| serological evidence of transmission of human influenza a and b viruses to caspian seals (phoca caspica). | seroepidemiological surveillance of influenza in caspian seals (phoca caspica) was conducted. antibodies to influenza a virus were detected in 54% (7/13), 57% (4/7), 40% (6/15) and 26% (11/42) of the serum samples collected in 1993, 1997, 1998 and 2000 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in an hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test using h1-h15 reference influenza a viruses as antigens, more than half of the examined elisa-positive sera reacted with an h3n2 prototype strain a/aichi/2/68 ... | 2002 | 12437032 |
| host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals. | the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ... | 2017 | 28636590 |
| a brief introduction to influenza a virus in marine mammals. | influenza a infection has been detected in marine mammals going back to 1975, with additional unconfirmed outbreaks as far back as 1931. over the past forty years, infectious virus has been recovered on ten separate occasions from both pinnipeds (harbor seal, elephant seal, and caspian seal) and cetaceans (striped whale and pilot whale). recovered viruses have spanned a range of subtypes (h1, h3, h4, h7, h10, and h13) and, in all but h1n1, show strong evidence for deriving directly from avian so ... | 2020 | 32170708 |
| characterization of avian-like influenza a (h4n6) virus isolated from caspian seal in 2012. | | 2018 | 30328579 |