| parasites and associated pathology observed in pinnipeds stranded along the oregon coast. | forty-two seals and sea lions found dead along the oregon coast were examined for parasites and associated pathology. nematode infections of the lung and/or gastrointestinal tract were the primary cause of death in 5 of 42 animals examined. new distribution records were established for pricetrema zalophi and zalophotrema hepaticum. new host records include z. hepaticum and diphyllobothrium cordatum in the steller's sea lion (eumetopias jubatus); nanophyetus salmincola in the california sea lion ... | 1978 | 567698 |
| prevalence of vesicular exanthema of swine antibodies among feral mammals associated with the southern california coastal zones. | serum-neutralizing antibodies to both vesicular exanthema of swine virus (vesv) and san miguel sea lion virus (smsv) were found in a number of animal species having an association with the southern california coastal zones. california sea lions (zalophus californianus) had antibodies to 9 vesv types (a48, c52, d53, e54, f54, g55, i55, j56, and k56). fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) and elephant seal pups (mirounga angustirostris) were tested for antibodies to 6 vesv types and all were negative. c ... | 1978 | 629463 |
| bacterial isolates from california sea lions (zalophus californianus), harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) admitted to a rehabilitation center along the central california coast, 1994-1995. | in 2 yr of bacteriologic culturing of 297 california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 154 harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and 89 northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) stranded alive along the california coast, the most frequent isolates from inflammatory lesions in live animals were escherichia coli, streptococcus viridans, listeria ivanovii, beta-hemolytic streptococcus spp., and enterococcus spp. this is the first report of l. ivanovii isolation from a marine mammal. the common i ... | 1998 | 9732032 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from pinnipeds stranded in central and northern california. | over a 2-yr period (1994-1995), the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 129 bacterial isolates recovered from live stranded california sea lions (zalophus californianus), harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) were studied. nineteen genera of bacteria were isolated from various sites of inflammation; abscesses and umbilici were the most common sites. seventy-two percent of the bacterial isolated were gram negative, and the enterobacteriaceae (escherich ... | 1998 | 9809600 |
| molecular phylogenetics and diagnosis of anisakis, pseudoterranova, and contracaecum from northern pacific marine mammals. | individual specimens of anisakis, pseudoterranova, and contracaecum collected from marine mammals inhabiting northern pacific waters were used for comparative diagnostic and molecular phylogenetic analyses. forty-eight new sequences were obtained for this study of 14 anisakis taxa, 8 pseudoterranova taxa, 4 contracaecum taxa, and 4 outgroup species. partial 28s (lsu) and complete internal transcribed spacer (its-1, 5.8s, its-2) ribosomal dna was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and seq ... | 2005 | 16539026 |
| campylobacter insulaenigrae isolates from northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) in california. | there are only two reports in the literature demonstrating the presence of campylobacter spp. in marine mammals. one report describes the isolation of a new species, campylobacter insulaenigrae sp. nov., from three harbor seals (phoca vitulina) and a harbor porpoise (phocoena phocoena) in scotland, and the other describes the isolation of campylobacter jejuni, campylobacter lari, and an unknown campylobacter species from northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) in california. in this st ... | 2007 | 17259365 |
| risk factors for infection with pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant fecal bacteria in northern elephant seals in california. | the goal of this study was to identify potential environmental and demographic factors associated with campylobacter jejuni (c. jejuni), salmonella enterica (salmonella spp.), and antimicrobial-resistant escherichia coli (e. coli) infection in northern elephant seals stranded along the california coastline. | 2008 | 19006978 |
| salmonella and campylobacter spp. in northern elephant seals, california. | campylobacter and salmonella spp. prevalence and antimicrobial drug sensitivity were determined in northern elephant seals that had not entered the water and seals that were stranded on the california coast. stranded seals had a higher prevalence of pathogenic bacteria, possibly from terrestrial sources, which were more likely to be resistant. | 2005 | 16485493 |
| leptospirosis in northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) stranded along the california coast. | leptospirosis was identified in six northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) that were stranded in 1995 along the coast of california (usa). histologic lesions in all seals included tubulointerstitial nephritis with tubular degeneration and necrosis. infection was confirmed through identification of spirochetes using an immunohistochemical stain for leptospira sp. antigens. one affected seal had an elevated titer to leptospira interrogans serovar pomona. four of the six seals developed ... | 2005 | 16107678 |
| seasonal occurrence of the northern elephant seal, mirounga angustirostris, on san nicolas island, california. | | 1974 | 4819602 |
| dialects in elephatn seals. | threat vocalizations of male elephant seals mirounga angustirostris vary among four populations on islands off the coast of california and baja california, mexico. males at san nicolas island in southern california emit sound pulses at more than double the rate of males at aũo nuevo island, 528 kilometers north. mean pulse rates at san miguel island and isla de guadalupe (408 and 944 kilometers south of aũo nuevo, respectively) are intermediate to these two. pulse rate is homogeneous within each ... | 1969 | 5360593 |
| characterization and clinical manifestations of arcanobacterium phocae infections in marine mammals stranded along the central california coast. | between 1994 and 2000, 141 arcanobacterium phocae isolates were recovered from marine mammals that stranded along the central california coast (usa). arcanobacterium phocae was cultured from tissue sites with abnormal discharge or evidence of inflammation in 66 california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 50 pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardii), 19 northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), five southern sea otters (enhydra lutris nereis), and one common dolphin (delphinus d ... | 2003 | 12685077 |
| leptospirosis in rehabilitated pacific harbor seals from california. | renal disease was observed in two rehabilitated pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsii) from a facility in california (usa). the seals had leukocytosis and high serum phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations. a retrospective study of leptospiral antibody serum titers indicated both seals had elevated titers to leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa. a third seal, which died about the time when the index cases occurred, also had elevated titers to l. interrogan ... | 1998 | 9577797 |
| structure of northern elephant seal population breeding on san nicholas island, california, in 1971. | the structure of the population of northern elephant seals, mirounga angustirostris, on san nicolas island, california, was studied during the 1970 and 1971 breeding season. at the population peak on 31 january 1971, there were 77 males, 306 females, 315 pups, and 6 yearlings on shore. the breeding population was subdivided into 15 groups, containing from 3 to 75 breeding animals. fourteen of the groups were considered territories defended by individual males, and one group, the largest, was con ... | 1977 | 857710 |
| baseline coagulation assay values for northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), and disseminated intravascular coagulation in this species. | coagulation assays, including platelet counts, antithrombin iii, fibrinogen, fibrinogen degradation product levels, prothrombin (pt), activated partial thromboplastin (aptt) and activated clotting times (act), were performed on 20 healthy juvenile northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) stranded along the central california coastline from 15 march to 15 april 1994, to establish baseline parameters for this species. elephant seals appear to have relatively short act, pt, and aptt times, ... | 1996 | 8827684 |
| congenital defects in northern elephant seals stranded along the central california coast. | eleven cases of congenital anomalies were identified in 210 (5%) juvenile northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) found stranded along the central california (usa) coast from 1 january 1988 to 31 december 1995. seven individuals had mild-to-moderate hydrocephalus involving the lateral ventricles bilaterally, or the lateral and third ventricles. two animals had severe cardiac anomalies: hypoplasia of the right ventricle with overriding aorta, and ventricular septal defect. other anomali ... | 1997 | 9131551 |
| clinical and pathological characterization of northern elephant seal skin disease. | from 1984 through 1992, staff at the marine mammal center (tmmc, sausalito, california, usa) examined 207 northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) with a condition of unknown etiology called northern elephant seal skin disease (nessd). the skin lesions were characterized by patchy to extensive alopecia and hyperpigmentation, punctate or coalescing epidermal ulceration, and occasionally, massive skin necrosis. microscopic lesions included ulcerative dermatitis with hyperkeratosis, squamo ... | 1997 | 9249688 |
| first findings of cryptosporidium and giardia in california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | we report the detection and identification of cryptosporidium and giardia from 1 of 3 species of pinnipeds. fecal samples were collected from pacific harbor seal (phoca vitulina richardsi), northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), and california sea lion (zalophus californianus) in the northern california coastal area. by means of fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibodies, cryptosporidium oocysts were detected in 3 samples from california sea lions, 1 of which also contained giardia c ... | 2000 | 10864244 |
| polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and furans in weaned, free-ranging northern elephant seal pups from central california, usa. | the aim of this study was to measure persistent organic pollutants in northern elephant seals ([nes], mirounga angustirotris). we obtained blubber biopsy samples from six healthy, newly weaned nes pups from año nuevo, california (usa). contaminant levels were lower than those of other pinnipeds studied on the west coast of north america. blubber concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans averaged 700 +/- 130 microg/kg, ... | 2005 | 15779763 |
| urate nephrolithiasis in a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) and a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). | nephrolithiasis has rarely been reported in marine mammals. during 2004 and 2005, two cases of nephrolithiasis were diagnosed during routine necropsy examination, one in a northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris) and one in a california sea lion (zalophus californianus). nephroliths were found throughout both kidneys during necropsy examination, varying in size from 1-10 mm in diameter in the northern elephant seal and from 1-15 mm in diameter in the california sea lion. necropsy and his ... | 2007 | 17469285 |
| contaminants still high in top-level carnivores in the southern california bight: levels of ddt and pcbs in resident and transient pinnipeds. | highly industrialized areas, such as the southern california bight, often have high levels of contaminants in marine sediments, which can cause chronic exposure to organisms long after their use has ceased. tddt and tpcb were analyzed in the blubber of 145 stranded pinnipeds that died at local marine mammal centers between 1994 and 2006. resident species (california sea lion and pacific harbor seal) had significantly higher concentrations of tddt and tpcb than the transient species (northern ele ... | 2008 | 18835609 |
| polybrominated diphenyl ethers in pinnipeds stranded along the southern california coast. | little to no information exists for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes) in marine mammals frequenting the highly urbanized southern california (usa) coast. fourteen pbde congeners were determined by gc-ecni-ms in blubber of pinnipeds stranded locally between 1994 and 2006. total pbde concentrations (sigmapbde) in california sea lion (n = 63) ranged from 0.04 to 33.7 microg/g wet weight (mean: 5.24 microg/g). to our knowledge, these are the highest reported pbde levels in marine mammals to dat ... | 2009 | 19487060 |
| parasitological examination for presence of hookworms (uncinaria spp.) in northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) at año nuevo state reserve, california (2012). | northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris gill, 1866), inhabiting rookeries on the mainland of año nuevo state reserve in central california, were investigated in 2012 for presence of hookworms (uncinaria spp.). material collected and examined for hookworms included: blubber (n = 15), stomach and intestines (n = 21) from dead pups; feces from the rectum of weaned pups (n = 23); sand containing apparent feces in areas of weaned pups (n = 28) and sand without apparent feces in areas of wean ... | 2012 | 22543700 |
| mercury offloaded in northern elephant seal hair affects coastal seawater surrounding rookery. | methylmercury (mehg) is a potent neurotoxin that is biomagnified approximately 1-10 million-fold in aquatic carnivores such as the northern elephant seal (mirounga angustirostris), whose excreta and molted pelage, in turn, constitute a source of environmental mehg contamination at the base of marine food chains. the potential for this top-down contamination is greatest in coastal areas with productive marine ecosystems that provide ideal habitats for large marine mammal colonies that can number ... | 2015 | 26372960 |
| serum pop concentrations are highly predictive of inner blubber concentrations at two extremes of body condition in northern elephant seals. | long-lived, upper trophic level marine mammals are vulnerable to bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (pops). internal tissues may accumulate and mobilize pop compounds at different rates related to the body condition of the animal and the chemical characteristics of individual pop compounds; however, collection of samples from multiple tissues is a major challenge to ecotoxicology studies of free-ranging marine mammals and the ability to predict pop concentrations in one tissue from ... | 2016 | 27503056 |
| organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, and butyltin compounds in blubber and livers of stranded california sea lions, elephant seals, and harbor seals from coastal california, usa. | concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), ddts (p,p'-dde, p,p'-ddd, p,p'-ddt), chlordanes (chls; cis-chlordane, cis-nonachlor, trans-nonachlor, and oxychlordane), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (hchs), hexachlorobenzene (hcb), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (tcpme), tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (tcpmoh), and mono- (mbt), di-(dbt), and tri-butyltin (tbt) were determined in blubber and livers of 15 california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 6 northern elephant seals (mirounga augustirost ... | 2001 | 11385594 |
| organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in california sea lions. | concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), ddts, chlordanes, hchs, hexachlorobenzene (hcb), dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (tcpme), and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (tcpmoh) were measured in the blubber of california sea lions (zalophus californianus) collected in 2000. ddts were the most predominant contaminants, followed by pcbs, chlordanes, tcpme, hchs, tcpmoh, dieldrin, and heptachlor epoxide. concentrations of pcbs and ddts varied from a few microg/g to s ... | 2004 | 15261406 |
| bisgaardia miroungae sp. nov., a new member of the family pasteurellaceae isolated from the oral cavity of northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), and emended description of the genus bisgaardia. | a total of 17 bacterial isolates from northern elephant seals, tentatively classified within the family pasteurellaceae, were further characterized by genotypic and phenotypic tests. phylogenetic analysis of partial 16s rrna and rpob gene sequences showed that the isolates investigated formed a monophyletic group, closely related to the genus bisgaardia within the family pasteurellaceae. the rpob gene sequence similarity was 97.2-100 % within the group and 16s rrna gene sequence comparisons show ... | 2015 | 25368140 |
| findings in pinnipeds stranded along the central and northern california coast, 1984-1990. | personnel at the marine mammal center (the center) treated 1,446 stranded marine mammals recovered from the central and northern california (usa) coast from 1984 through 1990, including california sea lions (zalophus californianus), northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), pacific harbor seals (phoca vitulina richardsi), northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus), steller sea lions (eumetopias jubatus), and guadalupe fur seals (arctocephalus townsendi). the primary disease findings in st ... | 1993 | 8355344 |
| coccidioidomycosis and other systemic mycoses of marine mammals stranding along the central california, usa coast: 1998-2012. | a wide range of systemic mycoses have been reported from captive and wild marine mammals from north america. examples include regionally endemic pathogens such as coccidioides and blastomyces spp., and novel pathogens like cryptococcus gattii, which appear may have been introduced to north america by humans. stranding and necropsy data were analyzed from three marine mammal stranding and response facilities on the central california coast to assess the prevalence, host demographics, and lesion d ... | 2015 | 25647598 |
| isolation of leptospira from a phocid: acute renal failure and mortality from leptospirosis in rehabilitated northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), california, usa. | during rehabilitation, acute renal failure due to leptospirosis occurred in eight male northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) that stranded along the central california coast in 2011. characteristic histologic lesions including renal tubular degeneration, necrosis, and mineralization, and mild lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis were noted in the six animals examined. immunohistochemistry, bacterial culture, and pcr were positive in 2/3, 2/3, and 3/4 seals, respectively, and 6/8 ... | 2014 | 24807176 |
| pandemic h1n1 influenza isolated from free-ranging northern elephant seals in 2010 off the central california coast. | interspecies transmission of influenza a is an important factor in the evolution and ecology of influenza viruses. marine mammals are in contact with a number of influenza reservoirs, including aquatic birds and humans, and this may facilitate transmission among avian and mammalian hosts. virus isolation, whole genome sequencing, and hemagluttination inhibition assay confirmed that exposure to pandemic h1n1 influenza virus occurred among free-ranging northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirost ... | 2013 | 23690933 |
| novel hemotrophic mycoplasma identified in naturally infected california sea lions (zalophus californianus). | the hemoplasmas are the trivial name for a group of erythrocyte-parasitizing, non-cultivable in vitro bacteria of the genus mycoplasma that have been described in several mammalian hosts worldwide. this study is the first report of hemoplasmas in marine mammals. edta anticoagulated whole blood samples from 137 california sea lions (zalophus californianus) and 20 northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) admitted to the marine mammal center (sausalito, ca; www.marinemammalcenter.org) or l ... | 2010 | 21111543 |
| elephant seals: genetic variation and near extinction. | blood samples from northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris), representing five breeding colonies in california and mexico, were surveyed electrophoretically for protein variation reflecting underlying genetic differences. no polymorphisms were found among 21 proteins encoded by 24 loci. this uniform homozygosity may be a consequence of fixation of alleles brought about by the decimation of this species by sealers in the last century. | 1974 | 4825892 |
| fishing gear-related injury in california marine wildlife. | we reviewed medical records from select wildlife rehabilitation facilities in california to determine the prevalence of injury in california brown pelicans (pelecanus occidentalis), gulls (larus spp.), and pinniped species (zalophus californianus, mirounga angustirostris, and phoca vitulina) due to fishing gear entanglement and ingestion from 2001 to 2006. of 9,668 brown pelican, gull, and pinniped cases described during the 6-yr study period (2001-06), 1,090 (11.3%) were fishing gear-related. p ... | 2009 | 19395745 |