| blocked stomodeal valve of the insect vector: similar mechanism of transmission in two trypanosomatid models. | the regurgitation of metacyclic stages from the sand fly cardia is thought to be the prevailing mechanism of leishmania transmission. this regurgitation may result through damage of the stomodeal valve and its mechanical block by the parasites. we found this phenomenon in three sand fly-leishmania models and also in avian trypanosomes transmitted by culex mosquitoes. phlebotomus duboscqi, phlebotomus papatasi, lutzomyia longipalpis, and culex pipiens were membrane-fed on blood containing leishma ... | 2004 | 15491584 |