| avian influenza h5n1 in tigers and leopards. | influenza virus is not known to affect wild felids. we demonstrate that avian influenza a (h5n1) virus caused severe pneumonia in tigers and leopards that fed on infected poultry carcasses. this finding extends the host range of influenza virus and has implications for influenza virus epidemiology and wildlife conservation. | 2004 | 15663858 |
| probable tiger-to-tiger transmission of avian influenza h5n1. | during the second outbreak of avian influenza h5n1 in thailand, probable horizontal transmission among tigers was demonstrated in the tiger zoo. sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of those viruses showed no differences from the first isolate obtained in january 2004. this finding has implications for influenza virus epidemiology and pathogenicity in mammals. | 2005 | 15890122 |
| single step multiplex real-time rt-pcr for h5n1 influenza a virus detection. | h5n1 influenza a virus causes a rapidly fatal systemic disease in domestic poultry and spreads directly from poultry to mammalian species such as leopards, tigers and humans. the aim of this study was to develop a multiplex real-time rt-pcr for rapid detection of h5n1 influenza a virus. the selected primers and various labeled taqman mgb reporter probes corresponding to m, h5 and n1 were used in a single step multiplex real-time rt-pcr to simultaneously detect triple fluorescent signals. in orde ... | 2006 | 16183140 |
| genetic characterization of h5n1 influenza a viruses isolated from zoo tigers in thailand. | the h5n1 avian influenza virus outbreak among zoo tigers in mid-october 2004, with 45 animals dead, indicated that the avian influenza virus could cause lethal infection in a large mammalian species apart from humans. in this outbreak investigation, six h5n1 isolates were identified and two isolates (a/tiger/thailand/cu-t3/04 and a/tiger/thailand/cu-t7/04) were selected for whole genome analysis. phylogenetic analysis of the 8 gene segments showed that the viruses clustered within the lineage of ... | 2006 | 16194557 |
| public health risk from avian influenza viruses. | since 1997, avian influenza (ai) virus infections in poultry have taken on new significance, with increasing numbers of cases involving bird-to-human transmission and the resulting production of clinically severe and fatal human infections. such human infections have been sporadic and are caused by h7n7 and h5n1 high-pathogenicity (hp) and h9n2 low-pathogenicity (lp) ai viruses in europe and asia. these infections have raised the level of concern by human health agencies for the potential reasso ... | 2005 | 16252482 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1, thailand, 2004. | in january 2004, highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus of the h5n1 subtype was first confirmed in poultry and humans in thailand. control measures, e.g., culling poultry flocks, restricting poultry movement, and improving hygiene, were implemented. poultry populations in 1,417 villages in 60 of 76 provinces were affected in 2004. a total of 83% of infected flocks confirmed by laboratories were backyard chickens (56%) or ducks (27%). outbreaks were concentrated in the central, the southe ... | 2005 | 16318716 |
| [construction and experimental immunity of recombinant replication-competent canine adenovirus type 2 expressing hemagglutinin gene of h5n1 subtype tiger influenza virus]. | h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was highly pathogenic and sometimes even fatal for tigers and cats. to develop a new type of vaccine for felidae influenza prevention, recombinant replication-competent canine adenovirus type 2 expressing hemagglutinin gene of h5n1 subtype tiger influenza virus was constructed. a/tiger/harbin/01/2003 (hsn1) ha gene was cloned into pvax1. the ha expression cassette which included cmv and ha and polya was ligated into the e3 deletion region of pvaxdelta ... | 2006 | 16736595 |
| genetic characterization of influenza a viruses (h5n1) isolated from 3rd wave of thailand ai outbreaks. | three major outbreaks of avian influenza (ai) occurred in thailand. during the third episode in october 2005, we have isolated h5n1 viruses from one human case and three poultry cases. the whole genomes of ai viruses from human, chickens and quail from the outbreaks were characterized. sequence analysis of eight gene segments revealed that the 2005 h5n1 viruses isolated in october 2005 were closely related to those recovered from chicken, tiger(s) and human(s) in january and july 2004. in additi ... | 2006 | 16935377 |
| h5n1 oseltamivir-resistance detection by real-time pcr using two high sensitivity labeled taqman probes. | a single amino acid substitution, from histidine to tyrosine at position 274 of the neuraminidase gene has converted oseltamivir sensitive h5n1 influenza a virus into a resistant strain. currently, oseltamivir is being stockpiled in many countries potentially affected by the influenza a virus subtype h5n1 epidemic. to identify this change in oseltamivir-treated patients, a method based on real-time pcr using two labeled taqman probes was developed for its rapid detection. in order to validate th ... | 2007 | 17055070 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus in cats and other carnivores. | the asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus is a known pathogen of birds. only recently, the virus has been reported to cause sporadic fatal disease in carnivores, and its zoonotic potential has been dominating the popular media. attention to felids was drawn by two outbreaks with high mortality in tigers, leopards and other exotic felids in thailand. subsequently, domestic cats were found naturally infected and experimentally susceptible to h5n1 virus. a high susceptib ... | 2007 | 17250978 |
| surveillance activities and molecular analysis of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses from thailand, 2004-2005. | avian influenza (ai) outbreaks were first reported in thailand in january 2004. in the past 2 yr, ai viruses have caused three epidemic waves. disease prevention and control in all aspects have been actively carried out. active and passive surveillance based on clinical observation and laboratory analysis were intensively conducted, as well as monitoring of genetic variation of the viruses. h5n1 viruses isolated from different avian species from different cases and locations were selected. we ha ... | 2007 | 17494553 |
| [study on the histopathology of cats inoculated with h5n1 subtype high pathogenic avian influenza virus originated from tigers]. | in this study, the hpaiv a/tiger/harbin/01/2002 (h5n1) used was originated from tigers and propagated in spf embryonated hen eggs. tcid5, of the virus was 10(-7.36)/0. 05ml on mdck cell. the cats were inoculated through bronchus route and then, the cats of dead and control were collected for histopathological and immunohistochemistry examination. meanwhile, the emulsion supernatant fluid of organs and the pharyngeal swab samples of the dead cats were collected for rt-pcr, survived cats and the c ... | 2007 | 18092686 |
| complete genome analysis of a highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza a virus isolated from a tiger in china. | an influenza a virus (a/tig/sh/01/2005 (h5n1) was isolated from lung tissue samples of a dead zoo tiger with respiratory disease in china in july 2005. complete genome analysis indicated that the isolate was highly identical to an h5n1 virus isolated from a migratory duck at poyang lake in china in that year. the genotype of the isolate was k,g,d,5j,f,1j,f,1e, and phylogenetically it was a clade 2.2 virus. molecular characterization of all of the gene segments revealed characteristics of highly ... | 2008 | 18592132 |
| molecular epidemiological analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 subtype isolated from poultry and wild bird in thailand. | a comprehensive molecular epidemiological analysis was performed on highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of the h5n1 subtype derived from poultry and wild bird during 2004-2007 in thailand. sequence analysis followed by phylogenetic analysis was applied to all eight segments of the viruses. viruses belonging to clades 1 and 2.3.4 in the ha phylogenetic tree have been shown to circulate in thailand. our analysis revealed differential evolution of the hpai viruses among clade 1 strains ... | 2008 | 18801394 |
| pathological lesions and viral localization of influenza a (h5n1) virus in experimentally infected chinese rhesus macaques: implications for pathogenesis and viral transmission. | chinese rhesus macaques infected with influenza virus a/tiger/harbin/01/2002 (h5n1) developed acute interstitial pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage. the results of virus isolation, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization showed that the lung was the major target organ of the h5n1 virus infection. no virus was detected in the extrapulmonary organs. the results of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization also showed that pneumocyte ... | 2009 | 19130169 |
| fatal influenza a (h5n1) virus infection in zoo-housed tigers in yunnan province, china. | from 2014 to 2015, three cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza infection occurred in zoo-housed north-east china tigers (panthera tigris ssp.altaica) and four tigers died of respiratory distress in succession in yunnan province, china. we isolated and characterized three highly pathogenic avian influenza a(h5n1) viruses from these tigers. phylogenetic analysis indicated that a/tiger /yunnan /tig1404 /2014(h5n1) belongs to the provisional subclade 2.3.4.4e which were novel reassortant influe ... | 2016 | 27162026 |
| lethal infection by a novel reassortant h5n1 avian influenza a virus in a zoo-housed tiger. | in early 2013, a bengal tiger (panthera tigris) in a zoo died of respiratory distress. all specimens from the tiger were positive for hpai h5n1, which were detected by real-time pcr, including nose swab, throat swab, tracheal swab, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, aquae pericardii and cerebrospinal fluid. one stain of virus, a/tiger/js/1/2013, was isolated from the lung sample. pathogenicity experiments showed that the isolate was able to replicate and cause death in mice. phylogenetic analys ... | 2015 | 25461468 |
| the innate immunity of guinea pigs against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection. | h5n1 avian influenza viruses are a major pandemic concern. in contrast to the highly virulent phenotype of h5n1 in humans and many animal models, guinea pigs do not typically display signs of severe disease in response to h5n1 virus infection. here, proteomic and transcriptional profiling were applied to identify host factors that account for the observed attenuation of a/tiger/harbin/01/2002 (h5n1) virulence in guinea pigs. rig-i and numerous interferon stimulated genes were among host proteins ... | 2017 | 28418930 |
| clade 2.3.2.1 h5n1 avian influenza viruses circulate at the interface of migratory and domestic birds around qinghai lake in china. | during 2012-2015, six h5n1 avian influenza viruses were isolated from domestic birds and the environment around qinghai lake. phylogenetic analysis of ha genes revealed that a/chicken/gansu/xg2/2012 (ck/gs/xg2/12) belonged to clade 2.3.2.1a, while a/environment/qinghai/1/2013 (en/qh/1/13), a/chicken/qinghai/qh1/2015 (ck/qh/qh1/15), a/chicken/qinghai/qh2/2015 (ck/qh/qh2/15), a/chicken/qinghai/qh3/2015 (ck/qh/qh3/15), and a/goose/qinghai/qh6/2015 (gs/qh/qh6/15) belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c. further ... | 2019 | 31383307 |