| lack of the canonical prb-binding domain in the e7 orf of artiodactyl papillomaviruses is associated with the development of fibropapillomas. | the l-x-c-x-e prb-binding motif of papillomavirus (pv) e7 proteins has been implicated in the immortalization and transformation of the host cell. however, sequencing of the complete genomes of bovine papillomavirus type 3 (bpv-3), bovine papillomavirus type 5 (bpv-5), equine papillomavirus (eqpv) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) papillomavirus (rpv) supports the notion that the prb-binding motif is not ubiquitous among e7 proteins in the pv proteome. key among the animal groups that lack the pr ... | 2004 | 15105541 |
| identification of two novel equine papillomavirus sequences suggests three genera in one cluster. | the number of recognized papillomavirus (pv) species and potential pv genera has dramatically been increasing throughout the past decade. it seems that every host species might potentially harbour a large set of pvs, while the pvs of each species appear to belong to only a few genera. in horses at least three conditions beside the equine sarcoid have been described, being supposedly pv induced namely classical equine papillomas, genital papillomas and aural plaques. we were able to identify the ... | 2010 | 21109367 |
| equine penile squamous cell carcinomas are associated with the presence of equine papillomavirus type 2 dna sequences. | forty cases of equine penile disease were screened with polymerase chain reaction for the presence of papillomaviral dna. cases consisted of 20 squamous cell carcinomas (average age of horse, 23.9 years) and 20 non-squamous cell carcinoma diseases (average age of horse, 13.3 years). all horses but one originated from the northeastern united states. breeds were not recorded. as based on my09/my11 consensus primers, dna sequences from equine papillomavirus type 2 were amplified from 9 of 20 horses ... | 2011 | 21282669 |
| persistent, widespread papilloma formation on the penis of a horse: a novel presentation of equine papillomavirus type 2 infection. | a 9-year-old gelding presented with approximately 100 papillomas that covered about 75% of the distal penis. biopsy was performed, and histology showed evidence of viral cytopathic change and koilocytosis. polymerase chain reaction using dna extracted from biopsied tissue amplified equine papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv-2) dna sequences. sixteen months later, the horse was re-examined and the appearance of the papillomas was unchanged. equine papillomavirus type 2 dna sequences were again amplified ... | 2011 | 21645140 |
| ecpv2 dna in equine squamous cell carcinomas and normal genital and ocular mucosa. | squamous cell carcinoma (scc) represents the most common malignant tumour of the eye and external genitals in horses. comparable to humans, papillomaviruses (pv) have been proposed as etiological agents of cancer in horses and recently, equine papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv2) has been identified in genital sccs. hitherto it had never been demonstrated in ocular sccs. the first goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of ecpv2 dna in tissue samples from equine genital and ocular sccs, geni ... | 2011 | 20813468 |
| evaluation of equine papillomas, aural plaques, and sarcoids for the presence of equine papillomavirus dna and papillomavirus antigen. | immunohistochemical (ihc) testing and electron microscopy have implicated papillomavirus (pv) as the etiologic agent for equine papillomas and aural plaques, but equine papillomavirus (epv) dna has yet to be demonstrated in these lesions by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the purpose of this study was to evaluate formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from naturally occurring cases of equine papillomas, aural plaques, and sarcoids for the presence of epv dna by means of pcr and for the prese ... | 2007 | 17193879 |
| equine papillomavirus type 1: complete nucleotide sequence and characterization of recombinant virus-like particles composed of the ecpv-1 l1 major capsid protein. | equus caballus papillomavirus type 1 (ecpv-1) was isolated from a cutaneous papilloma, the most common neoplasm in horses. the complete ecpv-1 nucleotide sequence and genomic organization were determined. phylogenetic analysis showed that ecpv-1 is a close-to-root papillomavirus, with only distant relationships to the fibropapillomaviruses and the benign cutaneous papillomaviruses. to produce ecpv-1 virus-like particles (vlps), the ecpv-1 l1 major capsid protein was expressed in insect cells usi ... | 2004 | 15485669 |
| equine papillomavirus type 2: an equine equivalent to human papillomavirus 16? | in horses, squamous cell carcinomas (scc) commonly affect the external genitals. there is growing evidence that equine papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv2) infection promotes disease development. to assess the possible association of ecpv2 with equine sccs of the head (hscc), 15 hscc dna samples were screened by e6/e7, e2, and lcr pcr and amplicons were analysed for sequence variations. the physical form of ecpv2 in hscc, genital lesions, and smegma from horses with scc was then addressed using ecpv2 i ... | 2017 | 28720295 |
| phylogenetic and structural studies of a novel equine papillomavirus identified from aural plaques. | papillomaviruses (pvs) infect a wide range of animal species and show great genetic diversity. to date, excluding equine sarcoids, only three species of pvs were identified associated with lesions in horses: equus caballus papillomavirus 1 (ecpv1-cutaneous), ecpv2 (genital) and ecpv3 (aural plaques). in this study, we identified a novel equine pv from aural plaques, which we designated ecpv4. cutaneous samples from horses with lesions that were microscopically diagnosed as aural plaques were sub ... | 2013 | 22995874 |
| comparison of the levels of equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv-2) dna in equine squamous cell carcinomas and non-cancerous tissues using quantitative pcr. | equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv-2) infection has been associated with equine genital squamous cell carcinomas (sccs). however, quantitative pcr (qpcr) has not been performed to determine viral copy numbers within these lesions. additionally, the frequency with which ecpv-2 can be detected in other common sites of equine scc development remains uncertain. the aim of this study was to develop a qpcr assay to estimate the viral load in a variety of equine tissue samples. these included 4 ... | 2013 | 23845733 |
| establishment of an in vitro equine papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv2) neutralization assay and a vlp-based vaccine for protection of equids against ecpv2-associated genital tumors. | the consistent and specific presence of equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv2) dna and mrna in equine genital squamous cell carcinoma (gscc) is suggestive of an etiological role in tumor development. to further validate this concept, ecpv2-neutralizing serum antibody titers were determined by an ecpv2 pseudovirion (psv) neutralization assay. furthermore, an ecpv2 l1 virus-like particle (vlp)-based vaccine was generated and its prophylactic efficacy evaluated in vivo. all 6/6 gscc-affected, ... | 2015 | 26519597 |
| equus asinus papillomavirus (eapv1) provides new insights into equine papillomavirus diversity. | we detected a novel papillomavirus (eapv1) from healthy skin and from sun associated cutaneous lesions of an asinara (sardinia, italy) white donkey reared in captivity in a wildlife recovery centre. the entire genome of eapv1 was cloned, sequenced, and characterised. genome is 7467 bp long, and shows some characteristic elements of horse papillomaviruses, including a small untranslated region between the early and late regions and the lack of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor binding domain l ... | 2014 | 24636161 |
| serum antibodies and dna indicate a high prevalence of equine papillomavirus 2 (ecpv2) among horses in switzerland. | the dna of equine papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv2) is consistently found in equine papillomas and squamous cell carcinomas, indicating a causal association of ecpv2 in the pathogenesis of these tumours; however, little is known about the prevalence of this virus. | 2014 | 24840327 |
| potential of a bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine to prevent bpv1- or bpv2-induced pseudo-sarcoid formation and safety and immunogenicity of ecpv2 l1 vlps in horse. | we have previously shown that immunization of horses with bovine papillomavirus type 1 (bpv1) l1 virus-like particles (vlps) is safe and highly immunogenic and that bpv1 and bovine papillomavirus type 2 (bpv2) are closely related serotypes. here we evaluated the protective potential of a bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine against experimental bpv1 and bpv2 challenge and studied the safety and immunogenicity of a bivalent equine papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv2)/bpv1 l1 vlp vaccine. fourteen healthy horses were imm ... | 2017 | 28284277 |
| papillomavirus associated diseases of the horse. | the papillomaviridae family comprises a large number of viruses that can infect a broad range of hosts including mammals, birds and reptiles giving rise to benign lesions of the skin or mucosal membranes. they are characterized by great genetic diversity yet adhere to common biological principles. in this review, we first describe the structure and function of the viral proteins encoded by papillomaviruses (pvs), with a particular emphasis on bovine papillomaviruses (bpv). we then discuss the ro ... | 2013 | 24016387 |
| Characterization of a novel papillomavirus species (ZcPV1) from two California sea lions (Zalophus californianus). | A seven-year old California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) presented with focally extensive, bilaterally symmetric, proliferative axillary skin lesions and preputial lesions. A second California sea lion in the same population presented with similar proliferative lesions on the underside of the tail. Histopathology revealed epidermal hyperplasia with severe hyperkeratosis, with proliferating keratinocytes forming broad, branching pegs that extended into the dermis. Pan-papillomaviral consensu ... | 2011 | 22005176 |
| ecpv2 dna in equine papillomas and in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas supports papillomavirus etiology. | equine penile papillomas, in situ carcinomas, and invasive carcinomas are hypothesized to belong to a continuum of papillomavirus-induced diseases. the former ones clinically present as small grey papules, while the latter 2 lesions are more hyperplasic or alternatively ulcerated. to test the hypothesis that these lesions are papillomavirus-induced, samples of 24 horses with characteristic clinical and histologic findings of penile papillomas or in situ or invasive squamous cell carcinomas were ... | 2013 | 23064881 |
| expression of p53, ki67, ecpv2- and ecpv3 dna, and viral genes in relation to metastasis and outcome in equine penile and preputial squamous cell carcinoma. | equine penile and preputial squamous cell carcinoma (scc) is a potentially lethal disease of which little is known regarding the relationship between tumour characteristics and prognosis. | 2015 | 24898479 |
| generalized papillomatosis in three horses associated with a novel equine papillomavirus (ecpv8). | currently, seven equine papillomaviruses (pv) are known and are associated with one of three different and distinct clinical presentations. | 2018 | 28833761 |
| isolation of equine papillomavirus type 1 from racing horse in japan. | although many studies have been conducted worldwide for equus caballus papillomavirus (ecpv), limited information is available on the virus in japan. we recently collected one classical viral papillomatosis sample (e150904) from a racing horse in japan. papillomavirus infection was confirmed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and pcr assays, and the sample was diagnosed as epithelial papilloma. full-length genome of the virus was cloned and sequenced. it was 7,613 bp in length and had the s ... | 2017 | 28993549 |
| ecpv2 dna in equine genital squamous cell carcinomas and normal genital mucosa. | squamous cell carcinoma (scc) represents the most common genital malignant tumor in horses. similar to humans, papillomaviruses (pvs) have been proposed as etiological agents and recently equine papillomavirus type 2 (ecpv2) has been identified in a subset of genital sccs. the goals of this study were (1) to determine the prevalence of ecpv2 dna in tissue samples from equine genital sccs, penile intraepithelial neoplasia (pin) and penile papillomas, using ecpv2-specific pcr, (2) to examine the p ... | 2012 | 22397936 |