| protein synthesis in zinc deficient rats during tularemia. | the effect of zinc deficiency on protein synthesis in rats during tularemia was studied. five weeks prior to infection with the live vaccine strain of francisella tularensis, rats had been assigned to one of three dietary groups: zinc deficient (-zn), pair-fed (pf) or ad libitum (al). within 4 weeks, zinc deficiency manifested itself by diminished growth rate, decreased serum and liver zinc concentrations and alopecia. by 18 hour post infection, rats of all groups were febrile and exhibited an i ... | 1976 | 58980 |
| a serologic survey of mule deer and elk in utah. | sera from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus canadensis) in central and northern utah were tested for the prevalence of antibodies to 11 diseases communicable to man or domestic livestock. antibodies to francisella tularensis (at 1:20) were found in 47 of 88 (53.4%) elk and 1 of 89 (1.1%) deer. a screening slide agglutination test for titers to brucella (at 1:20) showed two reactors in elk but none in deer sera. no positive antibody titers were obtained in tests for anaplasmosis, co ... | 1978 | 105153 |
| changes in whole blood and serum components of grivet monkeys with experimental respiratory francisella tularensis infection. | grivet monkeys infected with virulent francisella tularensis strain schu s4 showed significant early changes in serum levels of trace metals, triglycerides and activities of alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase. free amino acid levels decreased slightly and there was a marked increase in the phenylalanine: tyrosine ratio. serum lysozyme activity and seromucoid levels also increased. kanamycin therapy produced remission of overt signs but the changes ... | 1978 | 106870 |
| tularemia in a group of nonhuman primates. | in an episode of tularemia in a canadian zoologic garden, three black and red tamarins (sanguinus nigricollis) and one talapoin (cercopithecus talapoin) died. a second talapoin developed abscesses in the tongue and submandibular area; this animal recovered with treatment. francisella tularensis was isolated from lung, liver, and spleen from each dead monkey and from pus collected from the tongue abscess of the sick talapoin. the attending veterinarian contracted the disease from a tamarin bite. ... | 1979 | 118145 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunological diagnosis of human tularemia. | the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was applied for immunological diagnosis of human tularemia, using lipopolysaccharide from francisella tularensis as antigen. sera collected from patients, healthy individuals, and vaccinated volunteers were investigated for antibodies against f. tularensis by elisa and tube agglutination. in elisa all sera were titrated with a polyspecific anti-immunoglobulin enzyme conjugate. a limited number of consecutive sera from individual patients were also in ... | 1979 | 120873 |
| [effects of intradermally administered tularin sevac on the titre of slow agglutination reaction with the francisella tularensis antigen (author's transl)]. | | 1975 | 130981 |
| [bactericidal effect of peracetic acid on francisella tularensis (author's transl)]. | | 1979 | 156076 |
| the effect of bacterial infections on ketone concentrations in rat liver and blood and on free fatty acid concentrations in rat blood. | the concentrations of cytoplasmic lactate and pyruvate and the nad+/nadh ratio and the concentrations of mitochondrial acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and the nad+/nadh ratio were determined in normal, fed, and fasted rats, and in rats infected with streptococcus pneumoniae, francisella tularensis, and salmonella typhimurium. the various infections were found to have little or no effect on the cytoplasmic parameters. in normal rats, fasting caused a marked increase in blood and hepatic keton ... | 1976 | 181658 |
| changes in whole blood and serum components during francisella tularensis and rabbit pox infections of rabbits. | rabbits infected with virulent francisella tularensis strain schu s4 or rabbit pox virus (utrecht strain) showed significant early changes in serum levels of trace metals, neutral fat and alkaline phosphatase activity. with f. tularensis infections a marked early leukopenia and a decrease in serum amino acids were also observed; the effect on amino acid levels was less pronounced in rabbit pox infections. in both diseases these changes preceded the appearance of acute phase globulins in the seru ... | 1977 | 204323 |
| phagocytosis of francisella tularensis by rhesus monkey peripheral leukocytes. | phagocytosis of francisella tularensis by rhesus monkey peripheral neutrophils (pmn, was assessed by autoradiography, electron microscopy, and biochemical techniques. pmn, in contrast to mononuclear phagocytes, were unable to phagocytize f. tularensis in vitro in the absence of immune serum. it is postulated that in the nonimmune host the innate inability of pmn to phagocytize f. tularensis deletes one of the possible mechanisms of host defense to bacterial infection and thus permits the early d ... | 1975 | 234911 |
| temporal appearance of opsonizing antibody to francisella tularensis: detection by a radiometabolic assay. | the burst in oxidative metabolism that is mediated through activation of the hexose monophosphate shunt and accompanies particle ingestion by polymorphonuclear leukocytes was used as the indicator in an in vitro radiometabolic assay for detection of specific opsonizing antibody to francisella tularensis. release of 14co2 from radiolabeled glucose was increased significantly when specific immune serum added to suspensions of monkey polymorphonuclear leukocytes and f. tularensis. with this method, ... | 1975 | 234915 |
| tularaemia in the rat. i. the cellular basis on host resistance to infection. | rats infected with the live vaccine strain (lvs) of francisella tularensis develop in vivo and in vitro evidence of cellular hypersensitivity and a concomitant state of cellular resistance to infection. they key role of sensitized lymphocytes in cellular resistance was domonstrated in transfer experiments. using this technique, it was shown that thoracic duct lymphocytes from francisella immune donors conferred specific antimicrobial resistance on normal recipients, whereas antiserum afforded no ... | 1975 | 236983 |
| biochemical and immunological properties of ribonucleic acid-rich extracts from francisella tularensis. | ribonucleic acid (rna)-rich extracts derived from the attenuated strain of francisella tularensis (strain lvs) protected swiss mice against lethal challenge with f. tularensis strain 425 but not against strain schu s4. no killed preparation, including an rna-rich extract from schu s4 itself, offered protection against strain schu s4 in contrast to the high level of protection offered against this strain by vaccination with live strain lvs. the protective activity observed against strain 425 was ... | 1975 | 237834 |
| relationship of serum beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme to pathogenesis of tularemia in immune and nonimmune rats. | a temporal study is reported of the febrile responses, tissue bacterial contents, and serum concentration of the lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase and lysozyme, in nonimmune rats inoculated with virulent or attenuated strains of francisella tularensis, and in immune rats challenged with either a high or low dose of virulent organisms. the level of serum beta-glucuronidase appears to be an indicator of hepatocyte damage, whereas serum lysozyme correlates with the appearance, frequency, and se ... | 1975 | 237835 |
| chronic shedding tularemia nephritis in rodents: possible relation to occurrence of francisella tularensis in lotic waters. | contamination of streams by francisella tularensis, a fastidious pathogen, was discovered by miller in russia. subsequently that contamination was found to be the source of extensive human outbreaks, and to occur as well in north america. circumstantial evidence supports a hypothesis that infected voles are responsible for the contamination, but when freshly isolated f. tularensis palaearctica is inoculated parenterally, only acute illness and death result whereas long-term contamination of stre ... | 1975 | 239255 |
| virulence factors of francisella tularensis. | the mechanism causing viable francisella tularensis to lose virulence in aerosols has been investigated. fully virulent organisms were found to be encapsulated and avirulent organisms from aged aerosols, decapsulated. capsules were also removed by suspension of f. tularensis in hypertonic sodium chloride. the resulting naked, but viable, organisms were predominantly avirulent for guinea-pigs challenged intraperitoneally. capsular material and cell walls were found to contain large amounts of lip ... | 1977 | 267668 |
| stimulation of subpopulations of human lymphocytes by a vaccine strain of francisella tularensis. | when purified t lymphocytes from individuals vaccinated with a viable, attenuated strain of francisella tularensis were incubated in vitro in the presence of heat-killed bacteria or a membrane preparation of the vaccine strain, they were stimulated to form blast cells and to synthesize deoxyribonucleic acid. the blast cells had the characteristics of t cells, being devoid of surface immunoglobulin and able to form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. the stimulation occurred only when monocytes wer ... | 1978 | 307538 |
| cultivation and isolation of francisella tularensis on selective chocolate agar, as used routinely for the isolation of gonoccocci. | | 1977 | 320819 |
| determination of antibacterial antibodies in serum by immunoradiometric assays. | when used to determine immunopurified antibacterial globulins in saline-phosphate buffer, the detection sensitivities of direct competitive and indirect immunoradiometric assays were respectively 25 and 2 ng. normal human and rabbit sera interfered in both types of assay, markedly decreasing sensitivity and precision. various pre-treatments of sera and modifications of reaction conditions substantially decreased interference in the competitive assay without affecting the activity of added antibo ... | 1977 | 323486 |
| isolation of francisella tularensis from infected frozen human blood. | francisella tularensis was isolated from human blood that was frozen for 3 months before it was examined. before he became ill, the patient operated a "bush-hog" in an area thickly populated with rabbits. his illness was undiagnosed and untreated before his death. portions of blood and tissue homogenates from necropsy were injected intraperitoneally into mice and inoculated onto glucose-cysteine-blood agar plates. f. tularensis did not grow from the culture plates, but mice inoculated with the b ... | 1977 | 328528 |
| isolation of francisella tularensis from mites haemogamasus nidi and laelaps hilaris in western slovakia. | isolating of f. tularensis from gamasid mites h. nidi parasitizing on the bank vole (cl. glareolus) and l. hilaris on the common vole (m. arvalis) are reported. the epidemiological significance of this finding is discussed. | 1979 | 388944 |
| isolation of pathogens other than yersinia pestis during plague investigations. | from 1975 to 1978, 37 isolates of pasteurella multocida, 1 of salmonella enteriditis, and 5 of francisella tularensis were recovered from 42 mammalian specimens and 1 flea pool submitted for examination for evidence of infection with yersinia pestis. most of the specimens were collected during investigations of either a human plague infection or a reported epizootic among rodent populations. all specimens were of species regularly or occasionally involved in plague or tularemia cycles in nature ... | 1979 | 392123 |
| host resistance to the lvs strain of francisella tularensis in bcg vaccinated mice. | | 1977 | 411926 |
| resistance to tick-borne francisella tularensis by tick-sensitized rabbits: allergic klendusity. | mammals become hypersensitive to ticks that feed upon them. that hypersensitivity was thought responsible for an observation that a large number of francisella tularensis-infected dermacentor variabilis failed to infect a rabbit previously exposed to ticks of that species. in a series of tests of that hypothesis, rabbits sensitized to ticks were often significantly more resistant than control animals to tick-borne tularemia. the conditions that determine the klendusity are thought to be variable ... | 1979 | 484770 |
| cellular fatty acid composition of francisella tularensis. | several unusual fatty acids characterized strains of francisella tularensis. long-chain (c20-c26) acids and the hydroxy acids 2-hydroxy-decanoate, 3-hydroxy-hexadecanoate, and 3-hydroxy-octadecanoate appeared to be of special diagnostic value. | 1979 | 521490 |
| an outbreak of tularemia in mink. | an outbreak of tularemia in farm raised mink is reported. twenty-six of approximately 5000 mink succumbed within a 10 day period. prodromal signs were minimal. necropsy revealed necrotic nodules scattered in the parenchyma of the lungs, liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes. francisella tularensis was isolated from spleens, livers and lungs. | 1978 | 618716 |
| tularemia in canada: francisella tularensis agglutinins in alberta ground squirrel sera. | | 1978 | 638920 |
| involvement of hepatic metallothioneins in hypozincemia associated with bacterial infection. | hypozincemia was induced in rats by salmonella typhimurium and live vaccine strain francisella tularensis (lvs) infections. hepatic synthesis of zinc-binding proteins (zbp) was studied in order to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the redistribution of zinc from plasma to liver occurring during infectious illness. zbp, labeled in vivo with 65zn, were isolated and identified as metallothioneins based, in part, on their heat stability, dimorphism, and amino acid composition. cysteine was the ma ... | 1978 | 645856 |
| [geographical difference in susceptibility to macrolide antibiotics among naturally occurring strains of francisella tularensis (author's transl)]. | | 1978 | 671743 |
| enigmatic resistance of sheep (ovis aries) to infection by virulent francisella tularensis. | tularemia in range sheep is an occasional cause of severe economic loss from mortality and unthriftiness as well as a hazard to persons in contact with the animals. epizootics are unpredictable and explosive, therefore, prophylaxis is more practical than therapy. live vaccine of proven value in man and in beavers was inoculated into mature ewes and elicited antibodies without harm to the sheep. however, challenge of immunity was not possible because virulent francisella tularensis in large doses ... | 1978 | 688073 |
| [nitrofurantoin-test for the differentiation of bordetella bronchiseptica (author's transl)]. | bordetella bronchiseptica is primarily resistant against nitrofurantoin (mic greater than 200 mug/ml), and this feature can be used for the differentiation of the organism from other gram-negative coccobacteria. nitrofurantoin paper disks (300 mug) failed to affect the growth of 150 strains of b. bronchiseptica isolated from different animal hosts, but they produced marked inhibition zones in the cultures of the followingspecies: pasteurella multocida, pasteurella pneumotropica, pasteurella haem ... | 1975 | 809944 |
| immunization against tularemia: analysis of the effectiveness of live francisella tularensis vaccine in prevention of laboratory-acquired tularemia. | a retrospective analysis was made of cases of laboratory-acquired infections with francisella tularensis among civilian employees at fort detrick, maryland. the incidence and clinical presentation of tularemia during the decade 1950-1959, when the phenol-killed foshay vaccine was used routinely for immunization of employees, were compared with similar data from the first decade (1960-1969) after the live tularemia vaccine had come into use. the incidence of typhoidal tularemia fell (from 5.70 to ... | 1977 | 833449 |
| [catalase activity in the agent of tularemia]. | the catalase activity was studied in the extracts of 27 strains of francisella tularensis belonging to three geographical races. the most active enzyme was possessed by nonarctic strains, and the least--by holarctic. japanese variant of the holarctic race was separated in an individual group since it possessed a higher catalase activity in comparison with the typical strains. the central asian race occupied an intermediate position by this sign and was placed between the japanese variant and the ... | 1976 | 941605 |
| pathogenesis and pathology of respiratory tularaemia in the rabbit. | the development of pathological lesions in the organs of rabbits was examined at intervals from 1 h to 4 days after aerosol infection with francisella tularensis. the earliest change, accumulation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (pmn) in ulmonary alveolar ducts, occurred at 19 h. from the 2nd day multiple foci of necrosis and pmn infiltration were present in large airways and alveoli throughout the lungs and progressively increased in size. pulmonary arteritis was a prominent feature of the infe ... | 1976 | 952731 |
| [mixed infection with tularemia and omsk hemorrhagic fever in experiments on aquatic field mice]. | the authors carried out an experimental study of some aspects of the pathogenesis of mixed tularemia and omsk hemorrhagic fever infection in arvicola terrestris l. the results obtained reflected the dynamics of development of the pathological process of the mixed infection, peculiarities of distribution of francisella tularensis and of the viral antigen in different organs, the character of pathomorphological changes in the organism at different periods after the administration of the causative ... | 1976 | 983583 |
| [role of gamasids in the epizootiology of tularemia]. | 10 strains of francisella tularensis were isolated from 4 species of gamasid mites, laelaps muris, l. multispinosus, hyperlaelaps amphibius and haemolaelaps glasgowi, in natural nidi of tularemia in the tumen district. under experimental conditions l. muris is often infected with tularemia agent on sick animals but preserves it at an indoor temperature not more than a week and does not transmit it transovarially. haemogamasus ambulans preserve the agent within the same period. l. muris and hirst ... | 1976 | 1023146 |
| common enterobacterial antigen in yersinia enterocolitica. | production of the common enterobacterial antigen (ca) by strains of yersinia enterocolitica (y.e.) serotypes 3 and 9 (winblad), by strains of 5 different y.e. serogroups (wauters) and various other bacteria was examined. antibody against ca was raised by immunization of rabbits with e. coli o 14. extract prepared from s. typhimurium was used for the sensitization of sheep erythrocytes with ca. absorption and haemagglutination inhibition experiments showed that ca could be detected in heat extrac ... | 1975 | 1098394 |
| cyclic kinetics and mathematical expression of the primary immune response to soluble antigen. vi. the possibility of prediction of plasma cell reaction in the spleen of mice immunized with soluble antigen. | a mathematical expression of the accumulation of the plasma cells in the spleen of cba mice immunized intraperitoneally is presented. the dependence of the plasma cell reaction in the spleen on the kinetics of antigen concentration in the blood was confirmed. for the transition from antigen to plasma cells, index a was proposed. the mean values of index a were used for comparison of the calculated and experimental values of the plasma cell reaction and the recorded differences were not great. in ... | 1975 | 1176044 |
| a microbiologic study of the urban gray squirrel. | bacteriologic, virologic, and serologic examinations were conducted on 180 urban gray squirrels (sciurus carolinensis) during a 1-year period in a metropolitan area. evidence was not found of infections with leptospires, enteric or other bacteria, rickettsial agents, francisella tularensis, or arthropod-borne viruses. the squirrels were remarkably free of evidence of bacterial or viral infections of importance to man and lower animals. | 1975 | 1176356 |
| pathogenesis of tularemia in immune and nonimmune rats. | pathogenesis of tularemia in nonimmune rats given (intraperitoneal inoculation) virulent strain (schu s4) or vaccinal strain (lvs) of francisella tularensis and in immune rats given schu s4 is described. both lvs and schu s4 caused pyogranulomas in liver and spleen of nonimmune rats. nonimmune rats given 10(4) schu s4 organisms did not survive beyond 72 hours, but immune rats given challenge inoculum of 10(8) schu s4 organisms developed lesions and survived. larger doses of lvs resulted in earli ... | 1975 | 1190592 |
| stimulation of human lymphocytes by a vaccine strain of francisella tularensis. | an immune response to francisella tularensis was demonstrated in man by the lymphocyte stimulation test. peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from 26 individuals vaccinated with a viable tularemia vaccine, from 29 unvaccinated individuals, and from two patients who had recently undergone tularemia. the lymphocytes were incubated in the presence of various dilutions of heat-killed bacteria of the vaccine strain. the bacteria induced a deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in the lymphocytes from ... | 1975 | 1193733 |
| murine model for study of cell-mediated immunity: protection against death from fully virulent francisella tularensis infection. | to assess cell-mediated immunity in terms of host protection, an experimental model was developed in which passively transferred spleen cells from immunized akr/j mice enabled nonimmume syngeneic recipients to survive an otherwise fatal infection with fully virulent francisella tularensis. donor immunization was achieved by administering live attenuted tularemia vaccine and, subsequently, the virulent streptomycin-sensitive schu s4 strain of f. tularensis. at selected intervals after immunizatio ... | 1975 | 1193736 |
| the 17 kda lipoprotein and encoding gene of francisella tularensis lvs are conserved in strains of francisella tularensis. | a t-cell-stimulating 17 kda protein of the vaccine strain francisella tularensis lvs has previously been cloned, sequenced and shown to be a lipoprotein. in the present study, it was investigated whether the protein, denoted tul4, and its gene are present in various strains of the genus francisella. by western blot analysis, it was demonstrated that a tul4-specific monoclonal antibody bound to a protein present in each of the francisella strains. the immunoreactive proteins had an m(r) of 17 kda ... | 1992 | 1291846 |
| [detection of persistent resistance to antibacterial drugs in various strains of francisella tularensis]. | under natural conditions, the francisella tularensis strains ae-261 and p-13864 capable of forming the persist type of resistance to antibacterial drugs and being the cause of the infection in laboratory animals not responding to monotherapy with antibiotics were detectable. the antibioticograms of strains ae-261 and p-13864 under the in vitro conditions did not differ from those of the other studied strains responding to the antibiotic therapy. the observed phenomenon could be associated with i ... | 1992 | 1296530 |
| introduction of francisella tularensis at skin sites induces resistance to infection and generation of protective immunity. | mice are susceptible to systemic infection with francisella tularensis strain lvs; thus, the intraperitoneal (i.p.) lethal dose at 50% (ld50) in c3h/hen and c57bi/6j mice is only a single bacterium, while the intradermal (i.d.) ld50 is more than 10(4). here we show that the ld50 when lvs is introduced via the skin, either i.d. or subcutaneously (s.c.), ranges from 7 x 10(4) to 2 x 10(6). sublethal i.d. or s.c. infection (priming) invariably leads to the generation of systemic and specific protec ... | 1992 | 1297917 |
| [effect of antibiotics on francisella tularensis]. | the minimum inhibitory concentrations of rifampicin, doxycycline, sisomicin, ciprofloxacin and phosmidomycin for various strains of francisella tularensis were 0.5 to 2.0, 0.5 to 2.0, 0.125 to 0.4, 0.625 to 0.125 and 2.0 to 12.5 micrograms/ml, respectively. ciprofloxacin and sisomicin had a marked bactericidal effect. the bactericidal effect of rifampicin was insignificant. doxycycline and phomidomycin had practically no such effect. all the antibiotics had a post effect. the level of the post-a ... | 1992 | 1300925 |
| [the use of solid-phase liposomal immunoassay for determining a bacterial antigen of lipopolysaccharide nature]. | the solid-phase liposomal immunoassay procedure for the determination of francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide (lps) has been developed. this assay has been made with the use of monolayer liposomes, on the average, 360 nm in diameter with their phospholipid bilayer modified with f. tularensis lps and their internal space filled with calcein used as fluorescent marker. the assay is based on the principle of the competitive immunosorption of liposomes and antigenic lps on the surface of polyst ... | 1992 | 1301662 |
| the ecology of tularaemia. | tularaemia, a zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium francisella tularensis mccoy, 1912, is reported from north america, europe and northern parts of asia, but not from the southern hemisphere. two subspecies of f. tularensis are recognised: the highly virulent type a and the milder type b, with additional subdivisions reported. tularaemia has been reported in more than 250 animal species including man, other mammals, birds, fish, amphibians, arthropods and protozoa. type a is reported to have ... | 1992 | 1305858 |
| [phosphatase and penicillinase activities as stable traits for the differentiation of the racial classification of francisella tularensis]. | in the causative agent of tularemia new markers correlating with different subspecies of this microbe have been detected. thus, f. tularensis strains belonging to the american and central asian subspecies are characterized by phosphatase activity, which makes it possible to use the phosphatase test for their differentiation from the strains of the holarctic variety. f. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica are incapable of producing beta-lactamase which differentiates them from the representatives of t ... | 1992 | 1338744 |
| various membrane proteins of francisella tularensis induce interferon-gamma production in both cd4+ and cd8+ t cells of primed humans. | tularaemia is an intracellular infection, which is controlled by the host as a result of an immunospecific t-cell response. a crucial product of the responding t cells is interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma), which acts by enhancing the microbicidal activity of macrophages. t cells of tularaemia-vaccinated individuals respond in vitro to a multitude of protein antigens of the vaccine strain francisella tularensis lvs. in the present study, the responses to four of these antigens were shown to be confine ... | 1992 | 1356911 |
| correlation between the virulence of francisella tularensis in experimental mice and its acriflavine reaction. | correlation between the virulence of francisella tularensis in experimental mice and its acriflavine reaction was studied. the cultures derived from all four strains (ebina, cmb2, schu, and n9) that had long been subcultured on agar media yielded two types of colonies, i.e., acriflavine reaction-positive (acf+) and acriflavine reaction-negative (acf-) colonies. all acf+ colonies, regardless of their parent strains, were shown to be low virulent in mice. acf- colonies were shown to be either high ... | 1992 | 1369194 |
| characterization and classification of strains of francisella tularensis isolated in the central asian focus of the soviet union and in japan. | the two subspecies of francisella tularensis, f. tularensis subsp. tularensis (type a) and f. tularensis subsp. palaearctica (type b), differ from each other in biochemistry and virulence. strains of f. tularensis subsp. tularensis are believed to be confined to north america, whereas strains of f. tularensis subsp. palaearctica occur in europe, in asia, and in north america. moreover, the existence of two other subspecies, designated f. tularensis subsp. mediaasiatica and f. tularensis subsp. p ... | 1992 | 1370846 |
| [the c antigen of francisella tularensis]. | a new envelope antigen c, specific for virulent strains of francisella tularensis, was revealed by immunodiffusion analysis. in contrast to antigens a and p this antigen is common for francisella and brucella. c-antigenic lipid fraction was obtained by chloroform-ethanol (1:1) extraction of bacterial slime. this fraction contained carbohydrates (31.6%) without proteins and detected by tlc glycolipid, which proved glycolipid nature of c-antigen. introduction of c-fraction or alive f. tularensis r ... | 1992 | 1374833 |
| rapid generation of specific protective immunity to francisella tularensis. | mice inoculated either subcutaneously (s.c.) or intradermally (i.d.) with a sublethal dose of francisella tularensis lvs are immune to a lethal intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intravenous (i.v.) challenge of lvs. here, we show that this immunity developed quite rapidly: mice given a sublethal dose of live lvs s.c. or i.d. (but not i.v.) withstood lethal i.p., i.v., or i.d. challenge as early as 2 days after the initial inoculation, despite the presence of bacterial burdens already in tissues. the magn ... | 1992 | 1398969 |
| cell-mediated and humoral immune responses induced by scarification vaccination of human volunteers with a new lot of the live vaccine strain of francisella tularensis. | tularemia is a disease caused by the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis. we evaluated a new lot of live f. tularensis vaccine for its immunogenicity in human volunteers. scarification vaccination induced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. indications of a positive immune response after vaccination included an increase in specific antibody levels, which were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent and immunoblot assays, and the ability of peripheral blood lymphocy ... | 1992 | 1400988 |
| [pleiotropic nature of mutation of resistance to 2,3,5-triphenyl- tetrazolium chloride of francisella tularensis]. | natural strains of f. tularensis were characterized by sensitivity to 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (ttc). development of ttc resistance in the cells of f. tularensis was accompanied by changes in the biological properties of the culture, i.e. the colony morphology, antigenic structure, virulence and immunogenicity for laboratory animals. moreover, there was a direct correlation between the levels of ttc resistance and resistance to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, furazolidon ... | 1992 | 1417312 |
| immunogenicity and toxicity of lipopolysaccharide from francisella tularensis lvs. | lipopolysaccharide (lps) from the live vaccine strain of francisella tularensis (f. tularensis lvs) was isolated and purified. the lps did not stimulate lymphocytes from previously tularaemia-vaccinated individuals or lymphocytes from non-primed individuals. however, serum antibodies from tularaemia vaccinees reacted with the lps whereas virtually no reactivity was found with antibodies from individuals not exposed to f. tularensis lvs. antibodies of immunoglobulin class m displayed the antibody ... | 1992 | 1419118 |
| early pathogenesis of infection in the liver with the facultative intracellular bacteria listeria monocytogenes, francisella tularensis, and salmonella typhimurium involves lysis of infected hepatocytes by leukocytes. | the results show that listeria monocytogenes, francisella tularensis, and salmonella typhimurium are facultative intracellular bacteria with a capacity to invade and grow in nonphagocytic cells in vivo. in the liver, all of these pathogens were seen to invade and to multiply extensively in hepatocytes. in all three cases, inflammatory phagocytes were rapidly marshalled to foci of infection where they appeared to cause the destruction of infected hepatocytes, thereby releasing bacteria into the e ... | 1992 | 1452350 |
| [the structural-functional changes in the cells of francisella tularensis strain 15 gaĭskiĭ during cultivation and sublimational drying]. | instrumental methods of investigation were used for the demonstration of changes in the fatty acid composition of f. tularensis, strain 15 gaĭskiĭ, during cultivation in solid culture medium, storage after lyophilization, as well as changes in the functioning of the system of membrane-dependent enzymes of the respiratory chain and in the permeability of cell wall membranes by water molecules and nadh after lyophilization. a relationship between the survival rate of f. tularensis cells after lyop ... | 1992 | 1455960 |
| [the preventive activity of monoclonal antibodies specific to the lipopolysaccharide of francisella tularensis]. | the preventive activity of five monoclonal antibodies (mcab) in experimental tularemia was evaluated. mcab produced by hybridoma fb11-k (igg2a), specific to f. tularensis lipopolysaccharide, prevented the death of mice and guinea pigs infected with f. tularensis virulent strain 503 of the holarctic subspecies. | 1992 | 1481610 |
| [the opsonizing activity of the sera of hamadryas baboons immunized with a preparation of the outer membranes of francisella tularensis (based on data from the luminol-dependent luminescence method)]. | the opsonizing properties of sera obtained from hamadryas baboons immunized with the preparation of f. tularensis outer membranes (om) were studied with the use of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (cl) of whole blood. the immunization of monkeys with the om preparation was shown to lead to the formation of functionally active antibodies possessing opsonizing properties with respect to virulent f. tularensis. immune sera obtained from the animals immunized with live vaccine and from those immu ... | 1992 | 1496878 |
| [the lps-protein complex from the outer membrane of francisella tularensis]. | lps-protein complex containing proteins of 15 kd, 17 kd and 19 kd was isolated from f. tularensis outer membrane by solving with sodium deoxycholate with the subsequent gel filtration on sephacryl s-200. protein of 17 kd constituted the main protein component of the complex. the lps-protein ratio of this complex was 1:1. proteins contained in lps-protein complex have mainly the alpha-spiral structure. in the absence of detergent these proteins and lps formed micelles with molecular weight exceed ... | 1992 | 1509840 |
| serologic survey for selected arboviruses and other potential pathogens in wildlife from mexico. | during 1988 and 1989, a serologic survey of wildlife was conducted in northeastern mexico to determine the presence, prevalence, and distribution of arboviruses and other selected disease agents. eighty mammal specimens were tested. antibodies to vesicular stomatitis-indiana, venezuelan equine encephalitis-mena ii, rio grande virus, and vesicular stomatitis-new jersey were detected predominantly in small mammals. deer and mouflon (ovis musimon) had antibodies to bluetongue and epizootic hemorrha ... | 1992 | 1512876 |
| effect of culture media and incubation temperature on growth of selected strains of francisella tularensis. | the rate and amount of growth of 4 field isolates and reference strain atcc 6223 of francisella tularensis were evaluated on isolation media with 2 different agar bases and with different supplements and incubated at 25 c, 35 c, and 42 c. biochemical reactions on conventional differential media with and without cysteine were evaluated. two of the field isolates and the reference strain were f. tularensis subspecies tularensis (formerly biovar tularensis or type a), and 2 isolates were subspecies ... | 1992 | 1515487 |
| use of a zwitterionic detergent for the restoration of the antibody binding capacity of immunoblotted francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide. | a method for the partial restoration of the antibody binding capacity of francisella tularensis lipopolysaccharide (lps) following denaturation (dissociation) in boiling sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds) is described. the method relies on the presence of a zwitterionic detergent in the matrix of an sds-polyacrylamide gel and in the transfer buffer during an immunoblot. f. tularensis lps, which had lost its earlier capacity to bind to a particular monoclonal antibody in the normal blot procedure, did ... | 1992 | 1524210 |
| francisella tularensis--a model for studies of the immune response to intracellular bacteria in man. | | 1992 | 1526645 |
| activation of macrophages for destruction of francisella tularensis: identification of cytokines, effector cells, and effector molecules. | francisella tularensis live vaccine strain (lvs) was grown in culture with nonadherent resident, starch-elicited, or proteose peptone-elicited peritoneal cells. numbers of bacteria increased 4 logs over the input inoculum in 48 to 72 h. growth rates were faster in inflammatory cells than in resident cells: generation times for the bacterium were 3 h in inflammatory cells and 6 h in resident macrophages. lvs-infected macrophage cultures treated with lymphokines did not support growth of the bacte ... | 1992 | 1541555 |
| growth inhibition of francisella tularensis live vaccine strain by ifn-gamma-activated macrophages is mediated by reactive nitrogen intermediates derived from l-arginine metabolism. | we have examined the abilities of the recombinant murine lymphokines ifn-gamma, granulocyte-macrophage (gm)-csf, and il-4 to stimulate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of macrophages against the live vaccine strain (lvs) of francisella tularensis. resident peritoneal macrophages from c57bl/6 strain mice were cultured overnight with ifn-gamma, gm-csf, or il-4, and then infected with lvs. in macrophages treated with ifn-gamma, the growth of lvs was suppressed by a factor of 100- to 1000-fold in ... | 1992 | 1541823 |
| humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice to a 17-kilodalton lipoprotein of francisella tularensis expressed by salmonella typhimurium. | a 17-kda lipoprotein, tul4, of the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis is one of several membrane proteins that induce an in vitro response in t cells from f. tularensis-primed humans. a dna fragment of the live vaccine strain f. tularensis lvs encoding tul4 was cloned into salmonella typhimurium chi 4072, an attenuated delta cya delta crp mutant. expression of the protein by the recombinant s. typhimurium chi 4072 (ptul4-15) was maintained after passage in balb/cj mice. w ... | 1992 | 1612751 |
| [mutations in francisella tularensis, decreasing the virulence of these bacteria and leading to a change in the immune response upon infection of experimental animals with them]. | the research was aimed at isolation of francisella tularensis mutants possessing the decreased virulence for experimental animals and mediating the changes in the animal immune response. a number of spontaneous and induced mutants of the american and european subtypes of francisella tularensis were selected for antibiotics resistance or detergent sensitivity. all the obtained mutants have the decreased virulence and differ in their ability to induce the protective antitularemia immunity or abili ... | 1992 | 1620153 |
| [surveillance of francisella tularensis infection in dogs in bratislava]. | out of 548 serologically investigated dogs from bratislava and other regions of slovakia and moravia, antibodies to f. tularensis were found in 16.4% (tabs. i, ii). in all the investigated groups of dogs from the region of bratislava the highest seroprevalence by f. tularensis was recorded in watch dogs kept on farms and in cooperatives--37.5% and in rambling dogs--20.7% (tab. i). the highest seropositivity was found in one to three year old dogs--22.2% (tab. iii). a similar degree of seropreval ... | 1992 | 1641946 |
| [the characteristics of potassium ion transport across the bacterial membranes in a vaccinal culture of francisella tularensis]. | the presence of the systems of energy-dependent accumulation of potassium ions and their passive exchange for protons in cytoplasmic bacterial membranes of f. tularensis strain 15 has been demonstrated by means of a k(+)-selective electrode and the turbidimetric method. the kinetic parameters of the energy-dependent k+ transport: km = 0.83 +/- 0.20 mm k+, vmax = 0.23 +/- 0.04 mm k+/mg of dry weight. min. under the conditions of anoxia f. tularensis cannot retain potassium ions in their cytoplasm ... | 1991 | 1653509 |
| cytotoxic cd4+ t cells specific for francisella tularensis. | the specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity of tularaemia-immune human t lymphocytes were studied in vitro. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of six tularaemia-vaccinated healthy subjects were stimulated with f. tularensis lvs whole cell antigen for 6 days and used as effector cells in a conventional 4-h 51cr release cytotoxicity assay. the target cells were phagocyting autologous monocytes, which were pulsed with f. tularensis or ppd antigen. the specific lysis of the f. tularensis-pulsed c ... | 1991 | 1671003 |
| development of francisella tularensis antigen responses measured as t-lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production (tumor necrosis factor alpha, gamma interferon, and interleukin-2 and -4) during human tularemia. | the lymphocyte immune reactivity of 12 tularemia patients to francisella tularensis antigens prepared from the bacterial cell envelope was examined during a 14-week follow-up study. lymphocyte blast transformation responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) to different protein antigens appeared simultaneously 2 weeks after the first symptoms of tularemia, indicating that none of these antigens had any special role at the early phase of immunization. while the lymphocyte blast transfo ... | 1991 | 1674737 |
| mixed rickettsia-virus infection in dermacentor reticulatus imago. | electron microscopic examination revealed replication and accumulation of rickettsia sibirica in the fat body of experimentally infected dermacentor reticulatus ticks. rickettsia are released from the fat body cells by budding being surrounded with cytoplasm and plasmalemma of the host cell. eukaryotic cell structures have been detected consisting of lamella layers whirled around the intact rickettsiae. in addition to rickettsia, microorganisms morphologically resembling francisella tularensis a ... | 1991 | 1681715 |
| several membrane polypeptides of the live vaccine strain francisella tularensis lvs stimulate t cells from naturally infected individuals. | the currently used live vaccine strain francisella tularensis lvs was derived several decades ago from a wild strain of the species. in the present report, several membrane polypeptides of lvs are shown to be recognized by t cells from individuals immunized by natural infection with f. tularensis. bacterial membranes of a capsule-deficient mutant of lvs were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. thereafter, gels were divided into seven fractions, each fraction c ... | 1990 | 1688874 |
| identification of francisella species and discrimination of type a and type b strains of f. tularensis by 16s rrna analysis. | tularemia is a zoonotic disease, occurring throughout the northern hemisphere. the causative agent, the bacterium francisella tularensis, is represented by two main types. type a is found in north america, whereas type b is mainly found in asia and europe and to a minor extent in north america. no routine technique for rapid diagnosis of tularemia has been generally applied. we have partially sequenced 16s rrnas of two f. tularensis strains, as well as the closely related francisella novicida. o ... | 1990 | 1692676 |
| nucleotide sequence and t cell epitopes of a membrane protein of francisella tularensis. | a 17-kda major membrane protein of the facultative intracellular bacterium francisella tularensis is recognized by t cells from individuals previously undergoing tularemia or tularemia vaccination. here the nucleotide sequence of the encoding gene is presented. the a + t rich sequence deduced a protein of 149 amino acids with a predicted m.w. of 15,772. evidence is presented suggesting that the 17-kda protein is a lipoprotein. also, homology was found to a peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein of ... | 1990 | 1694206 |
| diversity of francisella tularensis antigens recognized by human t lymphocytes. | the francisella tularensis t-lymphocyte antigens, which may have a role in protection against tularemia, were investigated with vaccine-immunized subjects. preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) was used to fractionate the bacterial envelope preparation. the 23 fractions obtained represented membrane proteins of different apparent molecular masses ranging from 10 to 150 kilodaltons. different fractions contained one to four separate protein bands stained ... | 1990 | 1695207 |
| the production of oxygen metabolites and their possible regulatory role in the course of tularemia infection. | the changes of oxidative metabolism were studied in the course of a primary infection of mice with attenuated strain of francisella tularensis. metabolic stimulation of peritoneal cells is associated with a significant increase in spontaneous tetrazolium derivative reduction, the production of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide on day 5 after the immunization. the enhancement of superoxide dismutase precedes the increase in superoxide anion secretion. the splenic cells of immunized mice obta ... | 1990 | 1702745 |
| in vivo modulation of the murine immune response to francisella tularensis lvs by administration of anticytokine antibodies. | the role(s) of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), and interleukin-4 (il-4) in establishment and maintenance of protective immunity to francisella tularensis lvs in mice (c3h/hen) was examined by selective removal of these cytokines in vivo with neutralizing antibodies. the 50% lethal dose (ld50) for mice infected intradermally with f. tularensis alone was 136,000 cfu; treatment of mice with anti-ifn-gamma or anti-tnf-alpha at the time of infection significantl ... | 1992 | 1729199 |
| pneumonia. patient profiles, choice of empiric therapy, and the place of third-generation cephalosporins. | choosing appropriate antimicrobial therapy for patients with pneumonia requires knowledge of the etiologic agents seen in specific kinds of patients at specific times and places. for community-acquired pneumonia, there is an important difference in the agents seen in the normal and the compromised host. the normal host most often presents with viral, mycoplasmal, or pneumococcal pneumonia. the exact place of chlamydia pneumoniae is still under study. a normal host who aspirates is at risk of ana ... | 1992 | 1730186 |
| [features of the interaction of escherichia coli and francisella tularensis rna polymerases with hybrid plasmids bearing fragments of francisella tularensis chromosomal dna]. | hybrid plasmids containing the fragments of francisella tularensis chromosomal dna and capable of tet-gene expression both in escherichia coli and francisella tularensis cells were constructed. the regions of francisella chromosomal dna binding the rna-polymerases of escherichia coli and francisella tularensis were found by the electron microscopy technique. interconnection of those regions with the expression of tet-gene of the hybrid plasmids was demonstrated. | 1991 | 1745260 |
| [biochemical, antigenic and protective properties of the outer membrane of tularemia pathogens]. | the outer membranes of francisella tularensis were studied. the membranes were identified morphologically, immunologically and biochemically. they contained 12-20% of protein, 15-30% of carbohydrates, up to 40% of lipids. the main integral proteins of the outer membranes were the 47, 43, 17 and 12 kd proteins. the main protein 63 kd was not integral. the lipopolysaccharides isolated from the outer membranes and acetone-dried cells did not possess the protective properties in experimental tularem ... | 1991 | 1745261 |
| [behavior of sa plasmid in tularemia pathogen cells]. | the genome of sa plasmid is shown to be a subject of genetical rearrangements in francisella tularensis cells. the rearrangements either result in plasmid integration into the host cell genome or intramolecular amplification of cat-gene with the subsequent excision and recombination of the derivative plasmids. stable inheritance of the plasmid is registered after integration while plasmid elimination occurs in case of extrachromosomal localisation. | 1991 | 1745270 |
| [study of cat gene expression in sa and pc194 plasmids in escherichia coli, francisella tularensis, and bacillus subtilis cells]. | the unit activities were defined for chloramphenicol-acetyltransferases coded for by the cat-genes of the plasmids sa and pc194 in francisella tularensis, escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis cells. francisella tularensis cells were shown to hold intermediate position between escherichia coli and bacillus subtilis cells in their ability to express the genes of the different taxonomic origin. the direct dependence was found between the dose of the gene coding for chloramphenicol-acetyltransfera ... | 1991 | 1745271 |
| [transfer of bacteriophage prd1 genes into modified plasmid sa of escherichia coli and francisella tularensis cells]. | the donor specific bacteriophage prdi has been shown to mediate the genes transfer into escherichia coli and francisella tularensis cell under certain conditions. it is necessary for the process that the recipient cells inherit the plasmids determining absorbtion of bacteriophages on the cellular surface while the transferred genes are able to be expressed. the frequencies of the tet-gene transfer from the plasmid pskft5 into escherichia coli and francisella tularensis 15 cells inheriting the pl ... | 1991 | 1745272 |
| structure of the o-antigen of francisella tularensis strain 15. | the o-specific polysaccharide, obtained by mild acid degradation of the lipopolysaccharide of francisella tularensis strain 15, contained 2-acetamido-2,6-dideoxy-d-glucose (d-quinac), 4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-d-glucose (d-qui4nfm), and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galacturonamide (d-galnacan) in the ratios 1:1:2. tri- and tetra-saccharide fragments were obtained on treatment of the polysaccharide with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and partial hydrolysis with 0.1 m hydrochloric acid, respectively. on the b ... | 1991 | 1769021 |
| acute tularemia in three domestic cats. | acute francisella tularensis infection in 3 domestic cats was presumptively diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and lesions and confirmed by culturing or immunofluorescent demonstration of the organism. clinical findings include marked signs of depression, oral/lingual ulceration, regional or generalized lymphadenomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly, panleukopenia with severe toxic change of neutrophils, and hyperbilirubinemia with bilirubinuria. lesions found at necropsy included icterus, oropharyn ... | 1991 | 1778744 |
| water- and airborne francisella tularensis biovar palaearctica isolated from human blood. | the isolation of francisella tularensis from human blood is extremely rare in europe. we here describe two cases of septicemia caused by f. tularensis biovar palaearctica, where the causative bacterium was isolated from blood. one of our patients had ingested contaminated water; the other was probably infected by inhalation of contaminated dust. the isolation of the causative organism was essential for initiating the appropriate antibiotic treatment, which led to a rapid improvement. since the r ... | 1991 | 1800375 |
| [comparative characteristics of biological properties of francisella tularensis strains isolated in the ussr]. | with a large collection of the strains of f. tularensis isolated it has been recently shown that cultures belonging to holarctica and mediaasiatica circulate in the endemic foci of the ussr. by their biological and genetic properties the natural strains of f. tularensis were homogeneous and represented type cultures of f. tularensis. various ecological conditions in the natural environment did not change within the last 20 years the sensitivity of the tularemia microbe to the antibacterial drugs ... | 1991 | 1805689 |
| in vitro susceptibility of francisella tularensis to fluoroquinolones and treatment of tularemia with norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. | the in vitro susceptibility of ten strains of francisella tularensis to four fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, ofloxacin and pefloxacin) was investigated by determining the mbcs of these quinolones. the results were as follows (mean +/- se): ciprofloxacin 0.13 +/- 0.03 mg/l, norfloxacin 0.24 +/- 0.07 mg/l, ofloxacin 2.16 +/- 0.78 mg/l and pefloxacin 0.51 +/- 0.50 mg/l. these concentrations can be achieved in clinical practice. in addition, four tularemia patients were treated with an ... | 1991 | 1864276 |
| [the morphological characteristics of globulin production during the vaccinal process induced by tularemia and brucellosis vaccines]. | significant data on the dynamics of globulin production in guinea pigs in the process of immunogenesis after the injection of francisella tularensis vaccine strain or conjugated brucellosis vaccine have been obtained by means of immunofluorescence and the enzyme immunoassay. the number of globulin-producing cells in lymphoid organs (the spleen, regional and remote lymph nodes) differs, depending on the injected antigen. the relationship between the character of immunomorphological changes in lym ... | 1991 | 1872101 |
| live vaccine strain of francisella tularensis: infection and immunity in mice. | the live vaccine strain (lvs) of francisella tularensis caused lethal disease in several mouse strains. lethality depended upon the dose and route of inoculation. the lethal dose for 50% of the mice (ld50) in four of six mouse strains (a/j, balb/chsd, c3h/henhsd, and swr/j) given an intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation was less than 10 cfu. for the other two strains tested, c3h/hej and c57bl/6j, the i.p. log ld50 was 1.5 and 2.7, respectively. similar susceptibility was observed in mice inoculated ... | 1991 | 1879918 |
| the t-cell-stimulating 17-kilodalton protein of francisella tularensis lvs is a lipoprotein. | a t-cell-stimulating, membrane-located 17-kda protein of the live vaccine strain francisella tularensis lvs has previously been cloned and sequenced. in the present study, it is shown to be a lipoprotein. when f. tularensis was grown in the presence of [3h]palmitate, several proteins of the organism, including a 17-kda protein, were radiolabeled. the labeled 17-kda protein was found by western blot (immunoblot) analysis to be identical to the cloned protein. it was located in the detergent phase ... | 1991 | 1879938 |
| growth of francisella spp. in rodent macrophages. | we examined the nature of the interactions between the facultative intracellular pathogens francisella tularensis and f. novicida and rodent macrophages. growth of f. tularensis lvs was observed in macrophage monolayers from mice, guinea pigs, or rats. in contrast, f. novicida grew in macrophages from mice and guinea pigs but not in macrophages from rats. transmission electron microscopy studies indicated that both francisella species survive within macrophage phagosomes that are unfused with ly ... | 1991 | 1879943 |
| [an electron microscopic study of the intercellular contact of a vaccinal strain of francisella tularensis with gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria]. | the use of transmission electron microscopy (the negative contrast and ultrathin section techniques) has made it possible to show that f. tularensis vaccine strain is capable, under normal conditions and in mixtures with other gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, of forming cell aggregations with close contacts between cells, this contact being probably irreversible. the ultrastructure of bacteria taking part in the formation of intercellular contacts remains intact. | 1991 | 1882602 |
| [the dependence of the functional activity of "immune" macrophages on t-cells]. | the dependence of the functional activity of the peritoneal macrophages of mice immunized with francisella tularensis vaccine strain on the presence of t-cells in the culture has been studied. the elimination of "immune" macrophages and sensitized t-lymphocytes by means of anti-thy-1-2-serum has been shown to lead to a sharp decrease in both ingestive and digestive functions of the phagocytic mononuclears of peritoneal exudate to the level of the activity of macrophages isolated from intact anim ... | 1991 | 1882612 |
| production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies directed against the lipopolysaccharide of francisella tularensis. | two monoclonal antibodies (ft14 and ft2f11) directed against the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of francisella tularensis were produced for use in tests to detect the organism in environmental samples and clinical specimens. the specificity of the antibodies was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunoblotting. both antibodies detected lps from f. tularensis by elisa, but only one antibody, ft14, was serologically active in an immunoblot. treatment of the lps with detergents ... | 1991 | 1885735 |
| epidemiology and clinical characteristics of tularemia in oklahoma, 1979 to 1985. | we studied the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of tularemia in 165 oklahomans from 1979 to 1985. the ulceroglandular form of the disease was most common (60%), followed by typhoidal (18%), glandular (15%), oropharyngeal (7%), and oculoglandular (1%) forms. the male-female ratio was 3.7:1, and the highest rates of disease were found in the age groups 5 to 14, 35 to 44, and 55 to 74. ticks were most frequently implicated as the source of infection (84/154 [55%]), followed by rabbits, (5 ... | 1991 | 1891728 |