| phylogenetic analysis of the spirochetes. | the 16s rrna sequences were determined for species of spirochaeta, treponema, borrelia, leptospira, leptonema, and serpula, using a modified sanger method of direct rna sequencing. analysis of aligned 16s rrna sequences indicated that the spirochetes form a coherent taxon composed of six major clusters or groups. the first group, termed the treponemes, was divided into two subgroups. the first treponeme subgroup consisted of treponema pallidum, treponema phagedenis, treponema denticola, a thermo ... | 1991 | 1917844 |
| comparison of three dispersion procedures for quantitative recovery of cultivable species of subgingival spirochetes. | spirochetes are usually the predominant organisms observed microscopically in subgingival plaques removed from tooth sites associated with periodontitis, but these organisms are rarely isolated by cultural means, presumably because the media do not support their growth and/or because these fragile organisms are disrupted by the various procedures used to disperse plaque samples. in the present investigation, three dispersal procedures, sonification, mechanical mixing, and homogenization, were co ... | 1987 | 3320092 |
| microscopic agglutination and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of oral anaerobic spirochetes. | microscopic agglutination (ma) analysis and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) were used to determine strain and species similarities and dissimilarities among three species of oral anaerobic spirochetes, treponema denticola, treponema pectinovorum, and treponema vincentii. the ma analysis revealed a diversity of serologic reactivity or sharing of common antigens within each species. however, there was no cross-reactivity or sharing of common antigens among the ... | 1986 | 3745424 |
| diversity of cultivable and uncultivable oral spirochetes from a patient with severe destructive periodontitis. | to determine the genetic diversity of cultivable and uncultivable spirochetes in the gingival crevice of a patient with severe periodontitis, partial 16s rrna genes were cloned from pcr-amplified products of dna and rna extracted from a subgingival plaque sample. approximately 500 bp were amplified in pcrs by using universally conserved primers with polylinker tails. purified pcr products were cloned into escherichia coli by using the plasmid vector puc19. the resultant clone library was screene ... | 1994 | 8168954 |
| dentilisin activity affects the organization of the outer sheath of treponema denticola. | prolyl-phenylalanine-specific serine protease (dentilisin) is a major extracellular protease produced by treponema denticola. the gene, prtp, coding for the protease was recently cloned and sequenced (k. ishihara, t. miura, h. k. kuramitsu, and k. okuda, infect. immun. 64:5178-5186, 1996). in order to determine the role of this protease in the physiology and virulence of t. denticola, a dentilisin-deficient mutant, k1, was constructed following electroporation with a prtp-inactivated dna fragmen ... | 1998 | 9683480 |
| cloning and characterization of a gene (mspa) encoding the major sheath protein of treponema maltophilum atcc 51939(t). | the major sheath protein-encoding gene (mspa) of the oral spirochete treponema maltophilum atcc 51939(t) was cloned by screening a genomic library with an anti-outer membrane fraction antibody. the mspa gene encodes a precursor protein of 575 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 62.3 kda, including a signal peptide of 19 amino acids. the native mspa formed a heat-modifiable, detergent- and trypsin-stable complex which is associated with the outer membrane. hybridization with an mspa-sp ... | 1999 | 9922270 |
| identification of seven treponema species in health- and disease-associated dental plaque by nested pcr. | species-specific nested pcr was used to detect treponema amylovorum, treponema denticola, treponema maltophilum, treponema medium, treponema pectinovorum, treponema socranskii, and treponema vincentii in dental plaque. subjects with periodontitis harbored all species, but t. pectinovorum and t. vincentii were not found in plaque from disease-free subjects. | 1999 | 9986879 |
| lack of humoral immune protection against treponema denticola virulence in a murine model. | this study investigated the characteristics of humoral immune responses to treponema denticola following primary infection, reinfection, and active immunization, as well as immune protection in mice. primary infection with t. denticola induced a significant (400-fold) serum immunoglobulin g (igg) response compared to that in control uninfected mice. the igg response to reinfection was 20, 000-fold higher than that for control mice and 10-fold higher than that for primary infection. mice actively ... | 1999 | 10531223 |
| identification of a treponema denticola oppa homologue that binds host proteins present in the subgingival environment. | proteins secreted or exported by treponema denticola have been implicated as mediators of specific interactions between the spirochete and subgingival tissues in periodontal diseases. however, limited information is available on the ability of this peptidolytic organism to bind or transport soluble peptides present in the subgingival environment. a prominent 70-kda protein was isolated from surface extracts of t. denticola atcc 35405. a clone expressing a portion of the protein was identified in ... | 2000 | 10722578 |
| cloning and expression of two novel hemin binding protein genes from treponema denticola. | treponema denticola does not appear to produce siderophores, so it must acquire iron by other pathways. indeed, t. denticola has been shown to have an iron-regulated 44-kda outer membrane protein (hbpa) with hemin binding ability. to characterize the hbpa protein, its gene was cloned from genomic dna libraries of t. denticola. sequence analysis of the hbpa open reading frame indicated that it encoded a 42.8-kda protein with a 23-amino-acid signal peptide. hbpa has no significant homology to any ... | 2001 | 11401987 |
| biological characterization of lipopolysaccharide from treponema pectinovorum. | this study investigated the endotoxic and biological properties of purified lipopolysaccharide (lps) isolated from an oral spirochete, treponema pectinovorum. endotoxicity, measured by limulus amoebocyte lysate kinetic assay, showed that the lps contained 1.28 endotoxin units per microg of purified lps, which was approximately 4,000 times less than escherichia coli o55:b5 lps. to determine in vivo endotoxicity, lps responder mice were administered lps following galactosamine (galn) sensitization ... | 2002 | 11748185 |
| role of glutathione metabolism of treponema denticola in bacterial growth and virulence expression. | hydrogen sulfide (h(2)s) is a major metabolic end product detected in deep periodontal pockets that is produced by resident periodontopathic microbiota associated with the progression of periodontitis. treponema denticola, a member of the subgingival biofilm at disease sites, produces cystalysin, an enzyme that catabolizes cysteine, releasing h(2)s. the metabolic pathway leading to h(2)s formation in periodontal pockets has not been determined. we used a variety of thiol compounds as substrates ... | 2002 | 11854190 |
| detection and quantification of oral treponemes in subgingival plaque by real-time pcr. | oral treponemes have been associated with periodontal diseases. we developed a highly sensitive and specific method to detect and quantify cultivable oral treponemes (treponema denticola, treponema vincentii, and treponema medium) in 50 subgingival plaque samples from 13 healthy subjects as well as 37 patients with periodontal diseases using real-time pcr assays with specific primers and a taqman probe for each 16s rrna sequence. the specificity for each assay was examined by using dna specimens ... | 2002 | 12202575 |
| comparison of the genome of the oral pathogen treponema denticola with other spirochete genomes. | we present the complete 2,843,201-bp genome sequence of treponema denticola (atcc 35405) an oral spirochete associated with periodontal disease. analysis of the t. denticola genome reveals factors mediating coaggregation, cell signaling, stress protection, and other competitive and cooperative measures, consistent with its pathogenic nature and lifestyle within the mixed-species environment of subgingival dental plaque. comparisons with previously sequenced spirochete genomes revealed specific f ... | 2004 | 15064399 |
| upregulation of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and proinflammatory cytokines by the major surface proteins of treponema maltophilum and treponema lecithinolyticum, the phylogenetic group iv oral spirochetes associated with periodontitis and endodontic infections. | treponema maltophilum and treponema lecithinolyticum belong to the group iv oral spirochetes and are associated with endodontic infections, as well as periodontitis. recently, the genes encoding the major surface proteins (msps) of these bacteria (mspa and msptl, respectively) were cloned and sequenced. the amino acid sequences of these proteins showed significant similarity. in this study we analyzed the functional role of these homologous proteins in human monocytic thp-1 cells and primary cul ... | 2005 | 15618163 |
| binding properties and adhesion-mediating regions of the major sheath protein of treponema denticola atcc 35405. | there is growing evidence that a number of oral treponema species, in particular treponema denticola, are associated with the progression of human periodontal disease. the major sheath (or surface) protein (msp) of t. denticola is implicated in adhesion of bacteria to host cells and tissue proteins and is likely to be an important virulence factor. however, the binding regions of the msp are not known. we have purified from escherichia coli recombinant msp (rmsp) polypeptides corresponding to th ... | 2005 | 15845495 |
| use of the genomic subtractive hybridization technique to develop a real-time pcr assay for quantitative detection of prevotella spp. in oral biofilm samples. | genomic subtractive hybridization was used to design prevotella nigrescens-specific primers and taqman probes. based on this technique, a taqman real-time pcr assay was developed for quantifying four oral black-pigmented prevotella species. the combination of real-time pcr and genomic subtractive hybridization is useful for preparing species-specific primer-probe sets for closely related species. | 2005 | 15956428 |
| spirochaeta coccoides sp. nov., a novel coccoid spirochete from the hindgut of the termite neotermes castaneus. | a novel spirochete strain, spn1, was isolated from the hindgut contents of the termite neotermes castaneus. the highest similarities (about 90%) of the strain spn1 16s rrna gene sequence are with spirochetes belonging to the genus spirochaeta, and thus, the isolate could not be assigned to the so-called termite clusters of the treponemes or to a known species of the genus spirochaeta. therefore, it represents a novel species, which was named spirochaeta coccoides. in contrast to all other known ... | 2006 | 16391069 |
| detection of azithromycin resistance in treponema pallidum by real-time pcr. | we describe a real-time pcr assay for the discrimination of azithromycin-resistant and -susceptible strains of treponema pallidum. this assay is rapid and allows for as many as 30 clinical specimens to be analyzed simultaneously without the need for dna sequencing. | 2007 | 17620374 |
| immune response and alveolar bone resorption in a mouse model of treponema denticola infection. | treponema denticola is considered to be an agent strongly associated with periodontal disease. the lack of an animal infection model has hampered the understanding of t. denticola pathogenesis and the host's immune response to infection. in this study, we have established an oral infection model in mice, demonstrating that infection by oral inoculation is feasible. the presence of t. denticola in the oral cavities of the animals was confirmed by pcr. mice given t. denticola developed a specific ... | 2009 | 19015247 |
| immune response and alveolar bone resorption in a mouse model of treponema denticola infection. | treponema denticola is considered to be an agent strongly associated with periodontal disease. the lack of an animal infection model has hampered the understanding of t. denticola pathogenesis and the host's immune response to infection. in this study, we have established an oral infection model in mice, demonstrating that infection by oral inoculation is feasible. the presence of t. denticola in the oral cavities of the animals was confirmed by pcr. mice given t. denticola developed a specific ... | 2009 | 19015247 |
| expression profiling and cross-species rna interference (rnai) of desiccation-induced transcripts in the anhydrobiotic nematode aphelenchus avenae. | some organisms can survive extreme desiccation by entering a state of suspended animation known as anhydrobiosis. the free-living mycophagous nematode aphelenchus avenae can be induced to enter anhydrobiosis by pre-exposure to moderate reductions in relative humidity (rh) prior to extreme desiccation. this preconditioning phase is thought to allow modification of the transcriptome by activation of genes required for desiccation tolerance. | 2010 | 20085654 |
| alzheimer's disease - a neurospirochetosis. analysis of the evidence following koch's and hill's criteria. | abstract: it is established that chronic spirochetal infection can cause slowly progressive dementia, brain atrophy and amyloid deposition in late neurosyphilis. recently it has been suggested that various types of spirochetes, in an analogous way to treponema pallidum, could cause dementia and may be involved in the pathogenesis of alzheimer's disease (ad). here, we review all data available in the literature on the detection of spirochetes in ad and critically analyze the association and causa ... | 2011 | 21816039 |
| can oral infection be a risk factor for alzheimer's disease? | alzheimer's disease (ad) is a scourge of longevity that will drain enormous resources from public health budgets in the future. currently, there is no diagnostic biomarker and/or treatment for this most common form of dementia in humans. ad can be of early familial-onset or sporadic with a late-onset. apart from the two main hallmarks, amyloid-beta and neurofibrillary tangles, inflammation is a characteristic feature of ad neuropathology. inflammation may be caused by a local central nervous sys ... | 2015 | 26385886 |
| treponema diversity in root canals with endodontic failure. | this study sought to investigate the prevalence of eight oral treponemas (treponema denticola, t. amylovorum, t. maltophilum, t. medium, t. pectinovorum, t. socranskii, t. vicentii and t. lecithinolyticum) in teeth with endodontic treatment failure and periapical lesion. | 2013 | 23408792 |
| towards microbiome transplant as a therapy for periodontitis: an exploratory study of periodontitis microbial signature contrasted by oral health, caries and edentulism. | conventional periodontal therapy aims at controlling supra- and subgingival biofilms. although periodontal therapy was shown to improve periodontal health, it does not completely arrest the disease. almost all subjects compliant with periodontal maintenance continue to experience progressive clinical attachment loss and a fraction of them loses teeth. an oral microbial transplant may be a new alternative for treating periodontitis (inspired by fecal transplant). first, it must be established tha ... | 2015 | 26468081 |
| the influence of smoking on the peri-implant microbiome. | smokers are at high risk for 2 bacterially driven oral diseases: peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to use a deep-sequencing approach to identify the effect of smoking on the peri-implant microbiome in states of health and disease. peri-implant biofilm samples were collected from 80 partially edentulous subjects with peri-implant health, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis. bacterial dna was isolated and 16s ribsomal rna gene li ... | 2015 | 26124222 |
| cytokine responses to treponema pectinovorum and treponema denticola in human gingival fibroblasts. | human gingival fibroblasts were challenged with treponema pectinovorum and treponema denticola to test three specific hypotheses: (i) these treponemes induce different cytokine profiles from the fibroblasts, (ii) differences in cytokine profiles are observed after challenge with live versus killed treponemes, and (iii) differences in cytokine profiles are noted from different gingival fibroblast cell lines when challenged with these treponemes. three normal gingival fibroblast cell cultures were ... | 2000 | 10948156 |
| environmental modulation of oral treponeme virulence in a murine model. | this investigation examined the effects of environmental alteration on the virulence of the oral treponemes treponema denticola and treponema pectinovorum. the environmental effects were assessed by using a model of localized inflammatory abscesses in mice. in vitro growth of t. denticola and t. pectinovorum as a function of modification of the cysteine concentration significantly enhanced abscess formation and size. in contrast, growth of t. denticola or t. pectinovorum under iron-limiting cond ... | 1999 | 10338481 |
| identification, isolation, and characterization of the 42-kilodalton major outer membrane protein (mompa) from treponema pectinovorum atcc 33768. | the major protein present in the isolated outer membrane of treponema pectinovorum atcc 33768, mompa, was identified, purified, and characterized. immuno-gold electron microscopy, using anti-mompa serum, and cell fractionation experiments confirmed the localization of mompa to the outer membrane. mompa was determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to have a molecular mass of 42 kda when heat denatured, whereas native mompa formed a number of detergent-stable forms w ... | 1997 | 9335294 |
| pectinolytic enzymes of oral spirochetes from humans. | five strains of obligately anaerobic, pectin-fermenting spirochetes were isolated from the subgingival plaque of humans. the strains produced two extracellular enzymatic activities that functioned in pectin degradation. one of these enzymatic activities was pectin methylesterase (ec 3.1.1.11), and the other was pectate lyase (ec 4.2.2.2) of the endo type. the data indicate that the cumulative action of these two enzymatic activities brought about depolymerization of pectin in spirochete cultures ... | 1984 | 6383218 |
| genome analysis and characterisation of the exopolysaccharide produced by bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum 35624™. | the bifibobacterium longum subsp. longum 35624™ strain (formerly named bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis) is a well described probiotic with clinical efficacy in irritable bowel syndrome clinical trials and induces immunoregulatory effects in mice and in humans. this paper presents (a) the genome sequence of the organism allowing the assignment to its correct subspeciation longum; (b) a comparative genome assessment with other b. longum strains and (c) the molecular structure of the 35624 e ... | 2016 | 27656878 |
| comparative analysis of oral treponemes associated with periodontal health and disease. | periodontal diseases, such as periodontitis, are chronic inflammatory infections affecting the gingivae (gums), underlying connective tissues and bone that support the teeth. oral treponemes (genus treponema) are widely-considered to play important roles in periodontal disease etiology and pathogenesis; however, precise relationships remain to be fully established. | 2013 | 23578286 |
| monitoring the prevalence of viable and dead cariogenic bacteria in oral specimens and in vitro biofilms by qpcr combined with propidium monoazide. | streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sobrinus are associated with the development of dental caries in humans. however, previous diagnostic systems are unsuitable for monitoring viable cell numbers in oral specimens. assessing the relationship between the numbers of viable and dead bacterial cells and oral status is important for understanding oral infectious diseases. propidium monoazide (pma) has been reported to penetrate dead cells following membrane damage and to cross-link dna, thereby in ... | 2013 | 23848601 |
| gingipains from porphyromonas gingivalis - complex domain structures confer diverse functions. | gingipains, a group of arginine or lysine specific cysteine proteinases (also known as rgpa, rgpb and kgp), have been recognized as major virulence factors in porphyromonas gingivalis. this bacterium is one of a handful of pathogens that cause chronic periodontitis. gingipains are involved in adherence to and colonization of epithelial cells, haemagglutination and haemolysis of erythrocytes, disruption and manipulation of the inflammatory response, and the degradation of host proteins and tissue ... | 2011 | 24466435 |
| virulence factors of the oral spirochete treponema denticola. | there is compelling evidence that treponemes are involved in the etiology of several chronic diseases, including chronic periodontitis as well as other forms of periodontal disease. there are interesting parallels with other chronic diseases caused by treponemes that may indicate similar virulence characteristics. chronic periodontitis is a polymicrobial disease, and recent animal studies indicate that co-infection of treponema denticola with other periodontal pathogens can enhance alveolar bone ... | 2010 | 20940357 |
| molecular characterization of treponema denticola infection-induced bone and soft tissue transcriptional profiles. | treponema denticola is associated with subgingival biofilms in adult periodontitis and with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. however, the molecular mechanisms by which t. denticola impacts periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone resorption remain unclear. here, we examined changes in the host transcriptional profiles during a t. denticola infection using a murine calvarial model of inflammation and bone resorption. t. denticola was injected into the subcutaneous soft tissue over the c ... | 2010 | 20618700 |