| african sharptooth catfish clarias gariepinus does not detoxify ammonia to urea or amino acids but actively excretes ammonia during exposure to environmental ammonia. | the african sharptooth catfish clarias gariepinus lives in freshwater, is an obligatory air breather, and exhibits high tolerance of environmental ammonia. this study aimed at elucidating the strategies adopted by c. gariepinus to defend against ammonia toxicity during ammonia exposure. no carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (cps) i or iii activities were detected in the liver or muscle of the adult c. gariepinus. in addition, activities of other ornithine-urea cycle (ouc) enzymes, especially ornithi ... | 2013 | 15095244 |