| effect of temperature on the vector efficiency of aedes aegypti for dengue 2 virus. | the effect of temperature on the ability of aedes aegypti to transmit dengue (den) 2 virus to rhesus monkeys was assessed as a possible explanation for the seasonal variation in the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever in bangkok, thailand. in two laboratory experiments, a bangkok strain of ae. aegypti was allowed to feed upon viremic monkeys infected with den-2 virus. blood-engorged mosquitoes were separated into two groups and retained at constant temperatures. virus infection and transmissio ... | 1987 | 3812879 |
| dengue-2 vaccine: viremia and immune responses in rhesus monkeys. | studies were undertaken in indian rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) to determine the safety, potency, immunogenicity, and mosquito infectivity of a small-plaque, temperature-sensitive variant of dengue type 2 (den-2) virus, a vaccine candidate. fifteen monkeys were inoculated subcutaneously with the vaccine virus, ten receiving 10(3.1) plaque-forming units (pfu) and five receiving 10(4.5) pfu. after primary immunization, viremia was detected in only one monkey, a recipient of the higher dose of va ... | 1980 | 6766903 |
| development of a live attenuated dengue virus vaccine using reverse genetics. | there are four serotypes of dengue (den1-den4) virus that are endemic in most areas of southeast asia, central and south america, and other subtropical regions. the number of cases of severe disease associated with den virus infection is growing because of the continued spread of the mosquito vector, aedes aegypti, which transmits the virus to humans. infection with den virus can result in an asymptomatic infection, a febrile illness called dengue fever (df), and the very severe disease called d ... | 2006 | 16553547 |
| vaccine candidates for dengue virus type 1 (den1) generated by replacement of the structural genes of rden4 and rden4delta30 with those of den1. | antigenic chimeric viruses have previously been generated in which the structural genes of recombinant dengue virus type 4 (rden4) have been replaced with those derived from den2 or den3. two vaccine candidates were identified, rden2/4delta30(me) and rden3/4delta30(me), which contain the membrane (m) precursor and envelope (e) genes of den2 and den3, respectively, and a 30 nucleotide deletion (delta30) in the 3' untranslated region of the den4 backbone. based on the promising preclinical phenoty ... | 2007 | 17328799 |
| the incubation period of yellow fever in the mosquito. | 1. the yellow fever virus was found in infectious form in aedes aegypti throughout the entire period of the extrinsic incubation, as demonstrated by the injection of the bodies of mosquitoes into normal rhesus monkeys at daily intervals after the insects had fed on an infected animal. 2. the virus was transmitted through the bite of the mosquitoes, in one experiment on and after the 9th day, and in two experiments on the 12th day after the initial infecting feed. 3. the pathologic changes produc ... | 1928 | 19869467 |
| possibility of hereditary transmission of yellow fever virus by aedes aegypti (linn.). | attempts to obtain passage of yellow fever virus from one generation to the next in a. aegypti were unsuccessful. subcutaneous injections at varying intervals of a saline emulsion of 200 eggs laid by an infective lot of mosquitoes produced no reaction in six normal m. rhesus monkeys. negative results were also obtained in five biting and two injection experiments with progeny of the same infective lot of mosquitoes in which seven normal monkeys were used. the eggs consisted of batches laid after ... | 1929 | 19869656 |
| a dna vaccine against chikungunya virus is protective in mice and induces neutralizing antibodies in mice and nonhuman primates. | chikungunya virus (chikv) is an emerging mosquito-borne alphavirus indigenous to tropical africa and asia. acute illness is characterized by fever, arthralgias, conjunctivitis, rash, and sometimes arthritis. relatively little is known about the antigenic targets for immunity, and no licensed vaccines or therapeutics are currently available for the pathogen. while the aedes aegypti mosquito is its primary vector, recent evidence suggests that other carriers can transmit chikv thus raising concern ... | 2011 | 21264351 |
| the brazilian zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models. | zika virus (zikv) is an arbovirus belonging to the genus flavivirus (family flaviviridae) and was first described in 1947 in uganda following blood analyses of sentinel rhesus monkeys. until the twentieth century, the african and asian lineages of the virus did not cause meaningful infections in humans. however, in 2007, vectored by aedes aegypti mosquitoes, zikv caused the first noteworthy epidemic on the yap island in micronesia. patients experienced fever, skin rash, arthralgia and conjunctiv ... | 0 | 27279226 |
| the zika outbreak of the 21st century. | the zika virus outbreak has captivated the attention of the global audience and information has spread rapidly and wildly through the internet and other media channels. this virus was first identified in 1947, when it was isolated from a sentinel rhesus monkey placed by british scientists working at the yellow fever research laboratory located in the zika forest area of uganda, hence its name, and is transmitted primarily by the mosquito vector, aedes aegypti. the fact that the rhesus macaque is ... | 2016 | 26925496 |
| non-human primate antibody response to mosquito salivary proteins: implications for dengue virus transmission in puerto rico. | an important step to incriminate a mosquito as a vector of a disease pathogen is finding evidence of direct contact between the mosquito and humans. typically, this is accomplished through landing/biting catches, or host blood meal analysis in engorged mosquitoes via immunologic assays. an alternate approach is to identify the presence of specific mosquito anti-saliva protein antibodies in the blood of exposed hosts. following the discovery of dengue infected, free roaming non-human primates in ... | 2016 | 27593498 |
| zika virus in asia. | zika virus (zikv) is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that was first isolated from a sentinel rhesus monkey in the zika forest in uganda in 1947. in asia, the virus was isolated in malaysia from aedes aegypti mosquitoes in 1966, and the first human infections were reported in 1977 in central java, indonesia. in this review, all reported cases of zikv infection in asia as of september 1, 2016 are summarized and some of the hypotheses that could currently explain the apparently low incidence of zi ... | 2017 | 27939768 |
| understanding zika virus. | this article describes what pediatric healthcare professionals should know about zika virus (zikv). | 2017 | 27862959 |
| zika virus: yet another emerging threat to nepal. | zika virus (zikv) is a flavivirus with single stranded rna related to yellow fever, dengue, west nile, and japanese encephalitis viruses and is transmitted by aedes mosquitoes primarily by aedes aegipti which is widely distributed in nepal. zikv was first identified incidentally in rhesus monkey in uganda in 1947 and human infection in 1952; and by now outbreaks of zikv disease have been recorded in africa, the americas, asia and the pacific. the world health organization (who) has recently decl ... | 2016 | 27005721 |
| the convergence of a virus, mosquitoes, and human travel in globalizing the zika epidemic. | the zika virus was first identified in 1947 in the zika forest of uganda. it was discovered in a rhesus monkey that had been placed in a cage on a sentinel platform in the forest by the virus research institute. when this writer visited the institute and the zika forest in 1961, work was underway to identify mosquito species at various levels of the tree canopy. this was done through the placement of traps at various levels of a 120-foot-high steel tower which this writer climbed. at that time, ... | 2016 | 26969497 |
| zika virus disease. | the zika virus is an arbovirus belonging to the virus family flaviviridae. the virus was isolated in 1947 from a rhesus monkey in the zika forest of uganda. the virus causes sporadic mild human infections in africa and later in asia. however, by 2007 a major shift in its infection pattern was noticed and thousands of human infections were reported in the state of yap and federated states of micronesia. in the last 3 years, major outbreaks have continued to occur and the virus has spread to sever ... | 2019 | 30787745 |
| two sides of a coin: a zika virus mutation selected in pregnant rhesus macaques promotes fetal infection in mice but at a cost of reduced fitness in nonpregnant macaques and diminished transmissibility by vectors. | although fetal death is now understood to be a severe outcome of congenital zika syndrome, the role of viral genetics is still unclear. we sequenced zika virus (zikv) from a rhesus macaque fetus that died after inoculation and identified a single intra-host substitution, m1404i, in the zikv polyprotein, located in ns2b. targeted sequencing flanking position 1404 in 9 additional macaque mothers and their fetuses identified m1404i at sub-consensus frequency in the majority (5 of 9, 56%) of animals ... | 2020 | 32999034 |
| virological and immunological outcomes in rhesus monkeys after exposure to dengue virus-infected aedes aegypti mosquitoes. | this study describes the natural history of dengue virus (denv) infection in rhesus monkeys exposed to the bites of denv-infected aedes aegypti mosquitoes. dengue virus-infected mosquitoes were generated by either intrathoracic inoculation or by oral feeding on viremic blood meals. each of the six rhesus monkeys that were fed upon by intrathoracically infected mosquitoes developed non-structural protein 1 (ns1) antigenemia and an igm response; viremia was detected in 4/6 individuals. no virologi ... | 2020 | 32431270 |