| a note on the transmission of babesia bovis (syn b argentina) by the one-host tick, boophilus microplus. | boophilus microplus infected with babesia bovis were transferred artificially from one splenectomised calf to another during each moult in the parasitic life cycle of the tick. eggs from the engorged female ticks recovered at the end of the cycle were incubated and the resulting larvae used to infest more splenectomised calves. babesia bovis was transmitted only by the original larvae used at the commencement of the experiment and it was concluded that the protozoan parasite did not persist in a ... | 1979 | 262611 |
| the selection of larvae of boophilus microplus infected with babesia bovis (syn b argentina). | observations on the dynamics of the transovarial transmission of babesia bovis by boophilus microplus showed that, at 28 degrees c and 90--95 per cent relative humidity, a low proportion of the eggs laid during the first five days' incubation of the engorged female ticks were infected with the babesia. however, the eggs laid on the sixth and seventh days of incubation were heavily infected. this was the basis of a method for selecting larval cultures of b microplus which contained up to five tim ... | 1977 | 905646 |
| light and electron microscopic observations on the development of small merozoites of babesia bovis in boophilus microplus larvae. | the development of small pyriform merozoites of b. bovis in the granule-secreting cells of the salivary glands of b. microplus larvae, studied with a light microscope, showed a close resemblance to that of b. argentina described by riek (1966) in the same tick vector. dvelopment took place through a process of schizogony and resulted in the formation of many merozoites. a study of the ultrastructure of developing merozoites in the schizont revealed the following: a poorly defined outer membrane; ... | 1976 | 1012651 |
| stimulation of the development of infective babesia bovis (= b. argentina) in unfed boophilus microplus larvae. | | 1976 | 1016162 |
| a specific dna probe which identifies babesia bovis in whole blood. | a genomic library of babesia bovis dna from the mexican strain m was constructed in plasmid pun121 and cloned in escherichia coli. several recombinants which hybridized strongly to radioactively labeled b. bovis genomic dna in an in situ screening were selected and further analyzed for those which specifically hybridized to b. bovis dna. it was found that pmu-b1 had the highest sensitivity, detecting 25 pg of purified b. bovis dna, and 300 parasites in 10 microliters of whole infected blood, or ... | 1992 | 1496779 |
| bovine babesiosis (babesia bovis infection) in zambia. | two cases of babesia bovis, a parasite associated with the tick boophilus microplus, are reported for the first time from the central part of zambia. it is concluded that infected b. microplus ticks are occasionally introduced into central zambia by tick-infested cattle from the north-eastern part of the country where b. bovis is endemic. the spread of b. microplus in southern africa in a westward direction is discussed and related to the epidemiology of bovine babesiosis in zambia. | 1986 | 3727339 |
| a microplate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring antibody to anaplasma marginale in cattle serum. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) method is described for measuring antibody against anaplasma marginale in cattle serum. this method was more sensitive and objective than a previously described elisa method for a. marginale and possible reasons for this are discussed. all 83 cattle experimentally infected with a. marginale (81) or a. centrale (2) developed demonstrable specific antibody but the serums of 98.8% of 839 cattle from cattle tick-free areas did not react by elisa; 378 seru ... | 1986 | 3729834 |
| the transmission of babesia bovis using frozen infective material obtained from boophilus microplus larvae. | | 1974 | 4449642 |
| failure of boophilus microplus to transmit irradiated babesia bovis. | | 1983 | 6836174 |
| anaplasmosis and babesiosis in el salvador. | a serological survey was carried out in the central american state of el salvador to determine the distribution and prevalence of anaplasma marginale, babesia bigemina and babesia bovis. the results suggest that the parasites are widely distributed throughout the country and prevalence rates of 78.5% for a. marginale, 70.5% for b. bigemina and 73.5% for b. bovis were obtained. tick counts suggest that boophilus microplus is the main blood parasite vector. epidemiological studies showed that init ... | 1982 | 7101466 |
| babesia bovis: computer simulation of the relationship between the tick vector, parasite, and bovine host. | components contributing to the survival of babesia bovis in its tick vector (boophilus microplus) and bovine host were identified and their relationship simulated with an interactive basic computer program. estimates for major independent variables (host-finding success, feeding success, filial infection rate, recovery rate) were derived from published laboratory and field data. values for dependent variables (tick burden, inoculation rate, tick and bovine infection rates) were calculated during ... | 1983 | 6873224 |
| transmission of babesia bovis, using undifferentiated embryonic cells from boophilus microplus tick eggs. | | 1981 | 7196719 |
| epidemiology of tick-borne diseases of cattle in zimbabwe. i. babesiosis. | a survey on the incidence of antibodies to babesia bigemina and babesia bovis in one to three year old calves at 274 localities in zimbabwe revealed that b. bigemina occurred throughout the country together with its main vector, boophilus decoloratus. the distribution of b. bovis followed closely that of its vector boophilus microplus which is limited to the eastern part of the country. enzootic stability for b. bigemina was recorded in most of the communal tribal areas where regular dipping of ... | 1983 | 6868134 |
| the transmission of babesia bovis in herds of european and zebu x european cattle infested with the tick, boophilus microplus. | transmission of babesia bovis by the tick boophilus microplus was studied in 4 breeding herds of european and zebu x european cattle under different levels of tick infestation. the observations consisted of weekly counts of female ticks on the cattle, monthly serological tests for antibodies to b. bovis, examination of tick larvae from the pasture to determine b. bovis infection rates and comparison of the suitability of paddocks for tick reproduction. the rate of transmission (inoculation rate) ... | 1981 | 7337597 |
| ultrastructure of babesia bovis sexual stages as observed in boophilus microplus cell cultures. | propagation of babesia bovis in a boophilus microplus cell line resulted in the appearance of the sexual stage of the parasite normally found only within tick intestine. these sexual stages, which possessed spike-like projections containing microtubules, were present in the medium and within cultured cells. other ultrastructural characteristics of this sexual stage are described. | 1983 | 6857000 |
| the use of tick transmission by boophilus microplus to isolate pure strains of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale from cattle with mixed infections. | pure strains of babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale were isolated from cattle infected with all 3 species as well as theileria sp. and eperythrozoon teganodes, using only transmission by the tick, boophilus microplus. unengorged adult ticks transferred to susceptible cattle transmitted a. marginale, but not babesia. engorged adults gave rise to progeny that transmitted babesia, b. bovis by larvae and b. bigemina by male ticks. the theileria and e. teganodes were not transmitt ... | 1983 | 6686384 |
| babesia bovis: proteins of virulent and avirulent parasites passaged through ticks and splenectomized or intact calves. | passage of the avirulent vaccine (k) strain of babesia bovis (ka) through either boophilus microplus ticks, intact calves, or intact calves and then ticks, resulted in two distinct protein and protein antigen profiles as analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of biosynthetically labeled proteins and immunoprecipitates. different degrees of expression of two major acidic antigens of ka designated ka1 (mr 47,500) and ka2 (mr 43,000) were observed. ka1 was apparently lost following passage ... | 1983 | 6617805 |
| dna polymorphisms and subpopulations in babesia bovis. | independent isolates of babesia bovis differ by only a limited number of polypeptides, some of which may be important as host protective antigens. avirulent derivatives of these parasites also differ from their virulent counterparts in only a few polypeptides. to identify genes encoding such polypeptides we have isolated cdna clones corresponding to poly(a)+ rnas that are expressed only in certain isolates. for this purpose a cdna clone library was constructed from poly(a)+ rna of the k-avirulen ... | 1984 | 6205269 |
| the inability of a south african babesia bovis vaccine strain to infect boophilus microplus. | a strain of babesia bovis that had been attenuated by rapid syringe passage through a series of 23 splenectomized calves was unable to infect its vector boophilus microplus. an attempt to transmit the attenuated australian babesia bigemina g strain with a south african strain of b. microplus was likewise unsuccessful. the epidemiological implication of these observations in terms of babesiosis control is discussed. | 1986 | 3763166 |
| babesia bovis infection of secretory cells in the gut of the vector tick boophilus microplus. | | 1986 | 3721701 |
| radioimmunoassay for anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle. | a radioimmunoassay is described for use in the detection of anaplasma marginale antibodies in cattle sera. optimal sensitivity and specificity were obtained by using 2 antigens, an a marginale antigen and a rbc antigen (obtained before infection was established) from the same calf. in addition, sera were preabsorbed with rbc from healthy cattle and with sonicated babesia bovis. of 86 sera obtained from cattle with a marginale infection (as determined by blood smear examination or by results of s ... | 1988 | 3377309 |
| light microscopy diagnosis of babesia bovis and b. bigemina kinetes in the hemolymph of artificially infected boophilus microplus engorged female ticks. | | 1996 | 8784530 |
| detection of babesia bigemina in cattle by a radioimmunoassay incorporating specifically depleted antigen. | it was observed that mild acidification (ph less than 4.0) together with solvent extraction of the soluble sonicate of a crude preparation of babesia bigemina infected cattle erythrocytes caused a quantitative loss of b. bigemina-specific antigen. cross-reacting antigen activities with babesia bovis remained intact. these properties were utilized in an assay system wherein antibody response to the specifically depleted antigen preparation was subtracted from the response to the initial crude pre ... | 1989 | 2763443 |
| distribution of boophilus species ticks in swaziland. | recent outbreaks of bovine babesiosis caused by babesia bovis in swaziland had indicated the presence of the vector tick boophilus microplus in the country although it had never before been directly identified. engorged female boophilus ticks were collected from cattle at diptanks in the course of a tick resistance survey and used to map the distribution of the two different species of boophilus. b. decoloratus was found to be widespread throughout the country. b. microplus was identified for th ... | 1991 | 1763439 |
| some quantitative aspects of natural babesial infection in the haemolymph of boophilus microplus engorged female ticks. | quantitative aspects of the natural babesial (babesia bovis and babesia bigemina) infection in boophilus microplus engorged female ticks obtained from two herds of holstein heifers positive by the immunofluorescent antibody test to both protozoan were evaluated. the number of kinetes/microscope field of haemolymph was determined for each tick from day 5 to 10 post-collection. a close relationship between daily and cumulative babesial infection was detected. correlation and determination coeffici ... | 1997 | 9587602 |
| bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis follow-up on cattle relocated in an endemic area for hemoparasitic diseases. | a multiplex pcr/dna probe assay was used to monitor babesia bovis, b. bigemina and anaplasma marginale infection in cattle introduced to a boophilus microplus-infested area in veracruz, mexico. eight intact, 18-month-old, cross-bred beef cattle (four naive, group a; four babesia species--premunized, group b) were immediately exposed to ticks after arrival and were clinically monitored from day 6 to day 98 post-exposure (pe) to ticks. blood sample analysis for dna detection by the mpcr/dna probe ... | 1998 | 9668444 |
| computer simulation of babesia bovis (babes) and b. bigemina (smith & kilborne) transmission by boophilus cattle ticks (acari: ixodidae). | a computer model was developed to simulate the processes involved in transmission of the cattle fever parasites babesia bovis (babes) and babesia bigemina (smith & kilborne) between cattle and boophilus ticks. the model of babesia transmission was combined with a dynamic life history model for population dynamics of the tick vectors, boophilus microplus (canestrini) and b. annulatus (say). epidemiological parameters and relationships in the model include the reduction in fecundity of infected ti ... | 1992 | 1495038 |
| prevalence and control of babesiosis in the americas. | this review presents up-to-date information on the distribution and control measures of babesiosis in latin america. bovine babesiosis caused by babesia bovis and b. bigemia will be emphasized. the disease is endemic in most countries and poses a serious economic burden on livestock production in the region (u.s. $1365 million/year, fao, 1989). of the estimated 250 million cattle in central and south america, approximately 175 million (70%) are in tick-infested regions. humid, tropical and subtr ... | 1992 | 1343700 |
| the fine structure of merozoites of babesia bovis in the gut epithelium of boophilus microplus. | electron microscopic studies on merozoites of babesia bovis in epithelial cells of the gut of boophilus microplus revealed that the pellicle apparently consists of 3 membranes, and an osmiophilic layer intimately associated with microtubules. micropores in the pellicle were often associated with micronemes. an unidentified tubular structure extended from the anterior polar ring to the nuclear region where it appeared to be associated with the nuclear envelope. a golgi complex, typical protozoan ... | 1976 | 940662 |
| differences in the life cycles between a vaccine strain and an unmodified strain of babesia bovis (babes, 1889) in the tick boophilus microplus (canestrini). | developmental forms of 2 strains of babesia bovis (babes) were studied in the tick vector boophilus microplus (canestrini). one strain (designated t) was shown to be infective for the tick, and the other (nt) to have lost infectivity for the tick, because of repeated blood passaging in cattle. parasites of the 2 strains in gut contents of adult female ticks were similar during the first 16 h post-repletion (pr), but thereafter their structure differed. from 16-64 h pr, the majority of t strain p ... | 1978 | 739414 |
| bovine babesiosis: severity and reproducibility of babesia bovis infections induced by boophilus microplus under laboratory conditions. | a total of 61 intact holstein-friesian calves were exposed to babesia bovis (= b argentina) by the injection of infected blood or the application of infected boophilus microplus larvae. tick-induced infections were uniformly severe, even when induced by relatively small numbers of infected ticks. in contrast, calves infected with carrier blood experienced mild, subclinical reactions despite detectable parasitaemia. the greater severity of tick-induced reactions appeared to be due to the large nu ... | 1978 | 674841 |
| immunosuppression by babesia bovis against its tick vector, boophilus microplus. | | 1978 | 643072 |
| the innate immune response in calves to boophilus microplus tick transmitted babesia bovis involves type-1 cytokine induction and nk-like cells in the spleen. | the innate immune response to babesia bovis infection in cattle is age-related, spleen-dependent and, in stabilate inoculated calves, has type-1 characteristics, including the early induction of il-12 and ifn-gamma. in this study with three calves, parameters of innate immunity were followed for 2 weeks after tick transmission of b. bovis. each calf survived the acute disease episode without drug intervention, and responded with increased levels of plasma interferon-gamma and type-1 cytokine exp ... | 2003 | 12940961 |
| failure of vaccine strains of babesia bovis to regain infectivity for ticks during long-standing infections in cattle. | two strains of babesia bovis that were known to have lost infectivity for the normal tick vector, boophilus microplus, due to repeated blood passaging in cattle, were studied to determine whether the strains would regain infectivity for ticks during longstanding infections. parasitaemias were monitored in 4 chronically infected calves that were regularly infested with ticks. two strains of ticks known to be susceptible to infection with unmodified strains of b. bovis were used. adult female tick ... | 1977 | 588177 |
| the invasion and growth of babesia bovis in tick tissue culture. | erythrocytic forms of babesia bovis inoculated into cell cultures of the tick boophilus microplus invaded the tick cells and showed multiplication for up to 48 h after inoculation. | 1979 | 467577 |
| some aspects of the epidemiology and control of bovine babesiosis in australia. | a short account of the epidemiology and control of babesiosis in australia is presented. epidemiological topics discussed include differences in the transmission of babesia bovis and b. bigemina by the cattle tick, boophilus microplus and the relative prevalence, disease incidence and pathogenicity of b. bovis and b. bigemina. circumstances under which babesiosis occurs in australia are described. in the section on control, only vaccination is discussed. changes in the preparation of babesial va ... | 1979 | 399977 |
| the bovine immune response to tick-derived babesia bovis infection: serological studies of isolated immunoglobulins. | a cryopreserved stabilate was prepared from babesia bovis-infected boophilus microplus ticks. the stabilate was used to infect a group of mature bos taurus-bos indicus cows. the survivors of the initial infection were rechallenged with the homologous stabilate 65 days later. all cows reacted parasitologically after primary challenge, and most responded serologically. with the exception of two cows, those not responding serologically died of acute babesiosis. the two that survived the primary cha ... | 1982 | 6761951 |
| the role of specific immunoglobulins in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays during babesia bovis infection. | a stabilate prepared from babesia bovis-infected boophilus microplus ticks was used to infect intact adult cattle. whole sera and immunoglobulin fractions from representative sera were tested by complement fixation (cf), indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa), and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (adcc) assays. the last test utilized 51cr-labeled chicken erythrocytes coated with babesia bovis antigen as targets. mononuclear cell preparations, obtained from peripheral blood of normal do ... | 1984 | 6369760 |
| successful vaccination against boophilus microplus and babesia bovis using recombinant antigens. | current methods for the control of the cattle tick boophilus microplus and the agent of bovine babesiosis, babesia bovis are unsatisfactory. effective immunological control of both parasites would have great advantages. however, naturally acquired immunity to the tick is generally unable to prevent serious production losses. a vaccine against the tick, based on a novel form of immunization, is being developed. a protective antigen has been isolated from the tick, characterized and produced as an ... | 1992 | 1343705 |
| impact of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina on the production of beef cattle in uruguay. | uruguay is situated in a marginal area for the development of boophilus microplus (30 degrees 35 degrees south lat.) with important areas of enzootic instability for babesia bovis and b. bigemina. the livestock products represent 70% of our exports, for which reason it is fundamental to evaluate the losses in the production that these haemoparasites cause as basic information to take future decisions. in the period 1988-1990, several works were carried out by our laboratory to know the incidence ... | 1992 | 1343684 |
| some effects of time, temperature and feeding on infection rates with babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in boophilus microplus larvae. | | 1982 | 7118375 |
| reduction in pathogenicity of babesia bovis for its tick vector, boophilus microplus, after rapid blood passage in splenectomized calves. | two strains of babesia bovis that had been serially blood passaged in splenectomized calves 27 to 33 times, a procedure known to have reduced their virulence for normal cattle, were shown to have low pathogenicity for replete, female boophilus microplus. in comparison with a strain of b. bovis unmodified by repeated blood passage, the two modified strains infected higher proportions of ticks and produced comparable numbers of morphologically similar parasites in their haemolymph, but killed sign ... | 1981 | 7222925 |
| bovine babesiosis in northern mexico. | the occurrence of boophilus microplus infections accompanied by bovine babesiosis was confirmed for 2 locations in northern mexico. the confirmation at one location was made by transferring whole blood to a splenectomised calf which subsequently developed an acute babesia bovis infection. examination of thin blood smears from a suspect animal at the second location revealed b. bovis-infected erthrocytes. a serological survey of other herd members at both locations showed antibody activity agains ... | 1980 | 7434473 |
| seasonal incidence and hemoparasite infection rates of ixodid ticks (acari: ixodidae) detached from cattle in costa rica. | to determine the tick species hindering the cattle industry in costa rica and to assess infection rates of ticks with three important hemoparasite species, cattle were monitored during a period of six months (october 1992-march 1993). four farms were located in the dry pacific region of the canton of tilarán and a fifth farm on the slopes of the poás volcano in a cool tropical cloud-forest ecosystem. on each farm 3 to 5 animals of 6 to 24 months of age were selected at random. all ticks were rem ... | 1994 | 7501871 |
| strategies for the control of one-host ticks and relationship with tick-borne diseases in south america. | a variety of hemoparasites occurs in ruminants of south america (12 degrees 00'n-56 degrees 00's), but there is consensus on the significant economic impact of babesiosis (babesia bovis and babesia bigemina) and anaplasmosis (anaplasma marginale). the tick vector for the babesia spp. for the whole region is boophilus microplus which has been the most important target in control/eradication programs. boophilus microplus and many different hematophagous diptera species are considered vectors of a. ... | 1995 | 7597780 |
| sequencing a new target genome: the boophilus microplus (acari: ixodidae) genome project. | the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus (canestrini), causes annual economic losses in the hundreds of millions of dollars to cattle producers throughout the world, and ranks as the most economically important tick from a global perspective. control failures attributable to the development of pesticide resistance have become commonplace, and novel control technologies are needed. the availability of the genome sequence will facilitate the development of these new technologies, and we are p ... | 2006 | 16506442 |
| the impact of 2 dipping systems on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis in cattle in 4 communally grazed areas in limpopo province, south africa. | a 12-month study was conducted in 4 communal grazing areas in the bushbuckridge region, limpopo province, south africa. the main objective was to investigate the impact of reduced acaricide application on endemic stability to bovine babesiosis (babesia bigemina and babesia bovis) and anaplasmosis (anaplasma marginale) in the local cattle population. to this end 60 cattle in each communal grazing area were bled at the beginning and the conclusion of the experimental period and their sera were ass ... | 2005 | 16642719 |
| seroprevalence of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in cattle in the soutpansberg region, limpopo province, south africa, associated with changes in vector-tick populations. | a survey was conducted at 30 communal dip tanks and on 5 commercial farms in limpopo province, south africa, during 1999 and 2000 to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to babesia bovis and babesia bigemina. cattle seropositive for b. bovis were found in 97% of the herds on communal land; the overall seroprevalence changed little between 1999 (63.3%) and 2000 (62.4%). all herds surveyed were infected with b. bigemina, and overall seroprevalence decreased significantly from 56.1% in 1999 t ... | 2006 | 17120620 |
| detection of babesia bigemina infection in strains of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus collected from outbreaks in south texas. | the sudden death of several cattle infested experimentally with rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus led to a clinical investigation into the reasons for the unexpected mortality. microscopic evidence for babesia bigemina infection was found in blood smears from the affected animals and a pcr assay was designed to detect the presence of b. bigemina and babesia bovis in all r. microplus strains received and propagated at the laboratory. the assay utilizes a nested pcr approach with the first pcr a ... | 2007 | 17178440 |
| experimental studies of the rate of infection of boophilus microplus eggs with babesia bovis. | babasia bovis infection in the eggs of boophilus microplus was investigated by examining the total output of eggs by 10 engorged female ticks with a level of haemolymph infection with b bovis ranging from 0.2 to 20.6 kinetics per microscope field. the ticks were fed on infected calves, with a parasitaemia ranging from 0.01 per cent to 0.02 per cent, inoculated with a stabilate of b microplus larvae containing the protozoa. infected eggs, 9.5 per cent of the total eggs laid, were detected from th ... | 1995 | 7659857 |
| pcr-based detection of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in their natural host boophilus microplus and cattle. | pcr and nested-pcr methods were used to assess the frequency of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina infection in boophilus microplus engorged females and eggs and in cattle reared in an area with endemic babesiosis. blood and the engorged female ticks were from 27 naturally infested calves and 25 crossbred cows. the frequency of both babesia species was similar in calves and cows (p>0.05). babesia bovis was detected in 23 (85.2%) calves and in 25 (100%) cows and b. bigemina was detected in 25 (92 ... | 2005 | 15619521 |
| babesia bovis: infectivity of an attenuated strain of brazilian origin for the tick vector, boophilus microplus. | in order to verify the infectivity and transovarian transmission of one strain of babesia bovis of brazilian origin, attenuated by repeated passages in splenectomized calves to the biological tick vector, boophilus microplus, an inoculation of that strain was performed in hemoparasite-free calves infested with hemoparasite-free ticks. subsequently, engorged female ticks were collected to examine hemolymph and progeny for presence of developing stages of babesia bovis. using an optical microscope ... | 1994 | 8030179 |
| evaluation of the infectivity of a vaccinal and a pathogenic babesia bovis strain from argentina to boophilus microplus. | three trials were performed to test the infectivity of a vaccinal and a pathogenic strain of babesia bovis for the tick boophilus microplus. the progeny of engorged female ticks fed on calves inoculated with the pathogenic strain were able to transmit the infection to splenectomised calves (measured by the presence of the parasite in their blood and seroconversion), whereas the progeny of engorged females fed on calves inoculated with the vaccinal strain did not transmit the organisms. these res ... | 1993 | 8128578 |
| light microscopy diagnosis of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina kinetes in the haemolymph of artificially infected boophilus microplus engorged female ticks. | the length, width and position of the nucleus of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina kinetes from the haemolymph of boophilus microplus engorged female ticks were recorded. additionally, the shape of babesia bovis kinetes were registered as curved, semi-curved or straight. to this aim boophilus microplus tick larvae from a colony free of babesia were fed on splenectomised calves artificially infected with either babesia bovis or babesia bigemina pathogenic strains. six engorged female ticks showi ... | 1996 | 8750679 |
| integrated tick and tick-borne disease control trials in crossbred dairy cattle in malawi. | crossbred dairy heifers on a farm in an east coast fever (ecf) endemic area in malawi were immunised against theileria parva, anaplasma spp., babesia bigemina, babesia bovis and cowdria ruminantium. they were treated at infrequent intervals with chlorfenvinphos to limit infestation with adult ticks, without providing complete tick control. in one trial, which tested a threshold dipping regimen, 20 heifers were dipped only once in 6 months to control a flush of boophilus microplus. unimmunised co ... | 1996 | 8983132 |
| cross-sectional estimation of babesia bovis antibody prevalence in an area of argentina used for extensive cattle breeding as an aid to control babesiosis. | the prevalence of babesia bovis antibodies was estimated by using an elisa (98% sensitivity and 95% specificity). sera were obtained from 165 calves (mean age and standard deviation: 9.7 +/- 2.7 months) from an area in argentina known to be unfavourable for the development of the vector tick, boophilus microplus. the area comprised about 300,000 ha used for cattle breeding. the cattle population of 55,000 included 12,000 cattle under 1 year of age. cattle were maintained mainly on natural grasse ... | 1997 | 9234418 |
| detection of igm antibodies against babesia bovis in cattle. | the diagnosis of acute babesiosis by direct examination of blood smears has some limitations and the indirect serological methods currently in use are designed for detection of igg, which may not be detectable at an early stage of infection. there is a need, therefore, for rapid and reliable procedures to diagnose acute infections. an elisa system using a crude antigenic preparation of babesia bovis was standardized for the detection of igm antibodies. optimal dilutions of the antigen, using pos ... | 1999 | 10223346 |
| effect of breed of cattle on transmission rate and innate resistance to infection with babesia bovis and b bigemina transmitted by boophilus microplus. | to assess the effect of breed of cattle on the transmission rates of and innate resistance to babesia bovis and b bigemina parasites transmitted by boophilus microplus ticks. | 1999 | 10451733 |
| bmigi: a database of cdnas expressed in boophilus microplus, the tropical/southern cattle tick. | we used an expressed sequence tag approach to initiate a study of the genome of the southern cattle tick, boophilus microplus. a normalized cdna library was synthesized from pooled rna purified from tick larvae which had been subjected to different treatments, including acaricide exposure, heat shock, cold shock, host odor, and infection with babesia bovis. for the acaricide exposure experiments, we used several strains of ticks, which varied in their levels of susceptibility to pyrethroid, orga ... | 2005 | 15857764 |
| transmission of babesia spp by the cattle tick (boophilus microplus) to cattle treated with injectable or pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin. | to assess the efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin to prevent transmission of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina by boophilus microplus to cattle under conditions of relatively intense experimental challenge. | 1999 | 10590793 |
| babesia spp. infection in boophilus microplus engorged females and eggs in sao paulo state, brazil. | babesia spp. infections were investigated in bos taurus x bos indicus dairy cows and calves and in boophilus microplus engorged female ticks and eggs. blood samples and engorged female ticks were collected from 25 cows and 27 calves. babesia spp. was detected in ticks by microscopic examination of hemolymph of engorged female and by squashes of egg samples. cattle infection was investigated in blood thin smears and by dna amplification methods (pcr and nested pcr), using specific primers for bab ... | 2005 | 15893070 |
| rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus: a most successful invasive tick species in west-africa. | the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is known to be a highly reproductive and efficient vector of babesia bovis, two characters which make this tick a threat to livestock keeping in many continents. the authors identified this tick in ivory coast, west africa, in 2007, and hypothesized the spread to be minimal, as this tick was not observed in previous years. to determine the extent of its distribution and to a lesser extent the possible impact of the tick on the livelihoods of iv ... | 2011 | 20711801 |
| effect of breed of cattle on innate resistance to infection with anaplasma marginale transmitted by boophilus microplus. | to assess the innate resistance of and transmission in naive bos taurus cross bos indicus and purebred bos indicus cattle when placed in a paddock with cattle infected with anaplasma marginale and carrying boophilus microplus ticks. | 1999 | 10685172 |
| babesia bovis and b. bigemina dna detected in cattle and ticks from zimbabwe by polymerase chain reaction. | from blood collected from 94 cattle at 12 locations in the eastern and northeastern areas of zimbabwe, dna was extracted and analysed by polymerase chain reaction with primers previously reported to be specific for babesia bigemina and babesia borvis. overall, dna of babesia bigemina was detected in the blood of 33/94 (35%) cattle and dna from b. bovis was detected in 27/58 (47%) of cattle. the prevalence of dna of b. bigemina was significantly higher in young animals (<2 years) (23/46) than in ... | 2000 | 10949512 |
| detection of theileria and babesia in brown brocket deer (mazama gouazoubira) and marsh deer (blastocerus dichotomus) in the state of minas gerais, brazil. | intraerythrocytic protozoan species of the genera theileria and babesia are known to infect both wild and domestic animals, and both are transmitted by hard-ticks of the family ixodidae. the prevalences of hemoprotozoa and ectoparasites in 15 free-living mazama gouazoubira, two captive m. gouazoubira and four captive blastocerus dichotomus from the state of minas gerais, brazil, have been determined through the examination of blood smears and the use of nested polymerase chain reaction (npcr). t ... | 2010 | 21354704 |
| babesiosis (babesia bovis) stability in unstable environments. | enzootic stability (herd immunity) in bovine babesiosis occurs when the rate of transmission (inoculation rate) of babesia spp by the tick vector is sufficient to immunize a majority of susceptible calves before the loss of calfhood resistance. the effect of three tick (boophilus microplus) control strategies (none, threshold, and strategic) on enzootic stability and the likelihood of babesiosis (babesia bovis) outbreaks was studied using a spreadsheet age-class computer simulation model. the mo ... | 2000 | 11193666 |
| ticks and tick-borne diseases of livestock belonging to resource-poor farmers in the eastern free state of south africa. | the paper provides a summary of three studies conducted in the eastern free state of south africa between 1998 and 2000. in a questionnaire-based study approximately 21% of interviewed resource-poor farmers (n = 150) indicated that they experienced problems with ticks and tick-borne diseases. about 56% of farmers indicated that tick-related problems were most severe in summer, while 32% indicated that the most problems were encountered in winter. about 12% indicated that the tick problems were e ... | 2002 | 14570134 |
| pcr-based detection of the transovarial transmission of uruguayan babesia bovis and babesia bigemina vaccine strains. | bovine babesiosis is responsible for serious economic losses in uruguay. haemovaccines play an important role in disease prevention, but concern has been raised about their use. it is feared that the attenuated babesia bovis and babesia bigemina vaccine strains may be transmitted by the local tick vector boophilus microplus, and that reversion to virulence could occur. we therefore investigated the possibility that these strains could be transmitted via the transovarial route in ticks using a ba ... | 2003 | 14621315 |
| the ovarian transcriptome of the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, feeding upon a bovine host infected with babesia bovis. | cattle babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle with the most severe form of the disease caused by the apicomplexan, babesia bovis. babesiosis is transmitted to cattle through the bite of infected cattle ticks of the genus rhipicephalus. the most prevalent species is rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, which is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical countries of the world. the transmission of b. bovis is transovarian and a previous study of the r. microplus ovarian proteome ide ... | 2013 | 24330595 |
| molecular vaccines against parasites. | prophylactic vaccines can be expected to be one of the major practical outputs of parasitology research. various groups within australia have pursued the vaccine objective for several years, with particular emphasis on blood-stage falciparum malaria in man, intestinal helminths of sheep and cattle, cutaneous myiasis (blowfly strike) in sheep, cysticercosis in sheep and cattle, bovine babesiosis, and cattle ticks. other vaccine programmes are concerned with giardiasis, filariasis, toxoplasmosis, ... | 1986 | 15462818 |
| field challenge of cattle vaccinated with a combined babesia bovis and babesia bigemina frozen immunogen. | to determine the optimal dose of a combined, frozen immunogen containing in vitro culture-derived strains of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina, twenty-four 14-month-old bos taurus steers from a boophilus microplus-free area in northern mexico were used in this experiment. cattle were randomly allocated into six groups with four animals each, and were intramuscularly inoculated as follows: group 1 (control animals) were administered with normal bovine erythrocytes; group 2 received 1 x 10(7) b. ... | 2004 | 15604506 |
| [the effect of different strains babesia bovis (babes, 1888) on tick of boophilus microplus (canestrini, 1887)]. | two samples (modified and no-modified) of babesia bovis, were used to evaluate the effect on engorged females of boophilus microplus babesia spp - free. for so much, were used three holstein breed bovine, males with 6 months of age, (bh1, bh2 and bh3), coming of the plateau of itatiaia, rio de janeiro, brazil. each calf was infested with 0.2g of b. microplus larvae babesia spp- free, for 10 consecutive days. they were inoculated in the calves bh1 and bh2, modified and no modified sample, respect ... | 2006 | 17196115 |
| comparison of duplex pcr and microscopic techniques for the identification of babesia bigemina and babesia bovis in engorged female ticks of boophilus microplus. | a single-step duplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technique and traditional microscopic examination of haemolymph smears were used to detect babesia bigemina and/or babesia bovis infection in engorged female ticks of boophilus microplus recovered from calves raised in an endemic area of the state of minas gerais, brazil. in the pcr amplification of tick-derived dna, pairs of oligonucleotide primers specific for a 278-bp sequence from b. bigemina and for a 350-bp sequence from b. bovis were us ... | 2007 | 17456146 |
| persistently infected calves as reservoirs for acquisition and transovarial transmission of babesia bovis by rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | babesia bovis is a deadly disease of cattle resulting in severe economic losses in the vast regions of the world where it is endemic. if reintroduced into the united states, babesiosis would cause significant mortality in the naïve cattle population. in order to address the risk to u.s. cattle, it is essential to quantify the transovarial transmission efficiency in adult female boophilus microplus ticks following acquisition feeding on persistently infected cattle. this study tested the hypothes ... | 2007 | 17687016 |
| transovarial transmission efficiency of babesia bovis tick stages acquired by rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus during acute infection. | the protozoan parasite babesia bovis, a reemerging threat to u.s. cattle, is acquired by adult female ticks of the subgenus boophilus and is transovarially transmitted as the kinete stage to developing larval offspring. sporozoites develop within larvae and are transmitted during larval feeding on a bovine host. this study evaluated the efficiency of b. bovis infection within rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus following acquisition feeding on acutely parasitemic cattle. parasite levels were qua ... | 2007 | 17166964 |
| immune response to babesia bigemina infection in pregnant cows. | babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle caused by babesia bigemina and babesia bovis and is transmitted by the tick vector boophilus microplus. in this study, we investigate b. bigemina infection regarding the clinical infection, t cell distribution, and cytokine profile during the acute phase of an experimental infection in pregnant cows. | 2004 | 15604509 |
| pharmacological characterization of a tyramine receptor from the southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | the southern cattle tick (rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus) is a hematophagous external parasite that vectors the causative agents of bovine babesiosis or cattle tick fever, babesia bovis and b. bigemina, and anaplasmosis, anaplasma marginale. the southern cattle tick is a threat to the livestock industry in many locations throughout the world. control methods include the use of chemical acaricides including amitraz, a formamidine insecticide, which is proposed to activate octopamine receptor ... | 2015 | 25958152 |
| immunologic and molecular identification of babesia bovis and babesia bigemina in free-ranging white-tailed deer in northern mexico. | the suitability of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) as hosts for the cattle ticks rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus, has been well documented. these ticks have a wide host range, and both transmit babesia bovis and babesia bigemina, the agents responsible for bovine babesiosis. although this disease and its vectors have been eradicated from the united states and some states in northern mexico, it still is a problem in other mexican states. it i ... | 2007 | 17699089 |
| babesia bovis and babesia bigemina infection levels estimated by qpcr in angus cattle from an endemic area of são paulo state, brazil. | the levels of infection by babesia bovis and babesia bigemina were estimated by absolute quantification through the quantitative pcr technique (qpcr). fifty-one contemporaneous angus cattle were evaluated on two occasions. the number of standard female rhipicephalus microplus ticks present on the left side of the body was counted and blood samples were drawn from the tail vein into tubes containing the anticoagulant edta. the blood samples were submitted to dna extraction and used to quantify th ... | 2016 | 26907097 |
| coinfection with antigenically and genetically distinct virulent strains of babesia bovis is maintained through all phases of the parasite life cycle. | antigenic polymorphism is a defining characteristic of the babesia bovis variable merozoite surface antigen (vmsa) family. sequence analysis strongly suggests that recombination between virulent strains contributes to vmsa diversity. while meiosis during the aneuploid stage of the parasite's life cycle in the tick vector rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is the most probable source of interstrain recombination, there is no definitive evidence that coinfection of the mammalian host or r. microp ... | 2007 | 17893136 |
| co-transmission of the non-transmissible south african babesia bovis s24 vaccine strain during mixed infection with a field isolate. | the south african babesia bovis live blood vaccine, originating from a field isolate attenuated by 23 serial syringe passages in splenectomized calves, has lost the ability to infect the natural vector rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. in this study, infection with mixed parasites from the vaccine strain and a field isolate, resulted in transmission of both genotype populations. comparing the field isolate and transmitted combination indicated no significant difference in their virulence, whi ... | 2015 | 25544307 |
| differential protein expression in ovaries of uninfected and babesia-infected southern cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | we used gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry to investigate differences in protein expression in ovarian tissues from babesia bovis-infected and uninfected southern cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. soluble and membrane proteins were extracted from ovaries of adult female ticks, and analyzed by isoelectric focusing (ief) and one-dimensional or two-dimensional (2-d) gel electrophoresis. protein patterns were analyzed for differences in expression between infected and uninfect ... | 2007 | 17967348 |
| proteomic profiling of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus midgut responses to infection with babesia bovis. | differences in protein expression in midgut tissue of uninfected and babesia bovis-infected southern cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus, were investigated in an effort to establish a proteome database containing proteins involved in successful pathogen transmission. the electrophoretic separation of midgut membrane proteins was greatly improved by using liquid-phase isoelectric focusing combined with one-dimensional or two-dimensional (2-d) gel electrophoresis. a selection of diff ... | 2008 | 18243558 |
| shifts in the distributional ranges of boophilus ticks in tanzania: evidence that a parapatric boundary between boophilus microplus and b. decoloratus follows climate gradients. | based on a national tick survey conducted in tanzania between 1998 and 2001, predictive maps of tick distribution for b. microplus and b. decoloratus were computed and compared with historical maps that originated about 40 years ago. the new data collected showed that except for extremely cold and dry areas b. microplus has extended its distribution range and is now present in all the northern regions of tanzania, and that high suitability is currently recorded for most of the previously non-occ ... | 2008 | 18266058 |
| productivity and health effects of anaplasmosis and babesiosis on bos indicus cattle and their crosses, and the effects of differing intensity of tick control in australia. | tick fever is an important disease of cattle where rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus acts as a vector for the three causal organisms babesia bovis, babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale. bos indicus cattle and their crosses are more resistant to the clinical effects of infection with b. bovis and b. bigemina than are bos taurus cattle. resistance is not complete, however, and herds of b. indicus-cross cattle are still at risk of babesiosis in environments where exposure to b. bovis is light ... | 2008 | 18472219 |
| efficiency of a recombinant msa-2c-based elisa to establish the persistence of antibodies in cattle vaccinated with babesia bovis. | bovine babesiosis is caused by babesia bovis and b. bigemina in argentina. these protozoans are prevalent north of parallel 30 degrees s, where their natural vector rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is widespread. to prevent babesiosis outbreaks in endemic areas, an increasing population of 4-10-month-old calves are vaccinated with low virulence b. bovis r1a (bbor1a) and b. bigemina s1a (bbis1a) strains. in non-endemic areas, an additional calf population is also vaccinated and boostered as ad ... | 2008 | 18783887 |
| seroprevalence estimation and management factors associated with high herd seropositivity for babesia bovis in commercial dairy farms of puerto rico. | a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine individual cow seroprevalence of babesia bovis in adult lactating dairy cattle of puerto rico (pr), to assess the associations of farm management factors on herd seroprevalence, and to document the species of ticks infesting cattle within these farms. antibody activity against b. bovis was determined using an indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). serum samples were obtained from 2,414 adult lactating dairy cattle from 76 randomly selected c ... | 2009 | 19343529 |
| ticks and tick-borne pathogens from wildlife in the free state province, south africa. | eight ixodid tick species, associated with 59 free-ranging mammals belonging to 10 species, were collected at five different localities in the free state province, south africa. four of the study areas were nature reserves (willem pretorius, sandveld, tussen-die-riviere, and soetdoring), and one site was a private farm located in senekal district. the collection was performed from march 2006 until june 2006. ticks (n=569) and tissues from animals (n=52) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction ... | 2009 | 19395753 |
| first report of trypanosoma vivax infection in dairy cattle from costa rica. | an outbreak of haemoparasitoses occurred from october 2007 to july 2008 in cattle from the district of rio cuarto, province of alajuela, costa rica. fifty animals of various ages out of 450 brown swiss were affected. the animals presented fever, severe anemia, jaundice, abortion or premature birth, loss of appetite, decrease milk production and accentuated weight loss in a short period of time. haemoparasites were observed in the blood smears: anaplasma marginale was present in 17 animals (60.7% ... | 2009 | 19414224 |
| babesia bovis: transcriptional analysis of rrna gene unit expression. | the complex life cycle of babesia bovis includes erythrocytic stages in the bovine host and other stages occurring inside its common tick vector rhipicephalus microplus. in related apicomplexa, changing environmental conditions affect the expression of ribosomal rna, but it remained unknown whether the polymorphic a, b, and c rrna coding units of b. bovis are differentially expressed. northern blot analysis confirmed that polymorphic regions in the b. bovis 18s and its-2 rrna coding units are tr ... | 2009 | 19508867 |
| silencing of a putative immunophilin gene in the cattle tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus increases the infection rate of babesia bovis in larval progeny. | abstract: | 2009 | 19930572 |
| the rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus bm86 gene plays a critical role in the fitness of ticks fed on cattle during acute babesia bovis infection. | abstract: | 2010 | 21092112 |
| bartonella and babesia infections in cattle and their ticks in taiwan. | bartonella and babesia infections and the association with cattle breed and age as well as tick species infesting selected cattle herds in taiwan were investigated. blood samples were collected from 518 dairy cows and 59 beef cattle on 14 farms and 415 ticks were collected from these animals or in a field. bartonella and babesia species were isolated and/or detected in the cattle blood samples and from a selected subset (n=254) of the ticks either by culture or dna extraction, pcr testing and dn ... | 2010 | 21194750 |
| a campaign to eradicate bovine babesiosis from new caledonia. | in december 2007, babesia bovis was introduced to new caledonia through the importation of cattle that had been vaccinated with a live tick fever (babesiosis and anaplasmosis) vaccine. although the tick rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus is common in new caledonia, the territory had previously been free of tick-borne diseases of cattle. this paper describes the initial extent of the outbreak, the measures and rationale for disease control, and the progress to date of the eradication campaign. i ... | 2011 | 21771538 |
| functional genomics studies of rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatus ticks in response to infection with the cattle protozoan parasite, babesia bigemina. | ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of wild and domestic animals as well as humans, considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human diseases, but the most important vectors of disease-causing pathogens in domestic and wild animals. babesia spp. are tick-borne pathogens that cause a disease called babesiosis in a wide range of animals and in humans. in particular, babesia bovis and babesia bigemina are transmitted by cattle ticks, rhipicephalus (boophilus) annulatu ... | 2012 | 22265898 |
| analysis of babesia bovis infection-induced gene expression changes in larvae from the cattle tick, rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. | cattle babesiosis is a tick-borne disease of cattle that has severe economic impact on cattle producers throughout the world's tropical and subtropical countries. the most severe form of the disease is caused by the apicomplexan, babesia bovis, and transmitted to cattle through the bite of infected cattle ticks of the genus rhipicephalus, with the most prevalent species being rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus. we studied the reaction of the r. microplus larval transcriptome in response to infe ... | 2012 | 22871314 |
| invasive potential of cattle fever ticks in the southern united states. | for >100 years cattle production in the southern united states has been threatened by cattle fever. it is caused by an invasive parasite-vector complex that includes the protozoan hemoparasites babesia bovis and b. bigemina, which are transmitted among domestic cattle via rhipicephalus tick vectors of the subgenus boophilus. in 1906 an eradication effort was started and by 1943 boophilus ticks had been confined to a narrow tick eradication quarantine area (teqa) along the texas-mexico border. ho ... | 2014 | 24742062 |
| transfected babesia bovis expressing a tick gst as a live vector vaccine. | the rhipicephalus microplus tick is a notorious blood-feeding ectoparasite of livestock, especially cattle, responsible for massive losses in animal production. it is the main vector for transmission of pathogenic bacteria and parasites, including babesia bovis, an intraerythrocytic apicomplexan protozoan parasite responsible for bovine babesiosis. this study describes the development and testing of a live b. bovis vaccine expressing the protective tick antigen glutathione-s-transferase from hae ... | 2016 | 27911903 |
| expression of 6-cys gene superfamily defines babesia bovis sexual stage development within rhipicephalus microplus. | babesia bovis, an intra-erythrocytic tick-borne apicomplexan protozoan, is one of the causative agents of bovine babesiosis. its life cycle includes sexual reproduction within cattle fever ticks, rhipicephalus spp. six b. bovis 6-cys gene superfamily members were previously identified (a, b, c, d, e, f) where their orthologues in plasmodium parasite have been shown to encode for proteins required for the development of sexual stages. the current study identified four additional 6-cys genes (g, h ... | 2016 | 27668751 |
| targeted surface expression of an exogenous antigen in stably transfected babesia bovis. | babesia bovis is a tick-borne intraerythocytic protozoan responsible for acute disease in cattle which can be controlled by vaccination with attenuated b. bovis strains. emerging b. bovis transfection technologies may increase the usefulness of these live vaccines. one use of transfected b. bovis parasites may be as a vaccine delivery platform. previous transfection methods for b. bovis were limited by single expression sites and intracellular expression of transfected antigens. this study descr ... | 2014 | 24840336 |