| bimodal pollination system of the bromeliad aechmea nudicaulis involving hummingbirds and bees. | in order to compare the effectiveness of birds and insects as pollinators, we studied the floral biology of the bromeliad aechmea nudicaulis (l.) grisebach in the biome of the atlantic rain forest, southern brazil. on santa catarina island, flowering extends from mid-september to the end of december, with diurnal anthesis. the reproductive system is obligatory xenogamy, thus pollinator-dependent. flowers secrete 31.84 μl of nectar per day, with a mean sugar concentration of 23.2%. highest nectar ... | 2011 | 21134086 |