiology and antigen production of the legionnaires disease bacterium. the medium contains basal salts, vitamins, alpha-ketoglutaric acid, pyruvate, 0.05% l-cysteine, 0.05% glutathione, and a mixture of 20 additional amino acids, each of 0.01% final concentration, except serine, which was at 0.1%. the medium in shake culture at 37 degrees c with increased co2 at ph 6.5, supports the maximum rate of growth, the highest c ...197939086
isolation of legionella pneumophila from nonepidemic-related aquatic habitats.continuous centrifugation of large volumes of water from natural southeastern lakes allowed quantitative detection of legionella pneumophila by direct immunofluorescent staining. positive samples were injected intraperitoneally into guinea pigs, and the l. pneumophila were isolated and identified by their morphological, cultural, physiological, and serological characteristics.1979384910
recent advances in the structure, biochemical and biological aspects of the "legionella pneumophila", the causative agent of legionnaires' disease: a review. 1979384938
opportunistic lung infection due to "pittsburgh pneumonia agent".eight immunosuppressed patients had pneumonia due to pittsburgh pneumonia agent (ppa), a gram-negative, weakly acid-fast bacterium cultivatable only in embryonated eggs and guinea pigs and distinct from legionella pneumophila. the diagnosis was established by isolation of the agent from lung or visualization of the organism in lung tissue. the clinical presentations, radiographic abnormalities and pathology were not specific. the most consistent feature associated with the disease was the recent ...1979386116
rapid isolation of legionella pneumophila from seeded donor blood.the laboratory isolation of legionella pneumophila from seeded donor blood, using the lysis-centrifugation technique, is described. time to pure culture isolate was 3 to 4 days.1979387807
legionnaires' disease: case report with special emphasis on electron microscopy and potential risk of infection at autopsy.a case of legionnaires' disease (ld) is presented in which the diagnosis was made initially by em and later confirmed by specific immunofluorescence of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue. the possibility of an infection with legionella pneumophila during autopsy is suggested by the fact that the pathologist who performed the post-mortem examination developed signs and symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection 2 weeks afterwards. approximately 4 weeks after the onset of his illn ...1979389772
legionnaires' disease: one person's perspective.since july 1976 when an outbreak of severe, acute respiratory disease of unknown origin occurred among attendees at the 58th annual convention of the american legion in philadelphia, great progress has been made, including identification of the causative organism, legionella pneumophila. clinical features include not only respiratory involvement but often abdominal complaints, encephalopathy, renal disease, and rhabdomyolysis. erythromycin appears to be an effective antimicrobial agent. epidemio ...1979373555
detection of legionella pneumonophila antigen in urine by enzyme-linked immunospecific assay.an enzyme-linked immunospecific assay "sandwich" technique was developed for detecting soluble antigen from the legionnaires disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila). with this technique, antigen was detected in urine specimens from guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with heat-killed legionnaires disease bacteria and in urine specimens from three of four patients who attended the american legion convention in philadelphia in 1976. urine from a fifth pneumonia patient who attended the euc ...1979383744
serospecificity and opsonic activity of antisera to legionella pneumophila.a high-molecular-weight surface component (f-1 fraction) has been isolated from the four serogroups of legionella pneumophila. antibody raised against live organisms was found by microagglutination assay to be specific for the homologous serogroup. agglutinating activity of antiserum was markedly diminished after absorption with the homologous, but not heterologous, f-1 fraction. in addition, it was found that l. pneumophila organisms were not interiorized by rat alveolar macrophages or mouse pe ...1979121114
a newly identified bacterium phenotypically resembling, but genetically distinct from, legionella pneumophila: an isolate in a case of pneumonia.a bacterium with growth characteristics similar to, but genetically distinct from, either legionella pneumophila or wiga (a "rickettsia-like agent") was obtained from a postmortem lung specimen of a patient with fatal atypical pneumonia at the m. d. anderson hospital and tumor institute in houston, texas. this bacterium and wiga have essentially the same cellular fatty acid composition, which is distinct from that of l. pneumophila. deoxyribonucleic acid-reletadness studies show that the isolate ...1979391115
isolation of legionella pneumophila from blood culture. 1979391338
diagnostic specificity of immunoglobulin m (igm) response in differentiation legionnaires' disease from psittacosis.specific igm and igg antibody responses to legionella pneumophila (ldb) and chlamydia psittaci (psi) in serum specimens from 22 cases of legionnaires' disease (ld) were examined by micro-immunofluorescence (if) tests to explore the diagnostic significance of the igm antibody response. serial samples from 5 patients with ld showed greater than or equal to 4-fold changes in igg antibody against ldb and psi. all 5 patients possessed igm antibodies against ldb but not against psi. in single convales ...1979394307
prevalence of antibody to legionella pneumophila in middle-aged and elderly americans.an indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test was used to establish the background prevalence of antibody to legionella pneumophila in single serum specimens from 1,143 persons. the serum specimens had been obtained from volunteers 46 years of age and older who were not acutely ill and who resided in the areas of atlanta, georgia; washington, d.c.; houston, texas; and rochester, new york. the overall prevalence of seropositivity (reciprocal titer, greater than or equal to 64) was 1.7%. the prevale ...1979393779
measure of immunoglobulin g-, m-, and a-specific titers against legionella pneumophila and inhibition of titers against nonspecific, gram-negative bacterial antigens in the indirect immunofluorescence test for legionellosis.a crude extract of escherichia coli o13:k92:h4 inhibited 97% of positive indirect immunofluorescence titers against a variety of gram-negative bacterial antigens while lowering legionella pneumophila titers in only 6% of sera from patients with suspected legionellosis. legionella-specific titers were the result of immunoglobulins g, m, and a, singly or in combination.1979397223
serology of legionnaires disease: comparison of indirect fluorescent antibody, immune adherence hemagglutination, and indirect hemagglutination tests.an immune adherence hemagglutination (iaha) test for the measurement of antibodies to legionella pneumophila was developed and evaluated for the diagnosis of legionnaires disease. its sensitivity was compared to that of the indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) test and a recently developed indirect hemagglutination (iha) test. the sensitivity of the three tests appeared to be similar, with the ifa test giving slightly higher titers. both the iha and iaha tests appear useful for the serodiagnosis ...1979391816
[legionnaires' disease: an infection caused by legionella pneumophila]. 1979400222
charcoal-yeast extract agar: primary isolation medium for legionella pneumophila.charcoal-yeast extract agar is a new bacteriological medium that supports excellent growth of the legionella pneumophila. it results from modifications made in an existing l. pneumophila medium, f-g agar. yeast extract, instead of an acid hydrolysate of casein, serves as the protein source. beef extractives and starch are not added. activated charcoal (norit a or norit sg) is included at 0.20% (wt/vol). comparison of charcoal-yeast extract and f-g agars showed that a greater number of colony-for ...1979393713
[toxic activity of legionella pneumophila: current findings and prospects].the aa. report the personal contributions and the recent findings of other investigators dealing with the toxic activities of legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease. from the results of some tests (particularly limulus endotoxin assay, pyrogenic reaction, skin shwartzman reaction) there is an increasing evidence that legionella pneumophila possesses some of the in vitro and in vivo biological properties associated with endotoxins of gram negative bacteria, even if t ...1979399930
virulent to avirulent conversion of legionnaires' disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila)--its effect on isolation techniques.suspensions of the legionnaries' disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila; ldb) were prepared from the yolk sacs of infected egg embryos, the spleens of infected guinea pigs, and cultures of the organism propagated on enriched mueller-hinton agar. each suspension was titrated to determine the number of bacterial colonies (cfu), yolk sac 50% lethal doses (ysld50), guinea pig 50% infectious doses (gpid50), and guinea pig 50% lethal doses (gpld50) produced by 1 ml of inoculum. the numbers of cfu/y ...1979448196
hemolytic activity of plasma and urine from rabbits experimentally infected with legionella pneumophila.rabbits were infected with legionella pneumophila by intravenous administration of allantoic fluid from eggs infected with this organism. heated plasma from animals with severe illness caused by l. pneumophila lysed erythrocytes from guinea pigs in a radial hemolysis assay. plasma from control rabbits did not lyse guinea pig erythrocytes in parallel assays. urine from two of the infected animals also showed hemolytic activity. attempts to induce illness in rabbits by intranasal administration of ...1979399383
classification of the legionnaires' disease bacterium: legionella pneumophila, genus novum, species nova, of the family legionellaceae, familia nova.deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) relatedness was used to classify strains of the legionnaires' disease (ld) bacterium. these dna comparisons showed that all strains of the ld bacterium were members of the same species. included were strains isolated from the environment and strains with three different o-antigens. the dna from the ld bacterium was not significantly related to dna from any other group of bacteria that was tested. biochemical data, growth characteristics, and guanine-plus-cytosine rati ...1979434652
[legionnaires' disease in germany (author's transl)].in february 1979 a 51 year old man fell will in munich, displaying symptoms of an influenza-like illness which developed into pneumonia. the patient died eight days later of circulatory collapse which failed to respond to treatment, accompanied by high temperature, leucopenia and agranulocytosis. typical rods detected in the lung tissue and histological sections by immunofluorescence indicated the possibility of a legionella pneumophila infection. the pathogen isolated from the lung tissue on cy ...1979478655
attempts to biological demonstration of endotoxin potency in legionella pneumophila. 1979399167
growth of legionnaires disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila) in chemically defined medium.a chemically defined medium containing 21 amino acids and inorganic salts was developed which supported the growth of four isolates of legionnaires disease bacterium (legionella pneumophila). growth in liquid defined medium at 37 degrees c with shaking approximated the generation time and growth kinetics observed for growth in complex media. after a 3-h lag, the culture grew exponentially with a generation time of 6 h and reached a maximum optical density of 230 klett units (170 klett units corr ...1979500795
a legionella-like bacterium related to wiga in a fatal case of pneumonia.an unusual bacterium serologically related to a "rickettsia-like agent," designated previously as wiga, was seen in lung tissue from a patient who died of pneumonia of unknown cause. a fluorescent antibody conjugate prepared with the wiga organism, isolated in 1959, was used to stain the lung tissue. enormous numbers of fluorescent bacteria in the lungs of this patient confirm the pathogenicity of this unusual bacterium.1979496099
legionella, wiga, et cetera: pathogens? 1979496120
legionella pneumophila in drinking water of guinea pigs. 1979464488
isolation of legionella pneumophila from a transtracheal aspirate.isolation of legionella pneumophila from a transtracheal aspirate was achieved by using simple in vitro culture methods. clinical microbiologists should routinely culture for this organism from appropriate body fluids obtained from normally sterile areas.1979457855
susceptibility of legionella pneumophila to ultraviolet radiation.distilled water suspensions of legionella pneumophila were found to be sensitive to low doses of germicidal ultraviolet radiation.1979518088
nonpneumonic, short-incubation-period legionellosis (pontiac fever) in men who cleaned a steam turbine condenser.pontiac fever affected ten men who had cleaned a steam turbine condenser with compressed air. previous epidemics of pontiac fever and legionnaires' disease--both caused by legionella pneumophila (proposed sp. nov.)--involved "airborne spread" from air-conditioning cooling towers or evaporative condensers. aerosols of contaminated water in heat-rejection systems appear to be important sources of epidemic legionellosis.1979462175
use of a semiselective medium to culture legionella pneumophila from contaminated lung specimens.legionella pneumophila was successfully isolated, using a semiselective medium, from two of three lung specimens heavily contaminated with other organisms. this medium is composed of charcoal yeast extract agar, supplemented with vancomycin and polymyxin b. l. pneumophila was observed at 8 days on plates containing less than or equal to 40 units of polymyxin b and less than or equal to 1 microgram of vancomycin per ml.1979511984
comparison of ribotyping and restriction enzyme analysis using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for distinguishing legionella pneumophila isolates obtained during a nosocomial outbreak.because of the ubiquity of legionella isolates in aquatic habitats, epidemiologic evaluation of legionella pneumophila strains is important in the investigation and subsequent control of nosocomial outbreaks of legionellosis. in this study, ribotyping and restriction enzyme analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) were used to compare isolates of l. pneumophila obtained from patients and the environment during a nosocomial outbreak with unrelated control strains. restriction enzyme an ...19921320629
[legionnaires' disease (author's transl)].the epidemic of respiratory disease (legionnaires' disease) occurred after the american legion convention between 21-24 july 1976 in philadelphia, usa, similar epidemics occurred previously with unknown etiology in the usa and in england with similar clinical symptoms and pathological findings of the disease, the isolated etiological agent, its morphology culture, pathological findings in laboratory animals, serological and immunofluorescent test, the proposed term for the causative organism (le ...1979554002
legionella pneumophila and limulus endotoxin assay: recent findings. 1979511338
upper limit of normal titer for detection of antibodies to legionella pneumophila by the microagglutination test.an upper limit of normal microagglutination titer for the knoxville strain of legionella pneumophila was determined by testing 830 sera. the upper limit of normal titer was found to be 8; however, we suggest that when applied to single serum specimens a titer of 32 be considered the lowest titer suggestive of infection (not necessarily disease).1979544635
[legionella and other bacteria in air humidifiers and cooling systems of air conditioning units--a survey].air humidifiers using cold water and cooling towers of air-conditioning systems provide the best settings for the growth of bacteria. hence, we investigated 90 water samples for humidifiers and 15 water samples from cooling towers of hospitals, authorities, schools, and factories. the colony forming units/ml at 20 degrees c and 36 degrees c, the biological activity of added biocidal substances, and the occurrence of legionella were determined. about 90 percent of the samples showed no activity o ...19921286257
changes in the spectrum of organisms causing respiratory tract infections: a review.over the last decade, the spectrum of organisms causing community-acquired acute lower respiratory tract infections has changed. streptococcus pneumoniae now causes approximately 30% of outpatient acute pneumonia-less than in former decades-whereas mycoplasma pneumoniae is found in both young and elderly patients. the enterobacteriaceae and staphylococcus aureus are now seen more frequently as respiratory tract pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia patients, and they are the major organisms ...19921287613
legionella pneumophila infection. 1979555812
[legionellae in dental units--a hygienic risk?].water samples were collected from the hot water systems and from dental units in 12 dental offices of dresden and cultured for legionellae. from seven (58%) hot water supplies and from dental units in 6 (50%) offices legionellae could be isolated. to asses the hygienic risk for dental staff we studied the prevalence of antibodies against legionellae in serum samples of 113 dentists, 105 dental nurses and 17 dental technicians. in comparison with a control group of healthy people (132 women, 161 ...19921295589
[the danger of infection in inhalation rooms].there are alarming reports about high counts of legionella and pseudomonas in the aerosol of inhalation-rooms. we therefore investigated 14 institutions (6 kurhauses, 5 hospitals and 3 sanatoria for children) in schleswig-holstein, each of them at least five-fold. for that purpose the inhalant (seawater as a rule) was investigated for the total bacterial number and the number of legionella. cfu/m3 air were determined at the aerosol outlet and a qualitative search for legionella was done in the p ...19921290566
[analysis of chest radiographs of culture positive legionella pneumonia in japan, 1980-1990. working party for legionellosis, japanese ministry of health and welfare].we analyzed the initial and follow-up chest radiographs of 28 patients with culture-positive legionella pneumonia, and developed a scoring system to quantitate the severity of radiological findings for pneumonia. intrapulmonary shadows were observed on the initial chest radiograph in 26 patients, but pleural effusion was noted in only one. in one patient the initial chest radiograph had probably been obtained too early to reveal any pulmonary change. alveolar shadows were noted on the initial ra ...19921294659
[culture-positive legionella pneumonia in japan, 1980-1990. working party for legionellosis, japanese ministry of health and welfare].the working party for legionellosis headed by the japanese ministry of health and welfare processed to standardize the diagnostic procedures for legionella pneumonia, as the first step to clarify the actual occurrence of patients with this respiratory disease. all the clinical data were collected and analysed on the 28 culture-confirmed patients in japan during the past 11 years, from 1980 through 1990. the 28 patients were distributed throughout japan, from hokkaido to kyushu. out of 28 patient ...19921294651
bactericidal activity of imipenem compared to erythromycin against intracellular legionella pneumophila.pneumonia is the leading cause of death due to nosocomial infections with mortality ranging from 30 to 70%. because imipenem has potent in vitro activity against virtually all major causes of nosocomial pneumonia, including p. aeruginosa, s. aureus, members of the family enterobacteriaceae, and anaerobic organisms, it is used by many physicians as the empirical therapy of choice in severe nosocomial pneumonias. recognition of legionella species as nosocomial pathogens has been increasing. the in ...19921306151
[environmental diffusion of legionella and of cases of legionellosis]. 19921283949
[study on the medium (balm) for isolation of legionella pneumophila].l. pneumophila was apparently using blue algae (cyanobacteria) extracellular products as carbon and energy sources for its proliferation. based on this observation, a medium (balm) in which all chemicals and reagents were made in china for isolation of l. pneumophila was developed. the recoveries of l. pneumophila serogroups 1 and 6 standard strains from contaminated air-conditional water and infected guinea pig spleens were evaluated by using two culture media: balm and bcye (buffered charcoal ...19921300253
aerosol infectivity of legionella pneumophila. 1979492217
endotoxic potency of the legionella pneumophila: recent data. 1979552832
molecular characterization of the 28- and 31-kilodalton subunits of the legionella pneumophila major outer membrane protein.the major outer membrane protein of legionella pneumophila exhibits an apparent molecular mass of 100 kda. previous studies revealed the oligomer to be composed of 28- and 31-kda subunits; the latter subunit is covalently bound to peptidoglycan. these proteins exhibit cross-reactivity with polyclonal anti-31-kda protein serum. in this study, we present evidence to confirm that the 31-kda subunit is a 28-kda subunit containing a bound fragment of peptidoglycan. peptide maps of purified proteins w ...19921310095
cefamandole-susceptible strains of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1: implications for diagnosis and utility as an epidemiological marker.the standard selective legionella medium that contains cefamandole failed to grow legionella pneumophila serogroup 1, subtype bellingham, from a sputum sample from a patient with nosocomial legionnaires' disease; the isolate did grow on a similar selective medium that substitutes vancomycin for cefamandole. two bellingham isolates from this patient's hospital environment also failed to grow when tested on the cefamandole medium. we tested 106 additional l. pneumophila serogroup 1 isolates that b ...19921313043
clarithromycin and azithromycin: new macrolide antibiotics.the chemistry, mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of clarithromycin and azithromycin are described. clarithromycin and azithromycin are new macrolide antibiotics that are similar in structure to erythromycin. compared with erythromycin, clarithromycin demonstrates increased activity against staphylococcus aureus, streptococci, legionella pneumophila, moraxella catarrhalis, and chlamyd ...19921312921
a plague in philadelphia. the story of legionnaires' disease. 19921317875
cyclic amp inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced restriction of legionella pneumophila growth in macrophage cultures.the mechanism of the effects of lipopolysaccharide (lps) on macrophages in terms of replication of intracellular facultative bacteria is unclear. it was found in the present study that the anti-legionella pneumophila activity induced by lps in macrophages from susceptible a/j mice was reversed in vitro by dibutyryl cyclic amp (dcamp). a 24-h pretreatment of murine thioglycolate-elicited macrophages with lps resulted in an enhanced ability of these cells to inhibit the intracellular growth of l. ...19921314222
azithromycin and clarithromycin: overview and comparison with erythromycin.azithromycin and clarithromycin are erythromycin analogues that have recently been approved by the fda. these drugs inhibit protein synthesis in susceptible organisms by binding to the 50s ribosomal subunit. alteration in this binding site confers simultaneous resistance to all macrolide antibiotics. clarithromycin is several-fold more active in vitro than erythromycin against gram-positive organisms, while azithromycin is 2- to 4-fold less potent. azithromycin has excellent in vitro activity ag ...19921320067
differential morphologic and metabolic alterations in permissive versus nonpermissive murine macrophages infected with legionella pneumophila.legionella pneumophila infection of macrophages from permissive guinea pigs and from a/j mice compared with infection of cells from nonpermissive bdf1 mice was studied by electron microscopy. the cells from the bdf1 mice were nonpermissive for legionella growth in vitro and showed few if any bacteria in phagosomes by electron microscopic examination. similar electron micrographic examination of macrophages from a/j mice permissive for legionella growth showed numerous intact intracellular bacter ...19921322369
phoa gene fusions in legionella pneumophila generated in vivo using a new transposon, mudphoa.to enable effective use of phoa gene fusions in legionella pneumophila, we constructed mudphoa, a derivative of the mini-mu phage mu dii4041, which is capable of generating gene fusions to the escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase gene (ec 3.1.3.1). although an existing fusion-generating transposon, tnphoa, has been a useful tool for studying secreted proteins in other bacteria, this transposon and other tn5 derivatives transpose inefficiently in legionella pneumophila, necessitating the constru ...19921321325
transposon mutagenesis in legionella pneumophila. i.--persistence of suicide and broad host-range plasmids.two of three highly virulent strains of legionella pneumophila could act as recipients at high frequencies in conjugation experiments with escherichia coli donor strains carrying broad host-range plasmids belonging to incompatibility groups n, p and w. all broad host-range and most transposon-delivery plasmids persisted within transconjugants with high stability. only one (psup1021) of several vehicles designed for the delivery of transposons into the chromosome of gram-negative bacteria was fou ...19921333091
transposon mutagenesis in legionella pneumophila. ii.--mutants exhibiting impaired intracellular growth within cultured macrophages and reduced virulence in vivo.transposon tn5 mutants of l. pneumophila were isolated and screened for loss of virulence-associated characteristics. three mutants were found with normal ability to produce putative pathogenicity determinants and to be endocytosed by guinea pig alveolar macrophages in vitro but with a greatly reduced ability to multiply within them. these mutants showed considerable loss of virulence in an authentic animal model of the pneumonia.19921333092
[the use of molecular epidemiologic markers in the study of an epidemic outbreak of legionnaires' disease of nosocomial origin].epidemiological investigations of legionella infections are based, since recently, on molecular techniques that are more sensitive and specific than phenotypic traits. we were interested in these methods for subtyping isolates of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 and confirm the epidemic spread of an outbreak of legionnaires' disease at the universitary hospital germans trias i pujol (hugtip) in badalona.19921334178
chromosome mobilization of legionella pneumophila with rk2::mu and tn5-mob.rk2::mu plasmids and transposon tn5-mob were used to mobilize the legionella pneumophila chromosome. plate matings between l. pneumophila donors that contained rk2::mu plasmids and auxotrophic recipients yielded recombinants at frequencies ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-7) per recipient for the markers tested. the presence of a mu insertion in the chromosome of donors that harbored rk2::mu plasmids increased the frequency of chromosome transfer of certain selected markers as compared with strains th ...19921327483
antimicrobial activities of two investigational fluoroquinolones (ci-960 and e4695) against over 100 legionella sp. isolates.the antimicrobial activities of two investigational fluoroquinolones (ci-960 and e4695) were compared with those of five similar compounds and four comparison drugs against 103 strains of legionella pneumophila and five other legionella species type strains. when concentrations inhibiting 90% of strains tested (mic90s) for l. pneumophila were determined, ci-960 and temafloxacin emerged as the most active (0.015 microgram/ml) and were followed in potency by e4695 (0.03 microgram/ml). this activit ...19921329642
double-blind randomized study comparing the efficacies and safeties of a short (3-day) course of azithromycin and a 5-day course of amoxicillin in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.the efficacies and safeties of a three-dose regimen of azithromycin (500 mg once daily for 3 days) and a 15-dose regimen of amoxicillin (500 mg three times daily for 5 days) were compared in a double-blind manner in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. a total of 92% of patients suffered a type 1 exacerbation. treatment success, defined as cure or major improvement, was achieved in all patients in the azithromycin group by day 5, compared with 23 (92%) of 25 patients in the ...19921324645
investigation of the in-vitro uptake, intraphagocytic biological activity and effects on neutrophil superoxide generation of dirithromycin compared with erythromycin.the cellular uptake by human neutrophils and the intraphagocytic biological activity of the new macrolide antimicrobial agent dirithromycin (0.01-2 mg/l) compared with erythromycin was investigated in vitro. staphylococcus aureus, listeria monocytogenes and legionella pneumophila were used as the test intracellular microbial pathogens. after coincubation (45 min at 37 degrees c) of neutrophils with a fixed concentration of 2 mg/l of each antibiotic the respective intracellular/extracellular rati ...19921337069
azithromycin in lower respiratory tract infections.azithromycin is a new azalide antimicrobial agent which has a broad spectrum of activity against common lower respiratory tract pathogens including pneumococci, staphylococci, legionella species, mycoplasma and chlamydia species. in particular, it is more active against haemophilus influenzae than other macrolides. in comparison to other new macrolides, azithromycin achieves higher tissue and intracellular concentrations and these concentrations are sustained for several days after dosing due to ...19921336893
immunity to intracellular bacteria.immunity to intracellular bacteria including mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium leprae, and listeria monocytogenes depends on specific t cells. evidence to be described suggests that cd4 alpha/beta t cells, cd8 alpha/beta t cells and gamma/delta t cells which interact with each other and with macrophages contribute to acquired resistance against as well as pathogenesis of intracellular bacterial infections.19921342723
seropositivity for legionella in campylobacter infection. 19921346055
false-positive legionella serology in campylobacter infection. 19921346687
a second serogroup of legionella erythra serologically indistinguishable from legionella rubrilucens.twenty-two red-autofluorescent legionella strains were identified serologically as either legionella rubrilucens or l. erythra. a rrna probe was used for restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the strains and the patterns generated were used as an additional method of identifying the strains to species level. in two instances strains which were identified as l. rubrilucens by serology appeared to belong to the species l. erythra by rflp analysis. this apparent contradiction ...19921349011
[comparative study of legionella pneumonia and other nosocomial-acquired pneumonia].we studied 20 cases of legionella pneumonia and 23 cases of non-legionella pneumonia. hyponatremia, elevated got and gpt were higher (p < 0.05) in legionella pneumonia group. in spite of the number of cases with diarrhoea, dyspnea, nervous symptoms, myalgia and complication were higher, especially with diarrhoea in legionella pneumonia group when compared to non-legionella pneumonia group, but the number of cases in both types of pneumonia did not show a statistically significant difference.19921306404
enhanced growth of legionella pneumophila in tetrahydrocannabinol-treated macrophages.legionella pneumophila is an opportunistic intracellular pathogen that infects macrophages, both in vivo and in vitro. tetrahydrocannabinol is a major psychoactive component of marijuana and can affect the functional activity of macrophages. in the present study, it was found that the treatment of macrophage cultures from permissive a/j mice with thc enhanced the growth of legionella in these cells. legionella grew much better in macrophages treated with low doses of thc, which caused no alterat ...19921309398
genetic characterization of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 associated with respiratory disease in australia.techniques were developed for genetic characterization of legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 by using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. allozyme analysis provided an index of the discrimination achieved by restriction fragment length polymorphism. isolates from human cases of legionellosis were examined by both methods, and their profiles were compared with reference strains of l. pneumophila serogroup 1 obtained from the american type culture collection. eighteen distinct clone ...19921351712
crossreactions between legionella and campylobacter spp. 19921354303
further evidence that genotypically closely related strains of legionella pneumophila can express different serogroup specific antigens.the relationship between serogroup and genotype of legionella pneumophila strains was investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) typing with a previously standardised method. of the 51 rflp types identified, 19 comprised strains of more than one serogroup. several rflp types included strains of five or more serogroups. to determine if sharing the same rflp type indicates that strains are genotypically indistinguishable or merely that they are superficially similar, 31 strain ...19921355563
in vitro susceptibility of legionella pneumophila, serogroups i-iv. 1979479642
legionella pneumophila antibody in hospital employees. 1979484980
study of cross-reaction between coxiella burnetii and legionella pneumophila using indirect immunofluorescence assay and immunoblotting.patients with q fever and legionellosis may present identical clinical symptom. differentiation of these diseases is made by serology, mainly the indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa). using ifa the authors tested 154 q fever positive sera from 55 patients with acute q fever and 28 patients with chronic q fever for legionella pneumophila antibodies and 57 sera from 57 patients with legionellosis for coxiella burnetii antibodies. of the 211 sera tested, four sera from different patients had ant ...19921364022
[a case of legionella pneumonia with myelodysplastic syndrome].a 40-year-old man was admitted with high fever and cough. pneumonic shadows of the left middle and lower lung fields increased rapidly, and his blood gases worsened. initial treatment with cefmenoxime, piperacillin, and minocycline was ineffective. administration of rifampicin was started for suspected legionella pneumonia, but it did not control the spread of the pneumonia shadows. after addition of an antifungal agent and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, his symptoms gradually improved. isolatio ...19921289632
comparison of culture methods and an immunofluorescence assay for the detection of legionella pneumophila in domestic hot water devices.the objective of this study was to compare an indirect immunofluorescence assay with culture methods for the identification of legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 to 6 in hot water samples taken from domestic environments. hot water samples were obtained from the water heater, the shower heads, and the most frequently used faucet of 211 private houses. concentrated water samples were inoculated on buffered charcoal yeast extract agar (bcye) and on a semi-selective culture medium (gpv). colonies ...19921369187
targeting recombinant antibodies to the surface of escherichia coli: fusion to a peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein.to target recombinant antibodies to the surface of escherichia coli, we have fused single-chain variable domains to its peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein (pal). the fusion protein was able to bind antigen and was tightly bound to the murein layer of the cell envelope. antibody-pal had little effect on cell growth and viability. in contrast, the expression of single chain antibody alone eventually resulted in cell lysis. immunofluorescence studies on unfixed cells showed that functional antibo ...19911367769
the linear pcr reaction: a simple and robust method for sequencing amplified rrna genes.the linear polymerase chain reaction was used to sequence amplified rna genes from strains of bacillus, thermus and legionella. the technique described is simple and reproducible and it works well with double standard product which has been peg precipitated directly from pcr reactions.19911370053
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