| molecular evolution of human paramyxoviruses. nucleotide sequence analyses of the human parainfluenza type 1 virus np and m protein genes and construction of phylogenetic trees for all the human paramyxoviruses. | the nucleotide sequences of the np and m genes of human parainfluenza type 1 virus (hpiv-1) were determined. the np gene was 1677 nucleotides long excluding polyadenylic acid. the np gene contained a single large open reading frame (orf), which encoded a polypeptide of 524 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 57,736. the m gene 1173 nucleotides long excluding the poly(a) tract and the sequence also contained a single large orf which encoded a polypeptide of 348 amino acid with a mol ... | 1992 | 1605738 |
| strain variation in parainfluenza virus type 4. | variations in epitopes on structural proteins of four isolates of parainfluenza virus type 4 (piv-4) and the mr of polypeptides in these isolates were determined by radioimmune precipitation assay with monoclonal antibodies to parainfluenza virus type 4a (piv-4a) and type 4b (piv-4b). three isolates antigenically resembled the prototype piv-4a and the sizes of their structural proteins were 72k (hn protein), 61k (f0 protein), 61k (np protein) and 40k (m protein). however, one virus isolate showe ... | 1990 | 1695674 |
| immunological relationships between parainfluenza virus type 4 and other paramyxoviruses studied by use of monoclonal antibodies. | these results demonstrated that cross-reactions between mumps virus, piv-2, piv-4, and sv5 involve both internal components and surface glycoproteins and that these viruses form a separate group within the paramyxovirus genus. | 1991 | 1848067 |
| isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to human parainfluenza virus type 4 and their use in revealing antigenic relation between subtypes 4a and 4b. | eighty monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against parainfluenza virus type 4(piv-4) were isolated and characterized. of 50 mabs against piv-4a, 14 reacted with the nucleocapsid (np) protein, 11 with the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoprotein, 6 with the fusion (f) glycoprotein, and 19 with the matrix (m) protein. with the aid of the piv-4a and piv-2 specific mabs showing cross-reactivity with piv-4b, the structural proteins of piv-4b were identified. gp72, p65, gp65, gp55, p53, and p40 of piv-4 ... | 1989 | 2472703 |
| immunological response of monkeys infected intranasally with human parainfluenza virus type 4. | this report describes our attempt to establish an experimental animal model for human parainfluenza virus type 4a (hpiv-4a) and 4b (hpiv-4b) infection, which was used to study the immune response to the viruses. monkeys were inoculated intranasally with the viruses, and at 10 weeks post-infection they were re-infected with homologous subtype viruses. virus-specific igm and igg serum antibodies were measured by elisa. a small peak of igm antibody was detected in the monkeys re-infected with hpiv- ... | 1989 | 2481714 |
| virus-specific polypeptides of human parainfluenza virus type 4 and their synthesis in infected cells. | we have studied the structural components of human parainfluenza virus type 4a (piv-4a) and identified some virus-specific polypeptides by immunoprecipitation with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies followed by one- or two-dimensional sds-page. hn polypeptides existed as monomer, disulfide-linked dimer, and disulfide-linked larger oligomer in cells infected with piv-4a. interestingly, the nonreduced np, the nonreduced fusion, and the reduced f1 proteins migrated as doublets. two f1 polypeptide ... | 1989 | 2545032 |
| [conservativism of the matrix protein of paramyxoviruses]. | cross reactions among paramyxoviruses were determined by the immunoblot method. human parainfluenza viruses, types 1-3, avian parainfluenza virus type 4, mumps, sendai, and measles viruses were used. antisera to human parainfluenza viruses were shown to cross-interact with proteins np and m of other types, and all antisera to the members of paramyxovirus genus cross-reacted with m proteins of other paramyxoviruses. no cross reactions with measles virus proteins were observed. it is concluded tha ... | 1989 | 2609644 |
| immunological interrelationships among human and non-human paramyxoviruses revealed by immunoprecipitation. | antigenic interrelationships among paramyxoviruses were examined by immunoprecipitation of isotope-labelled virus-infected cell lysates with specific antisera against virions or virus components. sendai virus, human parainfluenza virus type 1 (pa-1) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (pa-3) belonged to one antigenic group, and human parainfluenza virus type 2 (pa-2), human parainfluenza virus type 4 (pa-4), mumps virus (muv) and simian virus 5 to a second group. furthermore, the human paramyxo ... | 1987 | 3572366 |
| [strains of parainfluenza virus type 4, isolated in a day nursery]. | | 1966 | 4293708 |
| infections due to parainfluenza virus type 4 in children. | parainfluenza viruses are a major cause of hospitalization for respiratory illness in children. the spectrum of clinical illness associated with infection due to parainfluenza type 4 virus has not been well defined. it is technically difficult to isolate the virus in tissue culture, and because illness is generally reported to be mild, in many cases, patients may not seek medical attention. we describe a series of 10 children with parainfluenza type 4 virus infection who were seen at the montrea ... | 1993 | 8110959 |
| acute lower respiratory illnesses during the first three years of life: potential roles for various etiologic agents. the group health medical associates. | lower respiratory tract illnesses (lris) occurring during the first 3 years of life among children enrolled in the tucson children's respiratory study have been studied for evidence of viral, mycoplasmal and chlamydia trachomatis infections. this report examines those from whom adequate acute and convalescent sera were available at the time of the lri. two groups were compared: those in whom culture and/or antigen detection yielded an etiologic agent (n = 110); and those who did not (culture neg ... | 1993 | 8380234 |
| sequence analyses of human parainfluenza virus type 4a and type 4b fusion proteins. | cdnas encoding human parainfluenza virus type 4a and type 4b (hpiv-4a and -4b) fusion (f) proteins were cloned and sequenced. the predicted amino acid sequences of the f proteins had similar characteristic traits to those reported for the f proteins of other paramyxoviruses. they were more closely related to the f proteins of simian virus 5 (sv5), mumps virus (muv), hpiv-2 and newcastle disease virus (ndv) than to the f proteins of hpiv-1, hpiv-3, sendai virus (sv) and measles virus (mv). in add ... | 1995 | 8847531 |
| parainfluenza virus type 4 infections in pediatric patients. | the purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and epidemiology of parainfluenza virus type 4 infections in pediatric patients. | 1997 | 9002098 |
| simultaneous detection and identification of human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3 from clinical samples by multiplex pcr. | reverse transcription (rt)-pcr assays have been widely described for use in the diagnosis of human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) and other respiratory virus pathogens. however, these assays are mostly monospecific, requiring separate amplifications for each hpiv type. in the present work, we describe multiplex rt-pcr assays that detect and differentiate hpiv serotypes 1, 2, and 3 in a combined reaction. specifically, a mixture of three pairs of primers to conserved regions of the hemagglutinin-n ... | 1998 | 9574711 |
| detection and identification of human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, 3, and 4 in clinical samples of pediatric patients by multiplex reverse transcription-pcr. | we describe a multiplex reverse transcription-pcr (m-rt-pcr) assay that is able to detect and differentiate all known human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs). serial dilution experiments with reference strains that compared cell culture isolation and m-rt-pcr showed sensitivities ranging from 0.0004 50% tissue culture infective dose (tcid(50)) for hpiv type 4b (hpiv-4b) to 32 tcid(50)s for hpiv-3. as few as 10 plasmids containing hpiv pcr products could be detected in all cases. when 201 nasopharyng ... | 2000 | 10699020 |
| incomplete replication of human parainfluenza virus type 4 in llc-mk2 cells and in l929 cells. | human parainfluenza virus type 4a (hpiv-4a) and type 4b (hpiv-4b) were tested for their ability to replicate in the monkey kidney llc-mk2 cell line (mk2 cells) and the murine l929 cell line (l929 cells). these cells are normally non-permissive for replication of hpiv-4; however, treatment with acetylated trypsin led to virus replication in mk2 cells, but was less effective for l929 cells. endogenously produced interferon (ifn) played no role in virus replication in l929 cells. synthesis of virus ... | 2000 | 10917155 |
| parainfluenza virus type 4: case report and review of the literature. | | 2000 | 11001119 |
| human parainfluenza type 4 infection: a case report highlighting pathogenicity and difficulties in rapid diagnosis in the post-transplant setting. | | 2002 | 11960279 |
| human parainfluenza type 4 virus (hpiv4) infection provoking many questions regarding the role of this virus as the causative agent of respiratory tract infections in the post-transplant setting. | | 2002 | 11979316 |
| [parainfluenza virus type 4 infections]. | to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of parainfluenza virus type 4 infections in pediatric patients. | 2002 | 12139865 |
| development and evaluation of nuclisens basic kit nasba for diagnosis of parainfluenza virus infection with 'end-point' and 'real-time' detection. | new methods for the detection of human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) were developed. these were based on nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) and utilised the nuclisens basic kit. primers and probes were selected from the haemagglutinin neuraminidase (hn) gene of hpiv1, hpiv2 and hpiv3, and from the phosphoprotein (p) of hpiv4a and -4b. synthetic rna, titrated control virus stocks and respiratory specimens (n=44) were utilised to evaluate performance of the assays. detection of nasb ... | 2003 | 12609681 |
| parainfluenza viruses. | human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) were first discovered in the late 1950s. over the last decade, considerable knowledge about their molecular structure and function has been accumulated. this has led to significant changes in both the nomenclature and taxonomic relationships of these viruses. hpiv is genetically and antigenically divided into types 1 to 4. further major subtypes of hpiv-4 (a and b) and subgroups/genotypes of hpiv-1 and hpiv-3 have been described. hpiv-1 to hpiv-3 are major caus ... | 2003 | 12692097 |
| simultaneous detection of fourteen respiratory viruses in clinical specimens by two multiplex reverse transcription nested-pcr assays. | there is a need for rapid, sensitive, and accurate diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections in children, elderly, and immunocompromised patients, who are susceptible to serious complications. the multiplex rt-nested pcr assay has been used widely for simultaneous detection of non-related viruses involved in infectious diseases because of its high specificity and sensitivity. a new multiplex rt-pcr assay is described in this report. this approach includes nested primer sets targeted to con ... | 2004 | 14748074 |
| fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia concomitant with chlamydia pneumoniae and parainfluenza virus 4 infection. | cases of fatal hemorrhagic pneumonia need to be investigated for highly contagious viral causes. while not all hemorrhagic pneumonias are caused by very contagious agents, the etiology must be correctly determined in order to administer appropriate patient care. | 2004 | 15163237 |
| exaggerated il-8 and il-6 responses to tnf-alpha by parainfluenza virus type 4-infected nci-h292 cells. | respiratory viruses induce and potentiate airway inflammation, which is related to the induction of proinflammatory mediators such as interleukin (il)-8 and il-6. here we report on mechanisms implicated in il-8 and il-6 production by airway epithelium-like nci-h292 cells exposed to parainfluenza virus type 4a (piv-4). piv-4 readily infected nci-h292 cells as reflected by intracellular piv-4 antigen expression. piv-4 infection triggered a biphasic il-8 and il-6 mrna response. transient transfecti ... | 2004 | 15273081 |
| development of three multiplex rt-pcr assays for the detection of 12 respiratory rna viruses. | three multiplex hemi-nested rt-pcr assays were developed to detect simultaneously 12 rna respiratory viruses: influenza viruses a, b and c, human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human metapneumovirus (hmpv), parainfluenza virus types 1-4 (piv-1, -2, -3 and -4), human coronavirus oc43 and 229e (hcov) and rhinovirus (hrv). an internal amplification control was included in one of the rt-pcr assays. the rt-pcr multiplex 1 and the hemi-nested multiplex 1 detected 1 and 0.1 tcid50 of rsv a, respec ... | 2005 | 15847919 |
| parainfluenza virus 4 detection in infants. | | 2005 | 15906090 |
| human parainfluenza virus type 4 infections: a report of 20 cases from 1998 to 2002. | human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) type 4 are responsible for respiratory infections. unlike hpiv types 1-3, they are associated with mild infections and appear to be infrequent. thus, they often go undetected. | 2005 | 16087124 |
| [diagnostic tests: parainfluenza virus 1, 2, 3, 4]. | | 2005 | 16111271 |
| human parainfluenza virus 4 outbreak and the role of diagnostic tests. | owing to the difficulties in isolating the virus and the lack of routine surveillance, the clinical significance of human parainfluenza virus 4 (hpiv-4) is less well defined than that of the other human parainfluenza viruses. we describe the first outbreak of hpiv-4 infection in a developmental disabilities unit, involving 38 institutionalized children and three staff members, during a 3-week period in autumn 2004. most subjects had upper respiratory tract infections (urti), while lower respirat ... | 2005 | 16145100 |
| human parainfluenza virus type 4 is incapable of evading the interferon-induced antiviral effect. | the v proteins of some paramyxoviruses have developed the ability to efficiently inactivate stat protein function as a countermeasure for evading interferon (ifn) responses. human parainfluenza virus type 4 (hpiv4) is one of the rubulaviruses, which are members of the family paramyxoviridae, and has a v protein with a highly conserved cysteine-rich domain that is the hallmark of paramyxovirus v proteins. in order to study the function of the hpiv4 v protein, we established hela cells expressing ... | 2005 | 16282476 |
| microarray detection of human parainfluenzavirus 4 infection associated with respiratory failure in an immunocompetent adult. | a pan-viral dna microarray, the virochip (university of california, san francisco), was used to detect human parainfluenzavirus 4 (hpiv-4) infection in an immunocompetent adult presenting with a life-threatening acute respiratory illness. the virus was identified in an endotracheal aspirate specimen, and the microarray results were confirmed by specific polymerase chain reaction and serological analysis for hpiv-4. conventional clinical laboratory testing using an extensive panel of microbiologi ... | 2006 | 16983602 |
| human parainfluenza type 4 infections, canada. | | 2006 | 17283630 |
| respiratory virus surveillance and outbreak investigation. | sensitive, rapid detection of respiratory viruses is needed for surveillance and for investigation of epidemiologically linked cases. the utility of rapid antigen-based methods for detection of common respiratory viruses and to confirm the cause of outbreaks is well established. however, nucleic acid amplification tests (nats) offer some benefits above antigen or culture-based procedures, with the main advantages being sensitivity and range of pathogens detectable. it is important to understand ... | 2007 | 18162251 |
| respiratory viruses in hiv-infected patients with suspected respiratory opportunistic infection. | to assess the incidence and epidemiological pattern of respiratory viruses in hiv-infected patients and to evaluate their potential clinical impact. | 2008 | 18356599 |
| current status of vaccines for parainfluenza virus infections. | parainfluenza viruses (piv) have been generally disregarded as pathogens in spite of their importance in pediatric lower respiratory illness. because pivs account for 17% of hospitalized illness associated virus isolation, the development of piv vaccine would be a major advance in preventing lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children. we will review in detail several piv vaccine candidates and recent newer approaches to piv vaccine development. intranasally administered bovi ... | 2008 | 18820572 |
| severe pneumonia after cardiac surgery as a result of infection with parainfluenza virus type 4. | | 2009 | 18834791 |
| clinical and molecular epidemiology of human parainfluenza virus 4 infections in hong kong: subtype 4b as common as subtype 4a. | in this 1-year study, 35 (1.2%) of 2,912 nasopharyngeal aspirates were positive for human parainfluenza virus 4 (hpiv4) by reverse transcription-pcr. patients with hpiv4 infection were mainly young children and immunocompromised adults. in contrast to the reported predominance of hpiv4a infection, molecular subtyping revealed that 15 (44%) cases were caused by hpiv4b. | 2009 | 19261793 |
| aetiology of influenza-like illness in adults includes parainfluenzavirus type 4. | influenza viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in adults each winter. at the same time, other respiratory viruses circulate and cause respiratory illness with influenza-like symptoms. human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv), human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv) and human metapneumovirus have all been associated with morbidity and mortality in adults, including nosocomial infections. this study evaluated 154 respiratory specimens collected from adults with influenza-like/acute respira ... | 2009 | 19273634 |
| local production of inflammatory mediators during childhood parainfluenza virus infection. | to describe the clinical manifestations of parainfluenza virus (piv) infection and to characterize biochemical markers of piv disease severity. | 2010 | 20182399 |
| completion of the full-length genome sequence of human parainfluenza virus types 4a and 4b: sequence analysis of the large protein genes and gene start, intergenic and end sequences. | we have already reported the nucleotide sequences of the np, p/v, m, f and hn genes of human parainfluenza virus type 4a (hpiv-4a) and type 4b (hpiv-4b). here, we have determined the sequences of the l protein genes as well as the gene start, intergenic and end sequences, thereby completing the full-length genome sequence of hpiv-4a and 4b. hpiv-4a and 4b have 17,052 and 17,304 nucleotides, respectively. the end sequence of hpiv-4, especially 4b, was extraordinarily long. in a comparison with me ... | 2010 | 20963613 |
| viral respiratory tract infections among patients with acute undifferentiated fever in vietnam. | to investigate the proportion of viral respiratory tract infections among acute undifferentiated fevers (aufs) at primary health facilities in southern vietnam during 2001-2005, patients with auf not caused by malaria were enrolled at twelve primary health facilities and a clinic for malaria control program. serum was collected on first presentation (t0) and after 3 weeks (t3) for serology. after exclusion of acute dengue infection, acute and convalescent serum samples from 606 patients were usi ... | 2010 | 21073032 |
| a prospective study of parainfluenza virus type 4 infections in children attending daycare. | studies of parainfluenza virus type 4 (piv-4) have been limited by difficulty in culturing. we prospectively studied a cohort of 225 young children attending daycare followed for 165 child-years, using polymerase chain reaction to detect 12 viruses, including piv-4. piv-4 was second only to piv-3, occurring in 9 of 87 (10%) piv+ illnesses. piv-4 illnesses were not more severe and not associated with a specific clinical syndrome. | 2011 | 21317680 |
| human parainfluenza virus type 4 infection in chinese children with lower respiratory tract infections: a comparison study. | background: human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are a leading cause of acute respiratory tract infections (artis). although hpiv-4 has been associated with mild artis for years, recent investigations have also associated hpiv-4 infection with severe respiratory syndromes and with outbreaks of artis in children. objectives: to characterize the role of hpiv-4 and its clinical features in children with acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrtis) in beijing, china. study design: nasopharyngeal ... | 2011 | 21636318 |
| pneumonia as a result of infection with parainfluenza virus type 4 and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. | | 2011 | 21683478 |
| the complete sequence of a human parainfluenzavirus 4 genome. | although the human parainfluenza virus 4 (hpiv4) has been known for a long time, its genome, alone among the human paramyxoviruses, has not been completely sequenced to date. in this study we obtained the first complete genomic sequence of hpiv4 from a clinical isolate named skpiv4 obtained at the hospital for sick children in toronto (ontario, canada). the coding regions for the n, p/v, m, f and hn proteins show very high identities (95% to 97%) with previously available partial sequences for h ... | 2009 | 21994536 |
| relationships among dissemination of primary parainfluenza virus infection in the respiratory tract, mucosal and peripheral immune responses, and protection from reinfection: a noninvasive bioluminescence-imaging study. | respiratory paramyxoviruses such as respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hpiv1) to hpiv4 infect virtually all children by the age of 2 to 5 years, leading to partial but incomplete protection from reinfection. here, we used luciferase-expressing reporter sendai viruses (the murine counterpart of hpiv1) to noninvasively measure primary infection, immune responses, and protection from reinfection by either a lethal challenge or natural transmission in living mice ... | 2015 | 25589649 |
| interferon-α and inosine pranobex-mediated inhibition of reploication of human rna viruses in vitro. | interferon- a (ifn-a), produced by immune cells, exhibits pleiotropic anti- viral activity. inosine pranobex (pi), a synthetic derivative of a purine, shows direct anti- viral activity, and also acts indirectly, by activation of immune cells. the aim of this study was to evaluate an in vitro inhibition of coxackievirus a16 (cai6), enterovirus 71 (ev71) and human parainfluenza virus 4 (hpiv-4) replication by pi in combination with ifn-a. | 2017 | 28146624 |
| [inosine pranobex - cytotoxic activities and effect of on replication of human parainfluenza viruses (hpiv-2, hpiv-4), entroviruses (ca16, ev71) and adenoviruses (hadv-2, hadv-5) in vitro]. | there are no specific antivirals designed for many viral infections. inosine pranobex (pi) is a purine nucleoside that is involved in a wide variety of intracellular biochemical processes. the mechanism of action in human body is still unclear but numerous studies have demonstrated that this drug inhibits viral replication and exhibit pleiotropic effect. we evaluated in vitro effect of inosine pranobex (pi) on replication of human viruses: parainfluenza viruses (hpiv-2, hpiv-4), entroviruses a ( ... | 2015 | 26591662 |
| [monitoring of viral pathogens in pediatric intensive care unit and analysis of clinical significance]. | to study the characteristics of viral spectrum and clinical features of children in pediatric intensive care unit (picu). | 2013 | 24131585 |
| clinical evaluation of a single-tube multiple rt-pcr assay for the detection of 13 common virus types/subtypes associated with acute respiratory infection. | respiratory viruses are among the most important causes of human morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially for infants and young children. in the past years, a few commercial multiplex rt-pcr assays have been used to detect respiratory viruses in spite of the high cost. in the present study, an improved single-tube multiplex reverse transcription pcr assay for simultaneous detection of 13 respiratory viruses was evaluated and compared with a previously reported two-tube assay as the referenc ... | 2016 | 27043208 |
| ten year retrospective evaluation of the seasonal distribution of agent viruses in childhood respiratory tract infections. | infections caused by respiratory viruses sometimes occur as epidemias or pandemias and are an important public health problem in the whole world. these viral agents may lead to severe respiratory diseases especially in young children and in the elderly. the aim of this study was to determine the seasonal distribution of agent viruses in childhood respiratory infections in our region. | 2014 | 26078631 |
| epidemiology of parainfluenza infection in england and wales, 1998-2013: any evidence of change? | human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) infections are one of the commonest causes of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. in order to determine if there have been any recent changes in hpiv epidemiology in england and wales, laboratory surveillance data between 1998 and 2013 were analysed. the uk national laboratory surveillance database, labbase, and the newly established laboratory-based virological surveillance system, the respiratory datamart system (rdms), were used. descriptive analysis ... | 2017 | 28095926 |
| an investigation into respiratory tract viruses in children with acute lower respiratory tract infection or wheezing. | this study aimed to determine the frequencies of respiratory tract viruses in patient (acute lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) or wheezing) and control (history of asthma without symptoms) groups. | 2016 | 27854115 |
| use of laboratory and administrative data to understand the potential impact of human parainfluenza virus 4 on cases of bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia in alberta, canada. | human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) causes severe respiratory illness in infants and adults. our study describes the association of hpiv1-4 with bronchiolitis, croup, and pneumonia using retrospective laboratory, administrative and public health data. due to issues including the historic lack of hpiv4 in some commercial respiratory virus panels, the description of the impact of hpiv4 on croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia at population levels has often been limited. this study will use routine clin ... | 2016 | 27514690 |
| human parainfluenza virus types 1-4 in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infections in china. | human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are an important cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (alrtis). hpiv-4, a newly identified virus, has been associated with severe alrtis recently. a total of 771 nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected from hospitalized children between march 2010 and february 2011. hpivs were detected by nest-pcr, and other known respiratory viruses were detected by rt-pcr and pcr. all amplification products were sequenced. hpivs were detected in 151 (19.5 ... | 2016 | 27197630 |
| [association between parainfluenza virus infection and climatic factors in children]. | to study the association between acute respiratory human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) infection and climatic factors in children. | 2015 | 26695668 |
| prevalence of human parainfluenza virus in patients with acute respiratory tract infections in beijing, 2011-2014. | human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are one of the most frequent pathogens that circulate worldwide([1]) . four types of hpivs were identified, including hpiv-1, hpiv-2, hpiv-3 and hpiv-4. hpivs can lead to acute respiratory infection in young([2]) , the immunocompromised([3]) and the elderly patients([4]) . the epidemiological character of parainfluenza virus in beijing has not been previously reported. in a consecutive 4-year surveillance of acute respiratory infections (aris) between january ... | 2015 | 26230490 |
| human parainfluenza virus infection in thai children with lower respiratory tract infection from 2010 to 2013. | human parainfluenza virus (hpiv) is a common cause of upper and lower respiratory illness in infants and young children. in order to classify the hpiv isolates circulating in the central part of thailand, 650 samples obtained from the lower respiratory tract of patients from two hospital pediatric wards during 2010 to 2013, were analyzed for the presence and types of hpivs by multiplex semi-nested pcr of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) gene. the results showed that 4.8% of the samples were posi ... | 2014 | 24974645 |
| epidemiology and clinical presentation of parainfluenza type 4 in children: a 3-year comparative study to parainfluenza types 1-3. | human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are among the most common causes of respiratory tract infections in children. little is known about the epidemiology and clinical presentation of hpiv type 4. | 2014 | 24133181 |
| epidemiology and clinical presentation of the four human parainfluenza virus types. | human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs) are important causes of upper respiratory tract illness (urti) and lower respiratory tract illness (lrti). to analyse epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of the four types of human parainfluenza viruses (hpivs), patients with acute respiratory tract illness (arti) were studied in guangzhou, southern china. | 2013 | 23343342 |
| synthesis of human parainfluenza virus 4 nucleocapsid-like particles in yeast and their use for detection of virus-specific antibodies in human serum. | the aim of this study was to produce human parainfluenza virus type 4 (hpiv4) nucleocapsid (n) protein in yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae expression system, to explore its structural and antigenic properties and to evaluate its applicability in serology. the use of an optimized gene encoding hpiv4 n protein amino acid (aa) sequence genbank agu90031.1 allowed high yield of recombinant n protein forming nucleocapsid-like particles (nlps) in yeast. a substitution l332d disrupted self-assembly of nlp ... | 2017 | 28102432 |
| viral pathogen detection by metagenomics and pan viral group pcr in children with pneumonia lacking identifiable etiology. | community-acquired pneumonia (cap) is a leading cause of pediatric hospitalization. pathogen identification fails in ~20% of children but is critical for optimal treatment and prevention of hospital-acquired infections. we used two broad-spectrum detection strategies to identify pathogens in test-negative children with cap and asymptomatic controls. | 2017 | 28368491 |
| discovery of a divergent hpiv4 from respiratory secretions using second and third generation metagenomic sequencing. | molecular detection of viruses has been aided by high-throughput sequencing, permitting the genomic characterization of emerging strains. in this study, we comprehensively screened 500 respiratory secretions from children with upper and/or lower respiratory tract infections for viral pathogens. the viruses detected are described, including a divergent human parainfluenza virus type 4 from gs flx pyrosequencing of 92 specimens. complete full-genome characterization of the virus followed, using si ... | 2013 | 24002378 |
| an outbreak of parainfluenza virus type 4 infections among children with acute respiratory infections during the 2011-2012 winter season in yamagata, japan. | | 2013 | 23429092 |
| a novel duplex real-time pcr for hpiv-4 detects co-circulation of both viral subtypes among ill children during 2008. | the two subtypes of the human parainfluenzavirus type 4 (hpiv-4) are rarely sought in testing for acute respiratory illness (ari) and this may be confounding our understanding of its role. this study presents a novel duplex real-time rt-pcr assay targeting the p gene that can detect and differentiate the two subtypes in a single reaction. subtype-specific synthetic rna positive controls were prepared and used to determine an analytical sensitivity of 10 copies per reaction with an 8log(10) dynam ... | 2012 | 22361219 |
| comparative analysis of the full-length genome sequence of a clinical isolate of human parainfluenza virus 4b. | we are engaged in airborne transmission and epidemiology studies of respiratory pathogens, with particular interest in human parainfluenza virus type 4 (hpiv-4) and other lesser studied viruses. in this paper, hpiv-4 was detected in primary rhesus monkey kidney (prmk) cells that had been inoculated with nasopharyngeal swab material obtained from a child with a mild upper respiratory tract illness. attempts to isolate the virus in pure culture were hampered by the presence of a fast-growing simia ... | 2012 | 24278751 |