| interferon-producing capacity of human tonsil cells and properties of interferon produced by these cells. | tonsils excised from human beings for chronic tonsillitis have been shown to be an accessible and sufficiently rich source of human lymphocytes. tonsil cells produced interferon as intensively as blood leukocytes and the properties of this interferon were similar to those of leukocyte interferon. the optimal conditions for interferon production by tonsil cells were established. | 1976 | 5865 |
| lactoglobulins (goat) in the immunofluorescence staining of parainfluenza virus type 2 in l-132 cells. | instillation of parainfluenza virus type 2 in the mammary gland of the goat resulted in the appearance of specific and high titered antibodies in the milk. the globulin fraction of the milk was separated and conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. these conjugated antibodies could be successfully used in the specific staining of the homologous virus in infected l-132 cells. therefore, milk from such immunized animals represents a rich and convenient source of specific antibodies for use in i ... | 1975 | 49216 |
| mucocutaneous lymph-node syndrome and parainfluenza 2 virus infection. | | 1977 | 69912 |
| contamination of primary embryonic bovine kidney cell cultures with parainfluenza type 2 simian virus 5 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. | two different viruses were isolated from bovine embryonic cell cultures after two subcultures from the primary cells. one virus was identified as parainfluenza type 2 simian virus 5 (sv-5), and the other was identified as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. six months later, stock cultures of pig kidney (pk-15) cells were found to be contaminated with sv-5 virus. we believe that the source of the sv-5 virus in the bovine cells was a cross-contamination from monkey kidneys during preparation ... | 1978 | 75889 |
| epidemiology of respiratory viral infection among paediatric inpatients over a six-year period in north-east england. | during a 6-year, hospital-based study at newcastle upon tyne five consecutive winter epidemics of respiratory syncytial (r.s.) virus infection occurred; the virus was identified in 1428 cases, showing that 1 in 50 live-births were admitted to hospital with r.s. virus infection. epidemics were inversely related to temperature and to number of hours of sunshine. parainfluenzaviruses, the second largest group of pathogens, were identified in 543 cases; most infections by this group were due to para ... | 1978 | 82045 |
| epidemiology of herpesvirus and respiratory virus infections. part 1. serologic findings. | the majority of the population group studied had complement-fixation antibodies toward the following viruses: influenza type a, respiratory syncytial, cytomegalovirus, and epstein-barr. the herpesvirus infections (cytomegalovirus and epstein-barr virus) seemed to be prevalent. only low incidences of antibodies were found toward adenovirus, influenza type b, influenza type c, and parainfluenza type ii. a total of 70 aucte virus infections (increases of antibody titer) were diagnosed in 49 patient ... | 1975 | 168127 |
| [fluorometric detection of the quality of fitc-conjugates for parainfluenca diagnosis in the fat (author's transl)]. | | 1975 | 175624 |
| [variants of parainfluenza type 2 viruses]. | a comparative study of the antigenic and biological properties of parainfluenza type 2 viruses revealed the existence of two variants among them. the first variant includes strains isolated up to 1965 inclusive, the 2nd those isolated in 1966--1974. the strains of the 2nd variant are characterized by poor interaction with antibody in immune sera to the reference virus which appears to be due to a loss of one of the antigens in them. besides, they have comparatively low immunogenicity and the hem ... | 1976 | 176822 |
| [high dosage rectal prednisone therapy (rectodelt 100) in viral croup of the small child]. | | 1976 | 185507 |
| lymphocyte response to virus antigens in systemic lupus erythematosus. | the cell-mediated immune response of lymphocytes to rubella, measles, parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3, varicella-zoster and herpes virus type 1 virus antigens was evaluated in 15 sle patients and 15 matched controls by incorporating 3h-thymidine in whole blood cultures as a measure of blastic transformation. sle patients were less responsive than normal individuals to six of eight virus antigens tested. culture of washed sle cells in ab plasma did not reverse the hyporesponsiveness. the results ... | 1976 | 187203 |
| elevated parainfluenza virus type 1 antibody in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. | parainfluenza virus hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibodies were determined 3 times in the sera of 9 patients with subacute sclerosiing panencephalitis (sspe) and 20 healthy controls matched for age and place of residence. serum antibody against parainfluenza virus type 1 was significantly elevated in sspe patients as compared with controls, whereas antibodies against type 2 and 3 were found to be in normal ranges. higher titres of parainfluenza virus type 1 antibody might depend on: (1) dua ... | 1977 | 188993 |
| correlation of exposure to various respiratory pathogens with farmer's lung disease. | complement-fixing antibodies (cfa) to a panel of microorganisms commonly associated with respiratory disease were measured in a number of agricultural populations. the panel included mycoplasma pneumoniae, influenza viruses a and b, parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus. the agricultural populations were grouped according to a clinical history of farmer's lung disease (fld) and the presence of antibodies to the thermophilic actinomycetes (ta). farmers ... | 1977 | 197136 |
| induction of congenital hydrocephalus in hamsters with parainfluenza type 2 virus. | | 1977 | 198242 |
| [interfering and interferonogenic activity of attenuated and original para-influenza viral strains]. | a higher interfering activity of attenuated (vaccine) strains of parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3 which had undergone a long-term adaptation to cell cultures as compared to the original viruses was established. the interferon-inducing activity of vaccine parainfluenza virus types 2 and 3 was also higher than that of the original viruses. the high interfering and interferon-inducing activity of attenuated parainfluenza virus strains of type 2 and 3 correlated with reduced virulence of these v ... | 1977 | 200011 |
| in vitro antiviral efficacy of ribavirin against feline calicivirus, feline viral rhinotracheitis virus, and canine parainfluenza virus. | ribavirin had marked in vitro activity against feline calcivirus, strain 255, and canine parainfluenza virus, but showed only slight antiviral effect on feline viral rhinotracheitis virus. antiviral activity was manifested by partial to complete suppression of viral cytopathic effect and of viral replication, depending on concentration of ribavirin in the culture medium and dosage of viral inoculum. concentrations of ribavirin as small as 3.2 microgram/ml and 1.0 microgram/ml showed some activit ... | 1978 | 204229 |
| repertoire of antiviral antibodies expressed by somatic cell hybrids. | fusion between p3 x 63 ag8 mouse myeloma cells and spleen cells from balb/c mice immunized with influenza type a or b or parainfluenza type 1 virus generated reproducibly antiviral antibody-producing somatic cell hybrids (hybridomas). eleven hybridomas derived from spleen cells of mice immunized with influenza type a virus were directed against the viral hemagglutinin, one reacted with a host component derived from chickens, and one expressed a specificity not further characterized. the hybridom ... | 1978 | 206903 |
| studies on the pathogenicity of human-origin parainfluenza virus in the brain of mice. | the pathogenicity of parainfluenza type 2 (croup-associated) virus known to cause infections of the respiratory tract in the early life of man was studied in the brain of mice. one- to 4-day-old sucklings and 4-week-old mice were inoculated intracerebrally with the virus. the virus multiplied in sucklings, but not in adults. most mice inoculated intracerebrally with the virus appeared healthy. histological examination showed minimum inflammatory changes, although moderate hydrocephalus developed ... | 1978 | 215882 |
| a prospective study of respiratory infection in adult asthmatics and their normal spouses. | a prospective study of respiratory infections was performed in nineteen married asthmatics and their normal spouses who were examined at monthly intervals during a 1-year period. the colds described were associated with nasal symptoms, sore throat and usually malaise, fever, cough and hoarseness. the asthamtics reported a larger number of these symptomatic episodes than the non-asthmatics but significantly fewer of the episodes in the asthmatics were objectively confirmed by viral isolation or r ... | 1979 | 223777 |
| functional interactions between the fusion protein and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase of human parainfluenza viruses. | the fusion glycoprotein (f) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) genes of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (pi2) were molecularly cloned and expressed in hela-t4 cells by using the vaccinia virus-t7 transient expression system. expression of the f and hn proteins was detected by using immunoprecipitation and surface immunofluorescence staining. although the f protein was found to be cleaved into f1 and f2 and expressed on cell surfaces, no cell fusion was observed. however, cotransfection of the ... | 1992 | 1310764 |
| nucleotide sequence analysis of the simian virus 41 gene encoding the large (l) protein and construction of a phylogenetic tree for the l proteins of paramyxoviruses. | the complete nucleotide sequence of the simian virus 41 (sv41) large (l) protein gene was determined. the l gene spanned 6883 nucleotides including a putative trailer rna, and the l mrna contained a single large open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 2269 amino acids. dot-matrix comparisons under stringent conditions identified domains highly conserved among paramyxoviruses. domain 3 is the most highly conserved, and has been hypothesized to be the rna polymerase active site. a phylogeneti ... | 1992 | 1328485 |
| [the effect of influenza and para-influenza on the course of ischemic heart disease]. | a retrospective analysis was made of 541 case reports of patients with coronary heart disease admitted to the infectious department with the diagnosis of influenza (n-387) and parainfluenza (n-154). in all the patients, the diagnosis was verified serologically with the aid of the hemagglutination inhibition test, with a 4-fold and greater increase of the antibody titer in the serum. in part of the patients, it was confirmed by the above test combined with immunofluorescence in examining rhinopha ... | 1992 | 1332205 |
| studies on the epidemiology of child infections. 3. parainfluenza viruses (types 1-4) and respiratory syncytial virus infections. | a seroepidemiological study on the rate of neutralizing antibodies for parainfluenza viruses (types 1-4) and for the respiratory syncytial virus in 2,514 infants and children between 0 and 15 years, residing in bari and its hinterland was carried out. positive results were very high for both the individual parainfluenza serotypes (81.7% for type 3, 78.0% for type 1, 76.6% for type 4, 71.9% for type 2) and for respiratory syncytial virus (88.5%). the pattern of infections due to respiratory syncy ... | 1992 | 1335108 |
| neutrophil adhesion to parainfluenza virus-infected human airway epithelial cells. possible contributions of icam-1-dependent and icam-1-independent mechanisms. | | 1992 | 1347264 |
| characterizations of the human parainfluenza type 2 virus gene encoding the l protein and the intergenic sequences. | we cloned and determined the nucleotide sequences of cdnas against genomic rna encoding the l protein of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (piv-2). the l gene is 6904 nucleotides long including the intergenic region at the hn-l junction and putative negative strand leader rna, almost all of which is complementary to the positive strand leader rna of piv-2. the deduced l protein contains 2262 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 256,366. the l protein of piv-2 shows 39.9, 28.9, 27.8 a ... | 1991 | 1645865 |
| transcripts of simian virus 41 (sv41) matrix gene are exclusively dicistronic with the fusion gene which is also transcribed as a monocistron. | the complete nucleotide sequences of the matrix (m) and fusion (f) genes of simian virus 41 (sv41) were determined. deduced amino acid sequences confirmed the close relationship of sv41 with human parainfluenza type 2 virus (piv2). analyses of noncoding regions between the f and the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) genes suggested the absence of the small hydrophobic gene, which is present between the f and the hn genes of simian virus 5 and mumps virus. it was striking that there was no apparen ... | 1991 | 1651608 |
| changes in lung mechanics and histamine responsiveness after sequential canine adenovirus 2 and canine parainfluenza 2 virus infection in beagle puppies. | we determined the effects of an immediately antecedent viral lower respiratory tract infection (lri) on the severity of clinical illness, changes in lung function and airway histamine responsiveness produced by a subsequent lri in 9-12 week old beagle puppies inoculated with canine adenovirus 2, followed in 2 weeks by inoculation with canine parainfluenza 2 virus (cav2-cp12, n = 7). we compared their acute responses to puppies infected with cp12 alone (n = 5), cav2 alone (n = 7), and no infectio ... | 1991 | 1654540 |
| molecular cloning and sequence analysis of human parainfluenza type 2 virus mrna encoding the fusion glycoprotein. | a library of cdna clones from mrna of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (piv2) was constructed and the nucleotide sequence of the fusion (f) glycoprotein gene determined. the f gene boundaries were obtained by primer extension sequencing on f mrna and on viral genomic rna. the mrna coding for the f glycoprotein is composed of 1918 nucleotides. it contains a single large open reading frame that encodes a protein of 551 amino acids with an mr of 59586. the predicted piv2 f protein contains the clea ... | 1991 | 1846648 |
| immunological relationships between parainfluenza virus type 4 and other paramyxoviruses studied by use of monoclonal antibodies. | these results demonstrated that cross-reactions between mumps virus, piv-2, piv-4, and sv5 involve both internal components and surface glycoproteins and that these viruses form a separate group within the paramyxovirus genus. | 1991 | 1848067 |
| changes in lung mechanics and reactivity with age after viral bronchiolitis in beagle puppies. | we measured changes with growth in lung function and airway reactivity after acute canine parainfluenza virus type 2 (cpi2, n = 5), canine adenovirus type 2 (cav2, n = 7), and sequential cav2-cpi2 (n = 6) infections or no infection (controls, n = 6) in beagle puppies (age approximately 79 days). in the cpi2 and cav2 groups, a lower respiratory illness developed by day 3 postinfection with clinical recovery by day 14. in the cav2-cpi2 group, puppies were inoculated initially with cav2 and 12 days ... | 1990 | 1963888 |
| [the incidence of exacerbations in chronic diseases in patients hospitalized with influenza and para-influenza]. | a retrospective analysis was made of the case reports of 829 patients admitted to the infectious department with a diagnosis of influenza (592) and parainfluenza (237). in all the patients, the diagnosis was supported serologically with the aid of the hemagglutination inhibition test, with the antibody titer in the serum rising 4-fold and more. in part of the patients the indicated test was used in combination with the immunofluorescence test in studying nasopharyngeal smears, whereas in part of ... | 1990 | 1965617 |
| antiviral effect of 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine, antagonist of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, on replication of human parainfluenza virus type 2. | the antiviral effects of 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (l-don) on the replication of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpiv-2), mumps and vesicular stomatitis viruses were studied. l-don suppressed growth of these viruses and, in particular, hpiv-2 in four cell types. l-don was not toxic to the cells at the active dose and did not significantly inhibit cellular macromolecular synthesis. the l-don-sensitive step of hpiv-2 replication was considered to be relatively early. the np, p and m proteins we ... | 1990 | 1968085 |
| sequence determination of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus and the construction of a phylogenetic tree for hn proteins of all the paramyxoviruses that are infectious to humans. | the nucleotide sequence of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (piv-2) was determined. the piv-2 hn gene was 2112 nucleotides excluding poly(a) tail. there was a single large open reading frame in the mrna which encoded a protein of 571 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 63,262. analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence revealed that there were fourteen potential glycosylation sites and a major hydrophobic region near the n-terminus, whi ... | 1990 | 2152995 |
| survival and disinfection of parainfluenza viruses on environmental surfaces. | three dilutions of each of three parainfluenza strains were placed on nonabsorptive (stainless steel, laminated plastic, skin) and absorptive (hospital gown, facial tissue, laboratory coat) surfaces to assess persistence of virus recovery at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 hours. virus persisted longest on stainless steel. additionally, the ability to recover virus was enhanced by increasing the initial concentration of virus in the initial inoculum. drying of the inoculum on surfaces reduced but ... | 1990 | 2156469 |
| sequence analysis of the hn gene of parainfluenza virus type 2. | a cdna library was constructed in lambda gt10 using mrna purified from cells infected with parainfluenza virus type 2 (piv2). virus-specific clones were identified by screening the library with 32p-labelled cdna probes made from randomly primed vrna. clones containing the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) gene were identified by sequence comparisons with known parainfluenza virus hn gene sequences. the largest hn clone isolated had a nucleic acid sequence of 2065 bp with a single long open readi ... | 1990 | 2161050 |
| sequence analysis of p gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus: p and cysteine-rich proteins are translated by two mrnas that differ by two nontemplated g residues. | we cloned and sequenced the cdnas against genomic rna and mrna for phosphoprotein (p) of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (piv-2). cdna clone from genomic rna was 1439 nucleotides in length excluding poly(a) and was found to have two small open reading frames encoding proteins of 233 and 249 amino acids. two different mrna cdna clones were obtained; that is, one mrna contained a smaller reading frame coding 225 amino acids, v protein, and the other mrna contained a larger reading frame coding 39 ... | 1990 | 2162103 |
| two nontemplated nucleotide additions are required to generate the p mrna of parainfluenza virus type 2 since the rna genome encodes protein v. | the nucleotide sequence of the "p/v gene" of parainfluenza virus type 2 is presented. to determine the nature of any nontemplated additions of nucleotides that may arise during the synthesis of mrna from this gene the polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify specific sequences of both genomic rna and mrna. these results demonstrated that the v protein is encoded by the genome while insertion of two nontemplated g residues are required to synthesize p mrna. the predicted p protein has 44% id ... | 1990 | 2162111 |
| sequence of the fusion protein gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus and its 3' intergenic region: lack of small hydrophobic (sh) gene. | cdna clones representing the fusion (f) gene of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (piv-2) were isolated from cdna libraries constructed from virus-specific mrna and genomic rna, and the complete nucleotide sequence of the f gene was determined. the f gene is 1854 nucleotides long and encodes one long open reading frame of 551 amino acids. the cleavage site for activation of the precursor fo protein is thr-arg-gln-lys-arg. the f gene of piv-2 is most closely related to those of simian virus 5 (sv5 ... | 1990 | 2167555 |
| sequence analysis of the phosphoprotein (p) genes of human parainfluenza type 4a and 4b viruses and rna editing at transcript of the p genes: the number of g residues added is imprecise. | we cloned and sequenced the cdnas against genomic rnas and mrnas for phosphoproteins (ps) of human parainfluenza virus types 4a (piv-4a) and 4b (piv-4b). the piv-4a and -4b p genes were 1535 nucleotides including poly(a) tract and were found to have two small open reading frames, neither of which was apparently large enough to encode the p protein. a cluster of g residues was found in genomic rna and the number of g residues was 6 in both piv-4a and -4b. however, the number of g residues at the ... | 1990 | 2167560 |
| antigenic and structural properties of a paramyxovirus simian virus 41 (sv41) reveal a close relationship with human parainfluenza type 2 virus. | seven structural component proteins of a paramyxovirus simian virus 41 (sv41) were identified with the aid of monoclonal antibodies prepared against sv41 and human parainfluenza type 2 virus (piv2). the nucleoprotein is antigenically very close to that of piv2, while it is comparatively far from that of simian virus 5 (sv5). the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) protein showed no immunological relationship to either of the hn proteins of piv2 or sv5. the amino acid sequence of the sv41 hn protein ... | 1990 | 2173260 |
| sequence analyses of the 3' genome end and np gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus: sequence variation of the gene-starting signal and the conserved 3' end. | we cloned and determined the nucleotide sequences of cdnas against nucleocapsid protein (np) mrna and the genomic rna of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (piv-2). the 3' terminal region of genomic rna was compared among piv-2, mumps virus (muv), newcastle disease virus (ndv), measles virus (mv), piv-3, bovine parainfluenza type 3 virus (bpiv-3), sendai virus (sv), and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv), and an extensive sequence homology was observed between piv-2 and muv. although no significant ... | 1990 | 2173261 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of the matrix gene of human parainfluenza type 2 virus and expression of the m protein in bacteria. | the sequence of the m gene of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (piv-2) has been determined. the sequence contained a large open reading frame with 1131 nucleotides encoding a protein with a calculated molecular weight of 42,312. comparison of m protein sequence indicated that piv-2 was more closely related to mumps virus and newcastle disease virus than to other parainfluenza viruses, sendai virus (sv), and parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv-3), indicating a possible subdividing of the paramyxoviru ... | 1990 | 2173264 |
| immunological relationships of simian virus 41 (sv41) to other paramyxoviruses and serological evidence of sv41 infection in human populations. | antigenic relationships of simian virus 41 (sv41) to other paramyxoviruses were examined by immunoprecipitation of isotope-labelled sv41-infected cell lysates with specific antisera. sv41 is closely related to the group comprising human parainfluenza virus 2 (hpiv-2), simian virus 5 (sv5), parainfluenza virus 4 and mumps virus. slight cross-neutralization was detected between sv41, hpiv-2 and sv5. anti-sv41 activities were detected in 21 of 1116 human serum specimens, indicating that a proportio ... | 1990 | 2212992 |
| viral infections and recurrences of febrile convulsions. | to determine whether complicated febrile seizures occur more often in children with a proven viral infection, we performed viral examinations on 144 children with febrile convulsions, of whom 112 had simple and 32 had complicated seizures. a diagnosis of virus infection was verified in 46% of the former patients and 53% of the latter. three adenoviruses, one parainfluenza virus type 2 and one type 3, one respiratory syncytial virus, one echovirus type 11, one herpes simplex virus type 2, and one ... | 1990 | 2299489 |
| avidity of igg antibodies against mumps, parainfluenza 2 and newcastle disease viruses after mumps infection. | paired serum samples from 39 patients with recent mumps infection were assayed for igg antibodies against mumps, parainfluenza 2 and newcastle disease virus (ndv). a modified enzyme immunoassay was used, giving separate estimates of high avidity antibodies (ehaa) and total specific antibodies (etsa). a marked cross-reaction was seen between mumps and parainfluenza 2 virus, with changes of etsa between paired samples of about the same magnitude against both these viruses. the mean change of ehaa ... | 1986 | 2429976 |
| parainfluenza virus type 2 haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein characterized with monoclonal antibodies. | thirteen monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were prepared against human parainfluenza virus type 2 (piv2). these mabs reacted with the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein with an mr of 84k. the mabs defined one antigenic site which could be divided into five epitopes. a correlation between haemagglutination inhibition (hi) and neutralization activity could be seen although one mab, which recognized a distinct epitope, showed neutralization and no hi activity to piv2. the reactivity of the mabs w ... | 1988 | 2451708 |
| isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to human parainfluenza virus type 4 and their use in revealing antigenic relation between subtypes 4a and 4b. | eighty monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against parainfluenza virus type 4(piv-4) were isolated and characterized. of 50 mabs against piv-4a, 14 reacted with the nucleocapsid (np) protein, 11 with the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) glycoprotein, 6 with the fusion (f) glycoprotein, and 19 with the matrix (m) protein. with the aid of the piv-4a and piv-2 specific mabs showing cross-reactivity with piv-4b, the structural proteins of piv-4b were identified. gp72, p65, gp65, gp55, p53, and p40 of piv-4 ... | 1989 | 2472703 |
| chlamydia trachomatis and parainfluenza 2 virus: a shared antigenic determinant? | a tracheal aspirate from which parainfluenza 2 (pi-2) virus but not chlamydiae was isolated demonstrated positive immunofluorescence of elementary body- and reticulate body-like particles on direct examination with anti-chlamydia monoclonal antibodies (syva co.). in subsequent studies, we found this reagent to show specific staining of this strain of pi-2 as well as of 3 of 18 additional pi-2 strains that were evaluated. | 1989 | 2473996 |
| immunization against multiple viruses by using solid-matrix-antibody-antigen complexes. | we have previously shown that mice immunized with solid-matrix-antibody-antigen (smaa) complexes in the absence of adjuvants show vigorous humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the immunizing antigen. here we report that various proteins involved in inducing protective immune responses to different viruses can easily and simply be incorporated into smaa complexes and that such complexes act as powerful multivalent immunogens. construction of such smaa complexes may be one of the most pra ... | 1989 | 2538658 |
| virus-specific polypeptides of human parainfluenza virus type 4 and their synthesis in infected cells. | we have studied the structural components of human parainfluenza virus type 4a (piv-4a) and identified some virus-specific polypeptides by immunoprecipitation with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies followed by one- or two-dimensional sds-page. hn polypeptides existed as monomer, disulfide-linked dimer, and disulfide-linked larger oligomer in cells infected with piv-4a. interestingly, the nonreduced np, the nonreduced fusion, and the reduced f1 proteins migrated as doublets. two f1 polypeptide ... | 1989 | 2545032 |
| extensive antigenic diversity among human parainfluenza type 2 virus isolates and immunological relationships among paramyxoviruses revealed by monoclonal antibodies. | a panel of 128 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) directed against hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn), fusion (f), matrix (m), and polymerase (p) proteins, and nucleoprotein (np) of the toshiba strain of human parainfluenza type 2 virus (piv2) was prepared to examine the antigenic relationships among clinical isolates of piv2 and among paramyxoviruses by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. the hn proteins of 18 clinical isolates of piv2 showed extensive antigenic diversity: 23 of 33 anti-hn mab ... | 1989 | 2545038 |
| respiratory viruses in children admitted to hospital in edinburgh 1972-1985. | the temporal incidence of respiratory viruses identified in children admitted to an edinburgh hospital over a period of 14 years, 1972-1985, is described, respiratory syncytial (rs) virus was identified most often, usually (but not in 1979 and 1985) with single peaks of activity in the winter months. influenza virus infections were seen in the winter and spring but we failed to find evidence of interference between rs and influenza virus. of the viruses studied, the parainfluenza viruses were th ... | 1987 | 2822808 |
| [detection of antibodies against infectious viral laryngotracheitis and parainfluenza 2 in dogs bred in czechoslovakia]. | a total of 398 blood serums of dogs of various breeds and age categories, coming from 72 places in bohemia and slovakia, were examined for the content of haemagglutination-inhibiting (hi) antibodies to the infectious laryngotracheitis virus (cadv-2) and parainfluenza 2 virus (cpiv-2). out of this total number, 203 serums (51.1%) reacted against cadv-2 in titres from 1:16 to 1:2048 and 115 serums (28.9%) against cpiv-2 in titres from 1:2 to 1:256. the results indicate that the dog population is c ... | 1987 | 2830696 |
| comparison between parainfluenza virus type 2 and simian virus 5: monoclonal antibodies reveal major antigenic differences. | marked differences in the apparent mrs of the hn, np and f proteins of simian virus 5 (sv5) and parainfluenza virus type 2 (pf-2) were revealed by sds-page. to examine the antigenic relationships between sv5, pf-2 and other paramyxoviruses, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific to pf-2 were isolated. these antibodies had specificities for the hn, np and p proteins and together with 54 mabs to sv5 were tested for their ability to react with sv5, pf-2, pf-3, mumps and measles virus proteins. most ... | 1988 | 2841416 |
| rapid diagnosis of respiratory virus infections in patients with acute respiratory disease. | viral respiratory infections represent a significant segment of the total respiratory disease spectrum; however, until recently the laboratory diagnosis of viral respiratory infections was relatively inefficient. development of new and improved immunologic assay systems has paved the way for accurate and reliable rapid diagnostic tests that detect viral antigens in clinical specimens. we conducted a careful and elaborate study in which radioimmunoassay for antigen detection was compared with a b ... | 1986 | 3009083 |
| immunological relationships between mumps virus and parainfluenza viruses studied with monoclonal antibodies. | the immunological relationships between mumps virus and parainfluenza viruses were investigated with 74, 78 and 80 previously developed monoclonal antibodies directed against five major structural proteins of mumps virus, sendai virus (a murine parainfluenza type 1 virus) and parainfluenza type 3 virus. these monoclonal antibodies were reacted with the three viruses, with parainfluenza type 2 virus and with newcastle disease virus (ndv) in elisa and immunofluorescence (if) tests. in addition, im ... | 1986 | 3018131 |
| in vitro effect of ascorbic acid on infectivity of herpesviruses and paramyxoviruses. | suspensions of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, and parainfluenzavirus type 2 were inactivated within 24 h when treated at 37 degrees c with 1 mg (5.05 mm) of copper-catalyzed sodium ascorbate per ml. the infectivity titer of respiratory syncytial virus was reduced substantially after 24 h but required 48 h for inactivation. under these conditions, inactivation of these viruses was also successfully achieved with 5.68 mm catalyzed ascorbic acid. copper (cu2+), when added with ... | 1986 | 3021808 |
| early testing of cell cultures for detection of hemadsorbing viruses. | hemadsorption of primary monkey kidney cell cultures was commenced at 1 day after inoculation to evaluate how rapidly influenza a virus, influenza b virus, and parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 could be detected by this method from respiratory specimens. overall, 38% of all isolates could be detected within 24 h of inoculation, and 69% could be detected within 48 h. all influenza a viruses and all but one influenza b virus were detected by day 3. | 1987 | 3029173 |
| the polypeptides of human parainfluenza type 2 virus and their synthesis in infected cells. | we have studied the structural components of three strains of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (hpi-2) and identified the virus-specific polypeptides. molecular weight of p and f1 polypeptides determined by us, when compared with that reported previously, was in reversed order. hn polypeptide existed chiefly as disulfide-linked dimers in cells infected with toshiba strain, while as monomers and dimers in nearly equal proportion in cells infected with two other strains. similar disulfide-linked n ... | 1987 | 3038054 |
| [present occurrence of parainfluenza virus 2 in hybrid laying chickens]. | | 1987 | 3039761 |
| immunological interrelationships among human and non-human paramyxoviruses revealed by immunoprecipitation. | antigenic interrelationships among paramyxoviruses were examined by immunoprecipitation of isotope-labelled virus-infected cell lysates with specific antisera against virions or virus components. sendai virus, human parainfluenza virus type 1 (pa-1) and human parainfluenza virus type 3 (pa-3) belonged to one antigenic group, and human parainfluenza virus type 2 (pa-2), human parainfluenza virus type 4 (pa-4), mumps virus (muv) and simian virus 5 to a second group. furthermore, the human paramyxo ... | 1987 | 3572366 |
| neutralizing activity in nasal secretions and serum in resistance of volunteers to parainfluenza virus type 2. | | 1968 | 4300152 |
| growth studies of parainfluenza virus (type 2). | | 1970 | 4318110 |
| virus isolations from patients in general practice, 1961-71. | during the period 1961-71 of 1785 viruses isolated from patients in the general population 503 (28%) were rhinoviruses, 465 (26%) influenza viruses, 248 (14%) enteroviruses, 234 (13%) herpes simplex virus, 132 (7%) parainfluenza viruses, 129 (7%) adenoviruses and 49 (3%) respiratory syncytial virus. also isolated were 18 strains of mumps virus, 7 coronaviruses and 295 streptococci of groups a, c or g.fluctuations were observed in the frequency with which respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenz ... | 1974 | 4362413 |
| antibody-mediated fusion of fl amnion cells infected with parainfluenza virus type 2. | | 1972 | 4375667 |
| parainfluenza virus immunization. iv. simultaneous immunization with parainfluenza types 1, 2, and 3 aqueous vaccines. | | 1967 | 4378106 |
| isolation of avian paramyxovirus 2 and 3 from turkeys in brittany. | | 1984 | 6087542 |
| serological diagnosis of parainfluenza virus infections by enzyme immunoassay with special emphasis on purity of viral antigens. | enzyme immunoassay (eia) for parainfluenza virus type 1, 2, and 3 antibodies was compared with the complement fixation test (cf) as a diagnostic method in 180 patients with respiratory symptoms. the cf test detected rises in parainfluenza virus antibodies in 30 cases, whereas eia detected 47 rises. patients with antibody rises in parainfluenza or mumps virus antibodies were studied for cross-reactions by cf, hemagglutination inhibition (hai), and eia using purified viral envelope glycoprotein an ... | 1984 | 6092530 |
| role of canine parainfluenza virus and bordetella bronchiseptica in kennel cough. | the effect of bordetella bronchiseptica upper airway colonization on the clinical, radiographic, serologic, pathologic, and pulmonary function changes caused by canine parainfluenza-2 virus (cpiv-2) infection was studied in 24 purebred beagle pups (10.5 +/- 1.4 weeks old). eight control dogs (group i) were not colonized or inoculated with cpiv-2. of the 12 noncolonized dogs inoculated with cpiv-2 (group ii), 9 developed antibody titers to cpiv-2 and 10 had clinical signs of infectious canine tra ... | 1984 | 6093651 |
| benign acute childhood myositis associated with parainfluenza type 2 infection. | | 1984 | 6096835 |
| contribution of monoclonal antibodies to the study of parainfluenza virus antigens. | splenic lymphocytes from balb/c mice immunized with parainfluenza 1 virus (piv-1), ha2 strain, were fused to the non secreting 653 and secreting p3 x 63ag8 myeloma cell lines. fusion products were screened for antibody synthesis using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with purified piv-1. antibodies were characterized by their biologic specificity and immune fluorescence staining--6 monoclones (2hi and 4 non hi) were used to further analysis by cross reactivity panels using different ... | 1984 | 6098496 |
| a comparison of paramyxoviruses by immunoprecipitation. | using the technique of immune precipitation of [35s]methionine-labelled infected cell polypeptides followed by sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography it has been shown that sv5 and a closely related isolate are both antigenically related to human parainfluenza virus type 2. limited cross-reactions were also demonstrated between parainfluenza virus types 1 and 3 by this method and the apparent molecular weights of the major structural components of human parainfluenza virus ty ... | 1982 | 6178797 |
| does simian virus 5 infect humans? | simian virus 5 (sv5) isolates derived after co-cultivation of human bone marrow aspirates of multiple sclerosis (ms) patients were shown by immunoprecipitation, cross-neutralization and haemagglutination inhibition techniques to be similar antigenically but not identical to the prototype strain. analyses of human sera (ms and control) showed that about 20% contained neutralizing antibodies to sv5 and immunoprecipitated the specific sv5 hn polypeptide. a competition assay using a specific sv5 mon ... | 1984 | 6205118 |
| interferon production and virus replication in lymphoblastoid cells infected with different viruses. | a semicontinuous infection system was used to test viral replication and interferon induction in lymphoblastoid cells: measles virus, newcastle disease virus (ndv), sendai virus, human parainfluenza virus (type ii and iii), semliki forest virus (sfv) and vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv). with the exception of sendai virus, all viruses replicated in the namalva cell line. only measles virus was able to induce high levels of interferon. three other cell lines, nc37, raji (tk+-variant) and raji (tk ... | 1980 | 6243928 |
| influence of trypsin on the infectivity and biological properties or parainfluenza type 2 type 2 (croup-associated) virus in vero cells. | a comparative study on the infectivity and biological activities of parainfluenza virus type 2 revealed that one strain (toshiba) showed c.p.e. with cell fusion and produced plaques in vero cells, an established line of african green monkey kidney cells. another strain (62-m786) of this virus, however, showed minimum c.p.e. and produced almost no plaques in vero cells, although c.p.e. appeared and plaques were observed following addition of trypsin. the infectivity titre of the latter strain, es ... | 1980 | 6249888 |
| secretory immunological response in infants and children to parainfluenza virus types 1 and 2. | the secretory immunological responses to natural infection with parainfluenza viruses ae not well defined. nasopharyngeal secretion specimens from 20 infants and children naturally infected with parainfluenza virus type 1 or type 2 were examined for class-specific antibody and virus-neutralizing activity. there was a marked discordance in individual secretions between immunoglobulin a (iga) antibody (as measured by indirect immunofluorescence) and neutralizing activity (as determined by either h ... | 1980 | 6254881 |
| detection of respiratory syncytial, parainfluenza type 2, and adenovirus antigens by radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay on nasopharyngeal specimens from children with acute respiratory disease. | four-layer antispecies radioimmunoassay (ria) and enzyme immunoassay (eia) procedures were developed for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), parainfluenza type 2 virus, and adenovirus antigens in nasopharyngeal specimens from children hospitalized for acute respiratory disease. polystyrene beads (ria) or flat-bottomed polystyrene microtiter plates (eia) were used as the solid phases, guinea pig anti-virus immunoglobulins were used as the captive antibodies, rabbit anti-virus immu ... | 1981 | 6259198 |
| microneutralization test for influenza a and b and parainfluenza 1 and 2 viruses that uses continuous cell lines and fresh serum enhancement. | a modified microneutralization test for influenza a and b and parainfluenza 1 and 2 viruses was developed. use of continuous cell lines (madin-darby canine kidney and llc-mk2), hemagglutination for virus detection, and transfer plates and other microtiter equipment resulted in a highly mechanized technique suitable for titrating large numbers of sera easily and relatively inexpensively. titers of heat-inactivated human sera were enhanced 0.5 to 3.5 log2 by addition of fresh hamster or human seru ... | 1980 | 6260835 |
| plaque formation by human-origin parainfluenza type 2 virus in established cell lines. | two strains of parainfluenza type 2 virus formed well-defined plaques in cultures of vero cells, an established line of african green monkey kidney cells. in the absence of trypsin, satisfactory plaques were formed by the toshiba strain of virus. when trypsin was added in the overlay medium of vero cell monolayers, another strain (62-m786) of virus produced plaques. the toshiba strain was also able to make plaques in hela, bhk, and llc-mk2 (an established line of monkey kidney) cells without try ... | 1981 | 6263231 |
| growth properties and f protein cleavage site sequences of naturally occurring human parainfluenza type 2 viruses. | the growth properties of 24 clinical isolates of piv-2 obtained from six independent areas in japan were examined using vero and primary monkey kidney cells. these viruses could be subdivided into three groups on the basis of the ability of syncytium formation on the two primate cell systems. the distinct correlation between the f protein cleavability and the fusogenic effect was observed in vero cells, and the importance of consecutive basic residues in the f protein cleavage site for efficient ... | 1991 | 1651606 |
| respiratory infection and airway reactivity. | the data reviewed demonstrate that viral and mycoplasma infections induce a spectrum of functional abnormalities in airways. acute virus infections cause wheezing illnesses in both children and adults. changes in peripheral airway function during infection with similar organisms are observed in other subjects, usually normal adults. the pathogenesis of these responses is unclear. pathologic data do show that infection with these pathogens damages the airway epithelium. these changes appear to in ... | 1981 | 6270475 |
| comparative inhibition of influenza and parainfluenza virus replication by ribavirin in mdck cells. | actinomycin d inhibited the yield of influenza virus hemagglutinin from mdck cells infected at high multiplicity, but had little effect on the yield of parainfluenza virus hemagglutinin. in similar hemagglutinin yield experiments, ribavirin was only slightly more active (threefold) against influenza virus than against parainfluenza virus replication. in plaque inhibition experiments, ribavirin depressed influenza virus plaque formation by 50% at a concentration of approximately 3 micrograms/ml, ... | 1981 | 6271045 |
| natural history of parainfluenza virus infection in childhood. | in order to determine the natural history of parainfluenza virus infection in early life, we followed prospectively 130 infants and children from birth or a few months of age for evidence of infection with pv. using rapid diagnostic techniques, standard tissue culture infectivity, and serologic techniques we were able to document primary pv infection in 92% of these infants, and repeated infection with heterotypic or homotypic pv strains in 49% by 30 months of age. increasing patient age had no ... | 1982 | 6284899 |
| parainfluenza virus pneumonitis in an adult. | parainfluenza virus uncommonly causes fatal giant cell pneumonia in immunocompromised infants and children. to our knowledge, this is the first adult case of parainfluenza virus pneumonia. a 77-year-old woman who was diagnosed as having small-cell carcinoma of the lung underwent chemotherapy. she died of lung edema. analysis of her serum showed antibodies to parainfluenza virus types 2 and 3 at titers of 1:64 and 1:128, respectively. the postmortem examination revealed giant cell pneumonia, in w ... | 1991 | 1650545 |
| a 12-month surveillance of 'flu-like infections in a sample from the population of lagos. | 5,576 people who had two or more of the following symptoms, running nose, cough, fever and crepitations/rhonchi over the chest were interviewed. 1,355 specimens of nasal and throat swabs from those interviewed were processed for viruses associated with upper respiratory tract infection. there was a sharp rise in 'flu-like symptoms in march 1976, followed by a much higher incidence from june, reaching a peak in august. influenza a was isolated from most of the specimens collected. a few para-infl ... | 1982 | 6298982 |
| molecular evolution of human paramyxoviruses. nucleotide sequence analyses of the human parainfluenza type 1 virus np and m protein genes and construction of phylogenetic trees for all the human paramyxoviruses. | the nucleotide sequences of the np and m genes of human parainfluenza type 1 virus (hpiv-1) were determined. the np gene was 1677 nucleotides long excluding polyadenylic acid. the np gene contained a single large open reading frame (orf), which encoded a polypeptide of 524 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 57,736. the m gene 1173 nucleotides long excluding the poly(a) tract and the sequence also contained a single large orf which encoded a polypeptide of 348 amino acid with a mol ... | 1992 | 1605738 |
| viral antibody screening system that uses a standardized single dilution immunoglobulin g enzyme immunoassay with multiple antigens. | we present an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) system for the simultaneous determination of immunoglobulin g antibodies directed against several viruses. antibodies to up to eight different viruses could be determined for three different sera on one microtitration plate. after subtraction of the absorbance values obtained with the control antigens, the viral antigen absorbancies were expressed as percentages of the absorbance obtained with a pooled immunoglobulin standard. this value, t ... | 1983 | 6308038 |
| characterization of human parainfluenza viruses. i. the structural proteins of parainfluenza virus 2 and their synthesis in infected cells. | two strains of human parainfluenza virus 2 (hpv2), p2 1972/6 and p2 1980, grow to high titre in mek3 cells, and their structural proteins and virus-induced protein synthesis have been characterized by gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation. purified viruses contain seven polypeptides, including cellular actin: l (175k mol. wt.), hn (72k to 74k), np (66k to 67k), f1 (52k to 58k), p (49k), a (44.5k) and m (39k). virus-induced polypeptide synthesis was first detected at 8 h post-infection with ... | 1983 | 6311949 |
| bacterial tracheitis as a complication of viral croup. | | 1983 | 6314288 |
| survival of human parainfluenza viruses in the south polar environment. | the survival of human parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, and 3 was measured in both indoor and outdoor environments at south pole station, antarctica, in an effort to determine the long-term survival of these viruses in this environment and to identify the possible source of respiratory tract illnesses which occurred in this isolated population in 1978 after 10 and 27 weeks of total social isolation. viruses were applied to plastic petri plate surfaces which were then stored in indoor (21.4 degrees ... | 1983 | 6314897 |
| a simple procedure for the analysis of the structural proteins of influenza and parainfluenza viruses involving adsorption to erythrocytes. | a simple procedure for the analysis of the structural proteins of influenza and parainfluenza viruses utilizing adsorption to erythrocytes is described. the method involves virus growth in the presence of [35s]methionine, adsorption of clarified culture medium with a 0.5% suspension of either guinea-pig or chicken erythrocytes and analysis of the virus-erythrocyte aggregates by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page). all of the structural proteins can be detected u ... | 1984 | 6323512 |
| differences in the role of the cytoplasmic domain of human parainfluenza virus fusion proteins. | we have investigated the roles of the cytoplasmic domains of the human parainfluenza virus type 2 (pi2) and type 3 (pi3) fusion (f) proteins in protein transport and cell fusion activity. by using the vaccinia virus-t7 transient expression system, a series of f protein cytoplasmic tail truncation mutants was studied with respect to intracellular and surface expression and the ability to induce cell fusion when coexpressed with the corresponding hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) proteins. all of t ... | 1995 | 7474124 |
| identification of regions on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of human parainfluenza virus type 2 important for promoting cell fusion. | the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hn) and fusion (f) glycoproteins of two paramyxoviruses, human parainfluenza virus type 2 (piv2) and simian virus 41 (sv41), were expressed in hela cells by transfecting with recombinant plasmid harboring each glycoprotein gene. expressed f proteins could not induce cell fusion by themselves, but evoked prominent cell fusion when coexpressed with homologous hn proteins. it was also proved that piv2 hn protein could weakly promote sv41 f-mediated cell fusion. by a ... | 1995 | 7483263 |
| distinct hemagglutinin and neuraminidase epitopes involved in antigenic variation of recent human parainfluenza virus type 2 isolates. | a panel of fourteen neutralizing anti-hn monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to the prototype greer strain of human parainfluenza virus type 2 (pi2) was used to determine the extent of antigenic variation in recent virus isolates. competitive binding analysis with the mabs indicated the presence of at least five distinct antigenic sites (i to v) on the hn glycoprotein molecule. mabs recognizing different antigenic sites were found to be associated with the hemagglutinin (sites i, iv and v), hemagglutin ... | 1992 | 1378237 |
| membrane-permeable dideoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate analogue inhibits human immunodeficiency virus infection. | 2',3'-dideoxyuridine (ddu) is ineffective at controlling human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection in human t cells, because it is not biotransformed to the active 5'-triphosphate. the metabolic block resides in the poor substrate affinity of ddu for cellular nucleoside kinases. this problem cannot be overcome by supplying the preformed nucleotides, because such compounds are unable to penetrate cells. to circumvent the requirement of ddu for enzymic phosphorylation, we have prepared ... | 1992 | 1372082 |
| characterization of human parainfluenza virus type 2 rnas in infected cells and by in vitro synthesis. | the rna species synthesized in hpiv-2 infected cv-1 cells were identified and characterized. the largest rna of approximately 5.5 x 10(6) in molecular weight (mw) based on electrophoretic mobility, was identified as the genomic rna. the other small rna species of mws 2.4 x 10(6), 1.1 x 10(6), 0.77 x 10(6), 0.68 x 10(6) and 0.5 x 10(6) were identified as mrnas. the five smallest rnas were also synthesized in vitro and comigrated with rnas synthesized in virus-infected cells. mrnas synthesized bot ... | 1995 | 7762291 |
| respiratory virus antibodies in adults of a norwegian community: prevalences and risk factors. | the aims were to examine prevalences as well as demographic and environmental predictors of respiratory virus antibodies in serum. | 1995 | 7797347 |
| isolation of a parainfluenzavirus type 2 from the prostatic fluid of a dog. | | 1994 | 7831745 |
| [omnia tempus habent--on the significance of time for pathoanatomic thinking]. | | 1992 | 1360660 |
| [rapid detection for antigens of respiratory tract viruses by using series of monoclonal antibody]. | a series of monoclonal antibodies (mcab) against six main respiratory tract viruses(rtv)--respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), influenza a virus (flua), influenza b virus(flub), parainfluenza virus type 1.2.3 (piv1.2.3) were developed, and were used in apaap bridge-enzyme assay to rapidly detect the antigens of rtv. total 260 samples of nasopharyngeal exfoliated cells were collected from young men in beijing army suffered from respiratory tract virus infections. the results showed that 18 cases we ... | 1994 | 7859266 |
| biology of parainfluenza viruses. | parainfluenza virus types 1 to 4 (piv1 to piv4) are important human pathogens that cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections, especially in infants and children. piv1, piv2, and piv3 are second only to respiratory syncytial virus as a cause of croup in young children. although some clinical symptoms are typical of pivs, etiologic diagnosis always requires detection of infectious virus, viral components, or an antibody response. pivs are typical paramyxoviruses, causing a syncytial cytop ... | 1994 | 8055470 |