| molecular variation, evolution and geographical distribution of louping ill virus. | following the demonstration that the tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) subgroup viruses are distributed as a cline across the northern hemisphere (zanotto et al., 1995), we have analyzed the dispersal pattern of louping ill (li) virus, the most westerly located member in the cline. a total number of 21 li or li-related virus e gene sequences have been used for a detailed molecular analysis of the evolution, phylogeny and geographical distribution of li virus in the british isles and ireland. the res ... | 1997 | 9607079 |
| selection and gene flow on a diminishing cline of melanic peppered moths. | historical datasets documenting changes to gene frequency clines are extremely rare but provide a powerful means of assessing the strength and relative roles of natural selection and gene flow. in 19th century britain, blackening of the environment by the coal-fired manufacturing industry gave rise to a steep cline in the frequency of the black (carbonaria) morph of the peppered moth (biston betularia) across northwest england and north wales. the carbonaria morph has declined across the region ... | 2008 | 18854412 |
| the rise and fall of the carbonaria form of the peppered moth. | the evidence for change in frequency of the melanic carbonaria morph in the peppered moth biston betularia (l.) (lepidoptera: geometridae) in england and wales is reviewed. at mid-20th century a steep cline of melanic phenotype frequency running from the north of wales to the southern coast of england separated a region of 5% or less to west from 90% or more to northeast. by the 1980s the plateau of 90% frequency had contracted to northern england. the frequency has since continued to drop so th ... | 2003 | 14737825 |
| further note on possible changes in the geographic distribution of abo and rh blood groups in great britain. | we previously reported the tendency for the clines of blood group distributions in england, scotland, and wales to become flatter as the result of internal migration. the data came from a one-week birth cohort followed for 16 years. a further seven years and a finer geographic analysis yield mixed results. the rh- clines did become flatter, but the clines for abo blood groups a and o showed the opposite tendency during the additional years. | 1996 | 8935326 |
| a spatial analysis of 100 surnames in england and wales. | spatial patterns are described and analysed for the 84 most common surnames in england and wales, as well as 16 others selected for various reasons. at least three-quarters of the surname frequencies show spatial structure and are heterogeneous over the area of study. while they do not exhibit clines extending over the entire area of study, they do divide into four characteristics patterns. spatial autocorrelation, while significant, is relatively low; similarity in surname frequency does not ex ... | 2007 | 1510342 |