| prevalence of complement-fixing antibody to the african horse sickness virus in domestic animals in nigeria. | the occurrence of antibodies against the african horse sickness virus was investigated in 246 domestic animals (horses, donkeys, camels, dogs) in various regions of nigeria by means of the complement-fixing rate. 34% of the sera tested were positive: 75% in donkeys, 68% in horses, 19% in camels, and 9% in dogs. among the horses, those of 6 to 15 years of age had higher than average prevalence rates than the other age groups. stallions from the northern regions had higher prevalence rates than ma ... | 1992 | 1340757 |
| antibodies in horses, mules and donkeys following monovalent vaccination against african horse sickness. | a total of 256 sera collected from three species of domesticated equidae in four different spanish provinces were examined 1-4 months after the administration of attenuated monovalent african horse sickness virus (ahsv) serotype 4 vaccine. approximately 10% of the sera were negative by elisa, virus neutralization, agar gel immuno-diffusion and complement fixation tests. similar negative reactions were recorded with sera from two ponies after experimental primary vaccination. the rapid rise in an ... | 1991 | 1902185 |
| proteolytic cleavage of vp2, an outer capsid protein of african horse sickness virus, by species-specific serum proteases enhances infectivity in culicoides. | purified african horse sickness virus (ahsv) was fed, as part of a blood meal, to adult females from a susceptible colony of culicoides variipennis, established in the insectories at the institute for animal health, pirbright laboratory, uk. the meal consisted of heparinized blood obtained from ovine, bovine, equine (horse and donkey) or canine sources spiked with ahsv serotype 9 (ahsv9). the infectivity levels observed for c. variipennis varied significantly, according to the source of the bloo ... | 1995 | 7595366 |
| haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against african horse sickness virus in domestic animals in nigeria. | a sero-epidemiological survey of african horse sickness (ahs) virus in 261 animals which included 96 camels, 81 horses, 80 dogs and 4 donkeys was carried out in nigeria. the animals had no history of vaccination against ahs. sera were tested by the haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test for the presence of antibody against ahs virus. of these, 77 (95.1%) horse, 4 (100%) donkey, 10 (10.4%) camel and 28 (35%) dog sera samples tested were recorded as positive. the prevalence of antibody in samples ... | 1993 | 8111431 |
| group-reactive elisas for detecting antibodies to african horsesickness and equine encephalosis viruses in horse, donkey, and zebra sera. | group-reactive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) were developed to selectively detect antibodies to african horsesickness virus (ahsv) and equine encephalosis virus (eev), 2 orbiviruses that infect equids. in indirect elisa, guinea pig antisera to all known ahsv or eev serotypes recognized immobilized ahsv serotype 3 or eev cascara, respectively. antisera from naturally infected animals did not cross-react with their respective heterologous viruses. the elisa was used in parallel with ... | 1993 | 8385502 |
| culicoides in relation to transmission of african horse sickness virus in the gambia. | twelve light trap collections made near overnight shelters of horses and donkeys in four villages in the central river division of the gambia captured fourteen species of biting midge of the genus culicoides. five species new to the gambia were identified. this brought the number of recognized species of culicoides (after a revision of c. schultzei) to twenty-nine in the gambia. species known or suspected as vectors of african horse sickness virus (ahsv) and bluetongue virus (btv) comprised 83% ... | 1998 | 9622369 |
| serological and virological responses in mules and donkeys following inoculation with african horse sickness virus serotype 4. | two groups, comprising 4 donkeys and 4 mules (group 1) and 4 donkeys and 3 mules (group 2), were used to determine the duration of viraemia and to monitor the development of antibodies following inoculation with african horse sickness virus (ahsv). one group of animals was given a single dose of attenuated ahsv serotype 4 (ahsv 4) vaccine. the second group was inoculated with a virulent field strain of ahsv 4. both groups were subsequently challenged with the virulent field strain of ahsv 4, 51 ... | 1998 | 9785493 |
| donkeys as reservoirs of african horse sickness virus. | investigations have been carried out to elucidate the possible role of the donkey in the epidemiology of african horse sickness (ahs). these studies have shown that despite the absence of pyrexia or other observable clinical signs, donkeys become infected with virulent ahs virus serotype 4 (ahsv 4) and that they develop a viraemia which can persist for at least 12 days, albeit at a comparatively lower titre than that recorded for similarly infected ponies. ahsv 4 showed a similar tissue tropism ... | 1998 | 9785494 |
| clinical, virological and immune responses of normal and immunosuppressed donkeys (equus asinus africanus) after inoculation with african horse sickness virus. | to elucidate the role that donkeys may play in african horse sickness virus (ahsv) persistence during inter-epizootic periods we looked for clinical signs of infection and studied the viraemia and neutralising antibody kinetics in 3 immunocompetent and 3 immunosuppressed donkeys inoculated with ahsv-4. none of the donkeys developed signs of ahs. however infectious ahsv was isolated from the blood of the immunocompetent donkeys for up to 17 days post infection (dpi) and viral antigens were detect ... | 1998 | 9785495 |
| application of an indirect fluorescent antibody assay for the detection of african horse sickness virus antibodies. | an indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) technique was used to screen and quantify antibodies against african horse sickness virus (ahsv) in equine sera. results obtained with the ifa assay were compared directly with those obtained with standard complement fixation (cf) and virus neutralisation (vn) tests using horse sera from experimental studies and samples from the field. positive fluorescent antibody titres were detected from as early as 7 days after primary vaccination and persisted for at l ... | 1998 | 9785515 |
| use of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and dot-blot hybridisation for the detection and identification of african horse sickness virus nucleic acids. | a coupled reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay (rt-pcr) for the detection of african horse sickness virus (ahsv) dsrna, has been developed using genome segment 7 as the target template for primers. rna from isolates of all nine ahsv serotypes were readily detected. the potential inhibitory effects of either ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (edta) or heparin on the rt-pcr were eliminated by washing blood samples before lysis of the red blood cells and storage. there was a close ... | 1998 | 9785517 |
| pcr detection of african horse sickness virus serogroup based on genome segment three sequence analysis. | a nested reverse transcriptase (rt) polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), for rapid detection of african horse sickness virus (ahsv) double-stranded ribonucleic acid (dsrna) in cell culture and tissue samples, was developed and evaluated. using an outer pair of primers (p1 and p2), selected from genome segment three of ahsv serotype 6 (ahsv-6), the rt-pcr-based assay resulted in amplification of a 890 base pair (bp) primary pcr product. rnas from the nine vaccine strains of ahsv, and a number of a ... | 2009 | 19442836 |
| serological survey of african horse sickness in selected districts of jimma zone, southwestern ethiopia. | a cross-sectional serological survey was undertaken in selected districts of different agro-ecology of jimma zone (dedo, yebu, seka, serbo, and jimma town) from november 2009 to february 2010 to determine the seroprevalence of african horse sickness virus and associated risk factors of the disease. two hundred seventy-four equids (189 horses, 43 mules, and 47 donkeys) with a history of non-vaccination for at least 2 years were selected randomly from the above areas. sera samples were collected a ... | 2011 | 21465102 |
| african horse sickness in the gambia: circulation of a live-attenuated vaccine-derived strain. | summaryafrican horse sickness virus serotype 9 (ahsv-9) has been known for some time to be circulating amongst equids in west africa without causing any clinical disease in indigenous horse populations. whether this is due to local breeds of horses being resistant to disease or whether the ahsv-9 strains circulating are avirulent is currently unknown. this study shows that the majority (96%) of horses and donkeys sampled across the gambia were seropositive for ahs, despite most being unvaccinate ... | 2011 | 21733265 |
| african horse sickness virus: history, transmission, and current status. | african horse sickness virus (ahsv) is a lethal arbovirus of equids that is transmitted between hosts primarily by biting midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae). ahsv affects draft, thoroughbred, and companion horses and donkeys in africa, asia, and europe. in this review, we examine the impact of ahsv critically and discuss entomological studies that have been conducted to improve understanding of its epidemiology and control. the transmission of ahsv remains a major research ... | 2017 | 28141961 |
| risk of introducing african horse sickness virus into the netherlands by international equine movements. | african horse sickness (ahs) is a vector-borne viral disease of equines that is transmitted by culicoides spp. and can have severe consequences for the horse industry in affected territories. a study was performed to assess the risk of introducing ahs virus (ahsv) into the netherlands (p_ahs) by international equine movements. the goal of this study was to provide more insight into (a) the regions and equine species that contribute most to this risk, (b) the seasonal variation in this risk, and ... | 2012 | 22341773 |
| the sero-prevalence and sero-incidence of african horse sickness and equine encephalosis in selected horse and donkey populations in zimbabwe. | sentinel herds and samples submitted by private equine practitioners were used to determine the sero-prevalence and sero-incidence of african horse sickness virus (ahsv) and equine encephalosis virus (eev) in horse and donkey populations in the highveld region of zimbabwe. the sero-prevalence and sero-incidence of antibodies against these viruses were determined using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of serum antibodies. in donkeys, the median sero-prev ... | 2017 | 28582979 |
| host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. | the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ... | 2017 | 28636590 |