| toxoplasmosis: a serological survey in ontario wildlife. | sera from seven species of wild animals in ontario were examined for antibody to toxoplasma gondii using the sabin-feldman dye test. of 158 sera tested, 53% of the red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 56% of the striped skunks (mephitis mephitis), 78% of the coyotes (canis latrans), 33% of the black bears (ursus americanus), 18% of the short tailed shrews (blarina brevicauda) and none of the field voles (microtus pennsylvanicus) had antibody. antibody to t. gondii was present in sera from wild animals cap ... | 1976 | 16502687 |
| background prevalence of tetracycline-like fluorescence in teeth of free ranging red foxes (vulpes vulpes), striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and raccoons (procyon lotor) in ontario, canada. | we collected and examined teeth from 3406 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) collected in ontario, canada, from 1978 to 1986, prior to large scale rabies vaccine baiting. we found tetracycline-like fluorescence in five (0.2%) of the samples. also, we observed similar fluorescences in five (0.4%) of 1103 striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) and in six (0.8%) of 744 raccoons (procyon lotor). the low prevalence of such marks would not appear to invalidate the use of tetracycline as a marking agent in vaccine ... | 1994 | 8151813 |
| full genetic characterization and epidemiology of a novel amdoparvovirus in striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). | amdoparvovirus is a newly defined parvoviral genus that contains four species (carnivore amdoparvovirus 1-4), including the well-known aleutian mink disease virus (amdv). amdoparvoviruses cause an immune-associated and often lethal wasting syndrome in mustelidae and caninae hosts. in this study, we molecularly investigated amdoparvoviruses detected in 44 striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) found dead in and around vancouver, british columbia, canada. some of the animals exhibited pathological cha ... | 2017 | 28487558 |
| an assessment of onrab oral rabies vaccine persistence in free-ranging mammal populations in ontario, canada. | onrab is a rabies glycoprotein recombinant human adenovirus type 5 oral vaccine developed for application in baits to control rabies in wildlife populations. prior to widespread use of onrab, both the safety and effectiveness of this vaccine required investigation. while previous research has focused on field performance and the persistence and pathogenicity of onrab in captive animals, we sought to examine persistence and shedding of onrab in populations of free-ranging target and non-target ma ... | 2013 | 23499602 |
| the occurrence of pathogens in an endangered population of american badgers (taxidea taxus jacksoni) in ontario, canada. | american badgers ( taxidea taxus jacksoni) at the periphery of the species' range in ontario, canada, are listed as endangered because of an estimated population size of <200 mature individuals. the main threats faced by this population include habitat loss and road mortality. however, on 18 november 2013, a radio-implanted badger was found nonresponsive in an agricultural field with signs consistent with canine distemper virus infection, which was subsequently confirmed. this prompted our inves ... | 2017 | 27749192 |
| cluster analysis of campylobacter jejuni genotypes isolated from small and medium-sized mammalian wildlife and bovine livestock from ontario farms. | using data collected from a cross-sectional study of 25 farms (eight beef, eight swine and nine dairy) in 2010, we assessed clustering of molecular subtypes of c. jejuni based on a campylobacter-specific 40 gene comparative genomic fingerprinting assay (cgf40) subtypes, using unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (upgma) analysis, and multiple correspondence analysis. exact logistic regression was used to determine which genes differentiate wildlife and livestock subtypes in our stud ... | 2017 | 27492809 |
| re-assessment of direct fluorescent antibody negative brain tissues with a real-time pcr assay to detect the presence of raccoon rabies virus rna. | the first report of the raccoon variant of rabies virus was in ontario, canada in 1999. as part of the control of this outbreak a point infection control (pic) strategy of trapping and euthanizing vector species was implemented. to evaluate whether this strategy was indeed removing diseased animals, rabies diagnosis was performed on these specimens. during a pic program conducted in 2003, 721 animals (raccoons, striped skunks and red foxes) were collected and euthanized and brain material from e ... | 2011 | 21514325 |
| high-density baiting with onrab® rabies vaccine baits to control arctic-variant rabies in striped skunks in ontario, canada. | the arctic variant of rabies virus has been maintained in striped skunks in small foci in southwestern ontario, canada, despite the control of the disease in red foxes. to control the disease in skunks, high-density baiting with onrab(®) oral rabies vaccine baits was conducted by air and by hand distribution of baits in the vicinity of skunk cases. during 2009, antibody prevalences in skunks were higher in areas baited at a density of 300 baits/km(2) and flight-line spacing of 0.25 km than at 0. ... | 2011 | 21441200 |
| the control of raccoon rabies in ontario canada: proactive and reactive tactics, 1994-2007. | proactive and reactive tactics have been utilized in ontario, canada, to prevent raccoon rabies from becoming established. a total of 96,621 raccoons (procyon lotor) and 7,967 striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were live captured using 1,221,044 trap nights, vaccinated against rabies by injection, and released, during proactive trap-vaccinate-release (tvr) programs in southern ontario during 1994-2007. during those years, on average, 43% to 83% of the raccoon populations were vaccinated against ... | 2009 | 19617488 |
| aerial distribution of onrab baits as a tactic to control rabies in raccoons and striped skunks in ontario, canada. | during august 2006 and 2007, baits containing oral rabies vaccine, live adenovirus vector, known as onrab , were aerially distributed in sw ontario, canada. bait acceptance during 2006 was 62 and 74% in raccoons (procyon lotor) in areas baited at 150 baits/km(2) and 75 and 77% in plots baited at 300 baits/km(2). during 2007, bait acceptance for raccoons ranged between 59% and 80%, and 83% and 87%, in areas baited at 75 and 400 baits/km(2), respectively. bait acceptance by skunks varied among plo ... | 2009 | 19395746 |
| era vaccine-derived cases of rabies in wildlife and domestic animals in ontario, canada, 1989-2004. | a vaccination program for the control of terrestrial rabies in the province of ontario, canada, began in 1989. during the period between 1989 and 2004, over 13 million baits containing the live, attenuated rabies virus era-bhk21 were distributed across the province, with the aim of immunizing foxes by the oral route. animals recovered from bait distribution areas were assayed by fluorescent antibody test for rabies virus infection. immunoreactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies that disc ... | 2008 | 18263823 |
| behavior, movements, and demographics of rabid raccoons in ontario, canada: management implications. | during 1999-2003, 127 cases of raccoon variant rabies were reported in raccoons (procyon lotor) and striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) in ontario, canada. raccoons accounted for 98% (125/127) of the reported cases with behaviors/conditions including aggression, fighting with dogs, ataxia, vocalizations, appearance of being sick, and the presence of porcupine (erethizon dorsatum) quills. seventy-eight percent of the rabid raccoons were adults. juveniles were underrepresented (22%) compared with t ... | 2006 | 17092890 |
| emergency response to raccoon rabies introduction into ontario. | during 15 july to 4 october, 1999, rabies control programs were implemented with the objective being to contain the first three confirmed cases of raccoon rabies in canada. the strategy, called point infection control (pic) involved the use of three tactics: population reduction (pr), trap-vaccinate-release (tvr) and oral rabies vaccination with baits (orv), to control the spread of raccoon rabies. a total of 1,202 raccoons (procyon lotor) and 337 skunks (mephitis mephitis) were captured and eut ... | 2001 | 11310877 |
| elimination of rabies from red foxes in eastern ontario. | the province of ontario (canada) reported more laboratory confirmed rabid animals than any other state or province in canada or the usa from 1958-91, with the exception of 1960-62. more than 95% of those cases occurred in the southern 10% of ontario (approximately 100,000 km2), the region with the highest human population density and greatest agricultural activity. rabies posed an expensive threat to human health and significant costs to the agricultural economy. the rabies variant originated in ... | 2001 | 11272485 |
| identification of regional variants of the rabies virus within the canadian province of ontario. | although rabies outbreaks in most parts of the world tend to be host species-specific the rabies currently enzootic in the canadian province of ontario is hosted by two wildlife species, the red fox and the striped skunk. previous studies employing monoclonal antibody panels failed to identify any host-specific differences in ontario rabies virus street isolates, but certain observations suggested the existence of more than one viral strain in terrestrial mammals of this region. the extent of va ... | 1993 | 8492088 |
| a molecular epidemiological study of rabies virus in central ontario and western quebec. | rabies persists in ontario wildlife in two predominant species: the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and the striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). a protocol applying reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (rt/pcr) and restriction endonuclease analysis (rea) to the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene was previously reported by nadin-davis et al. (journal of general virology 74, 829-837, 1993) to be useful for discrimination of rabies virus variants in ontario. four main types, which showed no host spec ... | 1994 | 7931145 |
| response of mink, skunk, red fox and raccoon to inoculation with mink virus enteritis, feline panleukopenia and canine parvovirus and prevalence of antibody to parvovirus in wild carnivores in ontario. | mink virus enteritis, feline panleukopenia and canine parvovirus-2 were inoculated separately into groups of raccoon, mink, red fox and striped skunk. raccoons were highly susceptible to mink virus enteritis and feline panleukopenia, with animals developing clinical illness, and several dying within six to ten days of inoculation with lesions typical of parvovirus infection. both viruses were shed in high titre in the feces of infected raccoons, and high antibody titres were stimulated. raccoons ... | 1983 | 6309349 |
| growth characteristics in cell culture and pathogenicity in mice of two terrestrial rabies strains indigenous to canada. | two strains of street rabies virus from striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) were used to infect either a murine neuroblastoma (na 1300) or a baby hamster kidney (bhk-21/c13) cell culture and the cell infection rates were noted during 4 days postinfection. these cultures were then passaged for four consecutive passages, and the viruses obtained in the supernatant fluids of passage 4 were then treated as original isolates and used to infect both neuroblastoma and baby hamster kidney cells. the mort ... | 1988 | 3378201 |
| arbovirus infections in several ontario mammals, 1975-1980. | serological studies for arboviruses were conducted on 725 animal sera collected in 22 ontario townships between 1975 and 1980 including 44 coyote (canis latrans), 277 red fox (vulpes vulpes), 192 raccoon (procyon lotor) and 212 striped skunk (mephitis mephitis). hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to two flaviviruses, namely st. louis encephalitis and powassan were found in 50% of coyote, 47% of skunk, 26% of fox and 10% of raccoon sera. similarly, hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to a ... | 1986 | 3017527 |
| persistent infections of a field strain of rabies virus in murine neuroblastoma (na-c1300) cell cultures. | rabies virus from the brain of a striped skunk (mephitis mephitis) from ontario was inoculated into murine neuroblastoma (na-c1300) cell cultures. these cultures were incubated and the cells were subcultured every three to four days. the presence of viral antigen in the cell cultures was monitored by direct immunofluorescent staining and in the culture fluids by titration in either baby hamster kidney (bhk/c13) or na cells or in experimental mice. the virus-infected na cultures evolved from an i ... | 1989 | 2590871 |
| paragonimus kellicotti infection in wild carnivores in southwestern ontario: ii. histopathologic features. | pulmonary lesions associated with naturally acquired paragonimus kellicotti infection were studied in mink (mustela vison), striped skunks (mephitis mephitis), red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and a coyote (canis latrans). in ,ink a fibrous capsule was formed around mature flukes in dilated bronchioles or bronchi, and there was mild focal interstitial pneumonitis adjacent to fluke eggs in alveoli and migrating parasites. a thick wall, infiltrated heavily with mononuclear cells and eosinophils, surroun ... | 1975 | 1152176 |
| paragonimus kellicotti infection in wild carnivores in southwestern ontario: i. prevalence and gross pathologic features. | paragonimus kellicotti ward, 1908 was recovered from 16 of 105 mink (mustela vison), 14 of 244 striped skunks (mephitis mephitis), 10 of 446 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 1 of 31 coyotes (canis latrans), 0 of 326 raccoons (procyon lotor) and 0 of 8 weasels (mustela spp.) collected from southwestern ontario. the majority of carnivores harboring p. kellicotti was collected from two counties (huron and bruce) bordering the east shore of lake huron where 6.0% of the animals (excluding raccoons) were in ... | 1975 | 1113433 |
| age and sex determination of striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) from ontario, manitoba, and quebec. | | 1975 | 1125866 |
| contact rates of raccoons (procyon lotor) at a communal feeding site in rural eastern ontario. | intra- and interspecific contact rates of 12 adult (five females, seven males) raccoons (procyon lotor) were recorded while these animals fed at a rural garbage dump 40 km north of kingston, ontario, canada from 15 june to 5 september 1995. while raccoons were being observed, they bit, and were bitten, by their conspecifics an average of 0.99 (+/- 0.21) and 1.28 (+/- 0.21) times per hour, respectively, while feeding. based on mean nightly contact rates (which included time when raccoons were not ... | 2002 | 12038131 |
| prevalence of antibodies to leptospira in wild mammals trapped on livestock farms in ontario, canada. | to determine the prevalence and diversity of leptospira serogroups circulating in wildlife on farms in ontario, we tested samples from 51 raccoons (procyon lotor), seven skunks (mephitis mephitis), four rats (rattus norvegicus), and three opossums (didelphis virginiana) that were trapped on 27 livestock (swine [sus scrofa], cattle [bos taurus]) farms in 2010. seventeen of 51 raccoons (33%; 95% confidence interval [ci], 21-48%) sampled were positive for at least one leptospira serogroup using the ... | 2014 | 24807356 |
| an aerial baiting system for the distribution of attenuated or recombinant rabies vaccines for foxes, raccoons, and skunks. | an aerial baiting system was developed to deliver oral rabies vaccines to wild carnivore vectors of rabies, e.g., red fox, striped skunk, and raccoon. the bait consists of a polyethylene bag that contains either a 30-g hamburger ball or a 25-ml cube of polyurethane sponge coated with a wax-beef tallow mixture containing 100-150 mg of tetracycline as a biomarker. attractants used with the sponge were added to the bag (e.g., liver slurry, cheeses, fish oils, or fruits). baits (greater than 80,000) ... | 2006 | 3206077 |