| activity of culicoides spp. (diptera: ceratopogonidae) inside and outside of livestock stables in late winter and spring. | culicoides latreille, 1809 midge species are the putative vectors of bluetongue virus (btv) and schmallenberg virus (sbv) in europe. to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of the diseases, basic knowledge about the overwintering of the vectors is needed. therefore, we investigated culicoid activity in relation to air temperature at livestock stables during late winter and spring season. ceratopogonids were captured weekly indoors and outdoors on three cattle farms, three horse farms ... | 2017 | 28054179 |
| role of different culicoides vectors (diptera: ceratopogonidae) in bluetongue virus transmission and overwintering in sardinia (italy). | bluetongue (bt) epidemics have affected the mediterranean island of sardinia since 2000. while culicoides imicola represents the main bluetongue virus (btv) vector, other european culicoides biting midges, possibly implicated in virus transmission, have been detected here. understanding their distribution, seasonal abundance, and infection rates is necessary to predict disease incidence and spread across coastal and inland areas, and to define their role in virus overwintering. | 2016 | 27502924 |
| Seasonal dynamics of biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae: Culicoides), the potential vectors of bluetongue virus, in Sweden. | The outbreak of bluetongue (BT) in northern Europe 2006 initiated the monitoring of vectors, biting midges of the genus Culicoides in Sweden. In order to determine the diversity, distribution and seasonal dynamics of Culicoides, weekly collections were made during 2008 and during March-December 2009 using the Ondestepoort Veterinary Institute black light trap. Twenty sampling sites were selected in 12 provinces. In total of 30,704 Culicoides were collected in 2008 and 32,252 in 2009. The most ab ... | 2011 | 21944873 |
| phenology and attraction of potential culicoides vectors of bluetongue virus in basque country (northern spain). | bluetongue virus is transmitted by culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae). culicoides associated with livestock were captured using cdc blacklight traps at three btv-infected farms in basque country between november 2007 and december 2008. twenty-seven and nineteen culicoides species were collected in outdoor and indoor habitats respectively. indoor insect community represented 86.1% of the whole captured individual biting midges. culicoides obsoletus/culicoides scoticus (two siblin ... | 2011 | 22137350 |
| molecular identification of bloodmeals from biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae: culicoides latreille) in denmark. | culicoides vectors are critical to the survival and transmission of bluetongue virus as infection only occurs in areas or regions where competent vectors are present. the success of culicoides biting midges as vectors is mainly related to their vast population sizes and to their means of dispersal. their choice of host for blood feeding is sparsely described. the aim of the present study was to establish methods for the identification of bloodmeal hosts and determine the identity and diversity o ... | 2010 | 20978788 |
| contribution to the knowledge of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) host preferences in france. | knowledge on host-feeding pattern of blood-sucking insects helps to understand the epidemiology of a vector-born disease. we determined blood meal origin from blood-fed culicoides thanks to molecular techniques. a set of primers was used to selectively amplify segment of vertebrates' prepronociceptin gene from abdomen of engorged culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae). vertebrate dna was successfully amplified in 91% of blood-fed culicoides assayed. direct sequencing and comparison of resultant s ... | 2010 | 20967462 |
| monitoring of biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae: culicoides latreille) on farms in sweden during the emergence of the 2008 epidemic of bluetongue. | in light of the emergence of bluetongue in northern europe, populations of culicoides species were monitored in 2007-2008 by means of onderstepoort blacklight suction traps operating at livestock farms in sweden. the location of the 22 sampling sites ranged from about latitude 55 degrees n to about 68 degrees n. a total of 61,669 male and female culicoides were captured, of which, 52,319 were trapped outside the farms and 9,350 in byres or livestock sheds. thirty-three culicoides species were re ... | 2010 | 20174825 |
| identification of cryptic species of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) in the subgenus culicoides and development of species-specific pcr assays based on barcode regions. | culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are vectors of important diseases affecting wild and domestic animals. during the last decade they have played a major role in the epidemiology of the largest bluetongue epizootic ever recorded in europe, the disease is transmitted between hosts almost exclusively by bites of culicoides midges and affects both domestic and wild ruminants however severe disease usually occurs in certain breeds of sheep and some species of deer. an accurate vecto ... | 2009 | 19682796 |
| discrimination of culicoides midge larvae using multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays based on dna sequence variation at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase i gene. | the recent spread of bluetongue disease in northwestern europe has indicated the ability of palaearctic culicoides species to vector the disease. because the different midge species vary in their ability to harbor and transmit the bluetongue virus, quick and reliable identification is necessary to resolve the species composition of midge communities, both adult and larval, at any place at any given time point. given that morphological identification of culicoides species is problematic, we devel ... | 2009 | 19496434 |
| genebank accession numbers of sequences of culicoides species vectors of bluetongue virus in germany. | the paper offers the genebank accession numbers of culicoides obsoletus, culicoides scoticus and culicoides pulicaris sequences (its 1, its 2, 18s rrna) that had been shown to be vectors of the bluetongue virus serotype 8, which was introduced in 2006 into germany and spread until 2009 all over central europe, including parts of england. the numbers are fn 263292 until fn 263323. | 2009 | 19424722 |
| monitoring of ceratopogonidae in southwest germany. | within the entomological monitoring program of the german federal ministry of food, agriculture, and user protection (bmelv), at 12 cattle farms in rhineland-palatinate and two in saarland, ultraviolet lamp traps were used to monitor the distribution and seasonal appearance of potential vectors of the bluetongue virus, with special consideration of species of culicoides. using the traps during the first seven nights of each month from april 2007 to may 2008, 5,000-120,000 ceratopogonids were cau ... | 2009 | 19340458 |
| bluetongue disease in germany (2007-2008): monitoring of entomological aspects. | in the summer of 2006, a bluetongue epidemic started in the border area of belgium, the netherlands, and germany, spread within 2 years over large areas of western and central europe, and caused substantial losses in farm ruminants. especially sheep and cattle were severely affected, leading to a case-fatality ratio of nearly 40% in sheep (conraths et al., emerg inf dis 15(3):433-435, 2009). the german federal ministry of food, agriculture, and consumer protection (bmelv) established a countrywi ... | 2009 | 19322587 |
| effects of permethrin (flypor) and fenvalerate (acadrex60, arkofly) on culicoides species-the vector of bluetongue virus. | bluetongue disease struggles ruminants in europe since summer 2006, introducing high levels of morbidity and mortality. besides vaccination, the application of insecticides is another means to protect cattle and sheep from infections with the bluetongue virus, which is transmitted in europe by female specimens of culicoides species (culicoides obsoletus and in a few cases of culicoides pulicaris and culicoides dewulfi). the present study deals with the effects of permethrin (flypor) and fenvaler ... | 2009 | 19015876 |
| control techniques for culicoides biting midges and their application in the u.k. and northwestern palaearctic. | the recent emergence of bluetongue virus (reoviridae: orbivirus) (btv) in northern europe, for the first time in recorded history, has led to an urgent need for methods to control the disease caused by this virus and the midges that spread it. this paper reviews various methods of vector control that have been employed elsewhere and assesses their likely efficacy for controlling vectors of btv in northern europe. methods of controlling culicoides spp. (diptera: ceratopogonidae) have included: (a ... | 2008 | 18816267 |
| ecological correlates of bluetongue virus in spain: predicted spatial occurrence and its relationship with the observed abundance of the potential culicoides spp. vector. | using data from bluetongue (bt) outbreaks caused by viral serotype 4 (btv-4) in spain during 2004-2005, a predictive model for btv-4 occurrence in peninsular spain was developed. an autologistic regression model was employed to estimate the relationships between btv-4 presence and bioclimatic-related and host-availability-related variables. in addition, the observed abundances of the main potential culicoides vectors during 2004-2005, namely culicoides imicola, culicoides obsoletus group, and sp ... | 2009 | 18667341 |
| the phenology and population dynamics of culicoides spp. in different ecosystems in the netherlands. | the netherlands has enjoyed a relatively free state of vector-borne diseases of economic importance for more than one century. emerging infectious diseases may change this situation, threatening the health of humans, domestic livestock and wildlife. in order to be prepared for the potential outbreak of vector-borne diseases, a study was undertaken to investigate the distribution and seasonal dynamics of candidate vectors of infectious diseases with emphasis on bluetongue vectors (culicoides spp. ... | 2008 | 18639947 |
| influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the distribution and abundance of culicoides imicola and the obsoletus complex in italy. | culicoides imicola kieffer (culicoides, diptera: ceratopogonidae) is the principal vector of bluetongue virus (btv) to ruminant livestock in southern europe. the secondary potential vectors are culicoides obsoletus (meigen) and culicoides scoticus downes and kettle of the obsoletus complex, culicoides pulicaris (linnaeus) of the pulicaris complex and culicoides dewulfi goetghebuer of the subgenus avaritia fox. between 2000 and 2004 >38,000 light-trap collections were made for culicoides across i ... | 2007 | 17997043 |
| rapid diagnostic pcr assays for members of the culicoides obsoletus and culicoides pulicaris species complexes, implicated vectors of bluetongue virus in europe. | biting midges of the culicoides obsoletus meigen and culicoides pulicaris l. species complexes (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are increasingly implicated as vectors of bluetongue virus in palearctic regions. however, predicting epidemiological risk and the spread of disease is hampered because whilst vector competence of culicoides is expressed only in adult females, morphological identification of constituent species is only readily applicable to adult males and some species distinguishing traits h ... | 2007 | 17478060 |
| distribution and abundance of bluetongue vectors in sardinia: comparison of field data with prediction maps. | following the spread of bluetongue virus (btv) in many mediterranean countries during the last 5 years, presence of the main btv vector, culicoides imicola kieffer (diptera: ceratopogonidae), was recorded in the region, including the island of sardinia where the first bt epidemic originally started in the year 2000. several models were also designed based on climate variables and satellite imaging in order to predict the presence and abundance of btv vectors across europe. a 3 years entomologica ... | 2006 | 16930274 |
| bluetongue vector species of culicoides in switzerland. | switzerland is historically recognized by the office internationale des epizooties as free from bluetongue disease (bt) because of its latitude and climate. with bluetongue virus (btv) moving north from the mediterranean, an entomological survey was conducted in switzerland in 2003 to assess the potential of the btv vectors present. a total of 39 cattle farms located in three geographical regions, the ticino region, the western region and the region of the grisons, were monitored during the vect ... | 2006 | 16874919 |
| oral susceptibility to bluetongue virus of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) from the united kingdom. | oral susceptibility to infection with bluetongue virus (family resviridae, genus orbivirus, btv) serotype 9 was characterized in three palaearctic species of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae). variation in susceptibility to infection by using a recently described feeding technique was shown to occur between populations of culicoides obsoletus meigen complex midges from different geographic regions of the united kingdom with virus infection rates varying from 0.4 to 7.4% of those tested. susc ... | 2006 | 16506450 |
| modelling the distributions of culicoides bluetongue virus vectors in sicily in relation to satellite-derived climate variables. | surveillance data from 268 sites in sicily are used to develop climatic models for prediction of the distribution of the main european bluetongue virus (btv) vector culicoides imicola kieffer (diptera: ceratopogonidae) and of potential novel vectors, culicoides pulicaris linnaeus, culicoides obsoletus group meigen and culicoides newsteadi austen. the models containing the 'best' climatic predictors of distribution for each species, were selected from combinations of 40 temporally fourier-process ... | 2004 | 15189233 |
| spatial distribution of bluetongue virus and its culicoides vectors in sicily. | during the recent mediterranean epizootic of bluetongue, an extensive programme of serological and vector (culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae)) surveillance was carried out across sicily. this paper presents the analysis of 911 light trap catches collected at the times of peak culicoides abundance (summer to autumn 2000-2002) in 269 sites, in order to produce detailed maps of the spatial distribution of the main european vector, culicoides imicola kieffer and that of potential no ... | 2004 | 15189232 |
| identification of a novel bluetongue virus vector species of culicoides in sicily. | the vectors of bluetongue virus are certain species of culicoides biting midges, and in the mediterranean area culicoides imicola has long been considered to be the only field vector. in sicily an entomological and serological surveillance programme has been in operation since the autumn of 2000, which has shown that the prevalence and abundance of c. imicola is lower than in many other italian regions. moreover, in 2002, there were outbreaks of bluetongue in the absence of c. imicola, and in th ... | 2003 | 12892265 |
| spatial distribution of culicoides species in portugal in relation to the transmission of african horse sickness and bluetongue viruses. | surveillance of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) biting midge vectors was carried out at 87 sites within a 50 x 50 km grid distributed across portugal, using light trap collections at the time of peak midge abundance. culicoides imicola (kieffer) made up 66% of the 55 937 culicoides in these summer collections. it was highly abundant in the central eastern portion of portugal, between 37 degrees 5' n and 41 degrees 5' n, and in a band across to the lisbon peninsula (at around 38 degrees 5' ... | 2003 | 12823834 |
| vector species of culicoides midges implicated in the 2012‑2014 bluetongue epidemics in italy. | in 2012, serotypes 1 and 4 of bluetongue virus (btv) entered and co‑circulated in sardinia. the following year, btv‑1 spread all over sardinia and invaded sicily and the italian tyrrenian coast. in 2014, this strain spread extensively in mainland italy, causing severe outbreaks. in late 2014, btv‑4 was detected in southern italy (apulia region). this study reports the detection of btv in species of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) collected in italy during the epidemics between 2012 and 201 ... | 2015 | 26129664 |
| first detection of endosymbiotic bacteria in biting midges culicoides pulicaris and culicoides punctatus, important palaearctic vectors of bluetongue virus. | heritable bacteria have been highlighted as important components of vector biology, acting as required symbionts with an anabolic role, altering competence for disease transmission, and affecting patterns of gene flow by altering cross compatibility. in this paper, we tested eight u.k. species of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) midge for the presence of five genera of endosymbiotic bacteria: cardinium (bacteroidales: bacteroidaceae); wolbachia (rickettsiales: rickettsiaceae); spiroplasma ( ... | 2014 | 24612104 |
| monitoring bluetongue virus vectors in andalusia (sw europe): culicoides species composition and factors affecting capture rates of the biting midge culicoides imicola. | in this work, we summarize the results of captures of culicoides species in andalusia (s spain) during 2007-2008. four out of the 15 midge species-culicoides imicola, culicoides obsoletus complex, culicoides pulicaris complex, and culicoides nubeculosus-accounted for 80.7 % of captures (n = 68,190). captures were seasonal and mostly occurred in may-november. the overall number of culicoides specimens captured and the mean number of caught per trap were higher in 2007. we used an information-theo ... | 2012 | 22610444 |
| culicoides species composition and abundance on irish cattle farms: implications for arboviral disease transmission. | following the emergence of schmallenberg virus (sbv) in ireland in 2012, a sentinel herd surveillance program was established in the south of ireland with the primary aim of investigating the species composition and abundance of culicoides on livestock farms in the region. | 2018 | 30119685 |
| environmental drivers of adult seasonality and abundance of biting midges culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae), bluetongue vector species in spain. | bluetongue is a viral disease affecting wild and domestic ruminants transmitted by several species of biting midges culicoides latreille. the phenology of these insects were analyzed in relation to potential environmental drivers. data from 329 sites in spain were analyzed using bayesian generalized linear mixed model (glmm) approaches. the effects of environmental factors on adult female seasonality were contrasted. obsoletus complex species (diptera: ceratopogonidae) were the most prevalent ac ... | 2020 | 32885822 |
| geo-statistical analysis of culicoides spp. distribution and abundance in sicily, italy. | biting midges belonging to culicoides imicola, culicoides obsoletus complex and culicoides pulicaris complex (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are increasingly implicated as vectors of bluetongue virus in palaearctic regions. culicoides obsoletus complex includes c. obsoletus (sensu stricto), c. scoticus, c. dewulfi and c. chiopterus. culicoides pulicaris and c. lupicaris belong to the culicoides pulicaris complex. the aim of this study was a geo-statistical analysis of the abundance and spatial distri ... | 2018 | 29391056 |