| vector density gradients and the epidemiology of urban malaria in dakar, senegal. | the dispersion of anopheline mosquitoes from their breeding places and its impact on malaria epidemiology has been investigated in dakar, senegal, where malaria is hypoendemic and almost exclusively transmitted by anopheles arabiensis. pyrethrum spray collections were carried out along a 910-meter area starting from a district bordering on a permanent marsh and continuing into the center of the city. according to the distance from the marsh, vector density (the number of an. arabiensis per 100 r ... | 1992 | 1354414 |
| intraspecific chromosomal polymorphism in the anopheles gambiae complex as a factor affecting malaria transmission in the kisumu area of kenya. | the paracentric inversion polymorphisms of anopheles gambiae and an. arabiensis populations in the kisumu area of western kenya were studied in relation to parameters of plasmodium falciparum transmission. anopheles gambiae (n = 1,387) was polymorphic for inversions b on chromosomal arm 2r and a on arm 2l, with frequencies of the inverted arrangements of 17% and 43%, respectively. anopheles arabiensis (n = 484) was polymorphic for inversion b on chromosomal arm 2r and a on 3r, with frequencies o ... | 1992 | 1539757 |
| malaria transmission potential of anopheles mosquitoes in the mwea-tebere irrigation scheme, kenya. | 1. anopheles arabiensis patton and an. funestus giles were identified as vectors of plasmodium falciparum malaria in the mwea-tebere irrigation scheme, kenya. an. arabiensis was the only member of the an. gambiae complex identified from chromosome characteristics. other anopheles species found included an. pharoensis theobald, an. rufipes gough and an. coustani laveran. survival rates per gonotrophic cycle for an. arabiensis averaged 0.37 during the short rains (october-november), 0.49 during th ... | 1990 | 2133010 |
| [malaria in the republic of djibouti. strategy for control using a biological antilarval campaign: indigenous larvivorous fishes (aphanius dispar) and bacterial toxins]. | the authors take stock of the present situation of malaria in the republic of djibouti which, after several decades of silence, seems to have been reintroduced at the beginning of the seventies. actually it is hypo-endemic malaria with plasmodium falciparum of which the only vector seems to be anopheles arabiensis, gambiae complex. the specificity of the larvae nests allows a control strategy based on the only treatment of larvae sites by biological control: larvivorous fishes (aphanius dispar) ... | 1988 | 3043137 |
| epidemiology of seasonal falciparum malaria in an urban area of senegal. | a 15-month longitudinal survey was carried out to examine entomological and parasitological aspects of human malaria transmission in pikine, a city located in the sudan savanna zone on the cap vert peninsula in the west of senegal. the anopheline population was sampled twice weekly indoors by night human bait capture. during the same period, thick and thin blood films were collected from 296 children at 2-month intervals. anopheles arabiensis was the only species responsible for transmission of ... | 1983 | 6360402 |
| plasmodium falciparum sporozoite and entomological inoculation rates at the ahero rice irrigation scheme and the miwani sugar-belt in western kenya. | anopheles arabiensis and an. funestus were collected by pyrethrum spray sheet collections in houses and by human-bait catches at a village in western kenya adjacent to the ahero rice irrigation scheme; and using the same methods, an. gambiae s.l. and an. funestus were collected at miwani, a village in the sugar-cane belt. plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates were determined by elisa. at ahero the mean sporozoite rates were 1.1% and 4.3% in an. arabiensis and an. funestus, respectively, while a ... | 1993 | 8250629 |
| a malariometric survey in turkana district, kenya: chemosensitivity in vivo of plasmodium falciparum infections and identity of the vector. | we have carried out a limited survey in vivo of the efficacy of chloroquine (n = 39) and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine (n = 29) as treatments for falciparum malaria in kaling, turkana district, northern kenya. both treatments were effective, achieving clinical cure (> 75% reduction in parasitaemia on day 2 with clinical improvement, and negative blood slide on day 7) in both children and adults. a limited entomological survey suggested that the main malaria vector in this area was anopheles arabiens ... | 1996 | 8758085 |
| the differing impact of chloroquine and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine upon the infectivity of malaria species to the mosquito vector. | using serum or infected blood from danish volunteers and plasmodium falciparum-infected mozambican patients, respectively, the impact of curative doses of chloroquine and pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine upon infectivity of p. falciparum to anopheles arabiensis and an. gambiae or of p. berghei to an. stephensi was studied. both treatments cleared circulating p. falciparum gametocytes within 28 days. before this clearance, chloroquine enhanced infectivity to an. arabiensis, whereas pyrimethamine/sulfado ... | 1998 | 9502601 |
| [malaria transmission in the rural zone of niakhar, senegal]. | the anopheline bioecology and the malaria transmission were studied from january to december 1995 in three villages of the sahelian rural area of niakhar, senegal. this area of 29000 inhabitants, has been for several decades, a regional observatory for population and health. the three methods used for collecting mosquitoes were the collection at larval stages, the all night human biting collection, and the pyrethrum spray catch in houses during afternoons. the anophelines collected were, by nume ... | 1998 | 9735937 |
| estimation of plasmodium falciparum oocyst survival in anopheles arabiensis. | | 1998 | 10396349 |
| a study of the urban malaria transmission problem in khartoum. | a study of malaria prevalence and transmission was carried out in khartoum, the capital of sudan. the sentinel sites were el manshia, an urban area on the blue nile and ed dekheinat, a lower-income peri-urban area bordering the white nile. anopheles arabiensis, the only malaria vector encountered, was present throughout the year although vector density varied seasonally. plasmodium falciparum was the only species found in el manshia. in ed dekheinat p. falciparum, plasmodium ovale and plasmodium ... | 2000 | 10708656 |
| gametocytemia and infectivity to mosquitoes of patients with uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria attacks treated with chloroquine or sulfadoxine plus pyrimethamine. | plasmodium falciparum gametocytemia and its related infectivity for mosquitoes was studied in 115 patients (median age = 18 years, range = 4-45) with simple malaria attacks who lived in the hypoendemic area of dakar, senegal. patients were included in a 28-day in vivo sensitivity test after treatment with chloroquine (cq, n = 82) or sulfadoxine plus pyrimethamine (sp, n = 33). the prevalence of resistant infections was 58.5% in those treated with cq and 0% in those treated with sp. the gametocyt ... | 2000 | 10813475 |
| anopheles arabiensis and an. funestus are equally important vectors of malaria in matola coastal suburb of maputo, southern mozambique. | transmission characteristics of malaria were studied in matola, a coastal suburb of maputo, the capital city, in southern mozambique, from november 1994 to april 1996. the local climate alternates between cool dry season (may-october) and hot rainy season (november-april) with mean annual rainfall 650-850 mm. saltmarsh and freshwater pools provide mosquito breeding sites in matola. malaria prevalence reached approximately 60% among people living nearest to the main breeding sites of the vectors. ... | 2000 | 10872861 |
| high heterogeneity in the number of plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in the bloodmeal of mosquitoes fed on the same host. | to investigate the quantitative distribution of plasmodiumfalciparum gametocytes into the vector bloodmeal, anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes were fed on 3 volunteers naturally infected with gametocytes. the content of each mosquito midgut was smeared on a microscope slide and giemsa stained. the distribution of gametocytes ingested by mosquitoes followed a negative binomial distribution, with apparently constant overdispersion (parameter k +/- s.e. = 3.105 +/- 0.392) for the 3 series. this aggreg ... | 2000 | 11085230 |
| comparison of direct and membrane feeding methods to infect anopheles arabiensis with plasmodium falciparum. | two standard methods are available to infect mosquitoes with malaria parasites: direct feeding through the skin of the gametocyte carrier, and membrane feeding. anopheles arabiensis collected at larval stages and reared in an insectary were fed in parallel by feeding on plasmodium falciparum gametocyte carriers and by membrane feeding on venous blood of the same gametocyte carriers. infection of mosquitoes was assessed at day 7 post bloodmeal by oocyst count of the mosquito midguts. the followin ... | 2001 | 11425159 |
| the feeding behaviour and plasmodium infection of anopheles mosquitoes in southern ethiopia in relation to use of insecticide-treated livestock for malaria control. | anopheles arabiensis and an. quadriannulatus species b mosquitoes were collected at sites of human and livestock housing and analysed for blood feeding patterns and infection with malaria sporozoites. a low percentage of human blood meals at some sites suggested that zooprophylaxis could be effective in reducing challenge from plasmodium falciparum. | 2001 | 11816425 |
| distribution of the species of the anopheles gambiae complex and first evidence of anopheles merus as a malaria vector in madagascar. | background: members of the anopheles gambiae complex are amongst the best malaria vectors in the world, but their vectorial capacities vary between species and populations. a large-scale sampling of an. gambiae sensu lato was carried out in various bioclimatic domains of madagascar. local abundance of an unexpected member of this complex raised questions regarding its role in malaria transmission. methods: sampling took place at 38 sites and 2,067 females were collected. species assessment was p ... | 2003 | 14609436 |
| togetherness among plasmodium falciparum gametocytes: interpretation through simulation and consequences for malaria transmission. | previous experimental gametocyte infections of anopheles arabiensis on 3 volunteers naturally infected with plasmodium falciparum were conducted in senegal. they showed that gametocyte counts in the mosquitoes are, like macroparasite intakes, heterogeneous (overdispersed). they followed a negative binomial distribution, the overdispersion coefficient seeming constant (k = 3.1). to try to explain this heterogeneity, we used an individual-based model (ibm), simulating the behaviour of gametocytes ... | 2003 | 14653532 |
| a transdisciplinary perspective on the links between malaria and agroecosystems in kenya. | an ecosystem approach was applied to study the links between malaria and agriculture in mwea division, kenya. the study was organized into five phases. phase i had two components including a stakeholder workshop conducted with community representatives and other key stakeholders, and the collation of data on common diseases from outpatient service records at the local hospital. phase i aimed at an a priori needs-assessment in order to focus the research agenda. workshop participants directly con ... | 2004 | 14732239 |
| attractiveness of pregnant women to the malaria vector, anopheles arabiensis, in sudan. | the attractiveness of pregnant women for mosquitoes was investigated in a peri-urban site in new halfa, eastern sudan, in september-october 2003. for 20 nights, the mosquitoes feeding on nine pregnant and nine non-pregnant women sleeping under untreated bednets were collected. the women slept outdoors, in the yards of nine houses, each yard holding one pregnant and one non-pregnant woman. in general, each pregnant woman attracted significantly more anopheles arabiensis (the main vector of plasmo ... | 2004 | 15324469 |
| relationships between body size of anopheles mosquitoes and plasmodium falciparum sporozoite rates along the kenya coast. | the influence of body size of anopheles gambiae s.s., anopheles arabiensis, anopheles merus, and anopheles funestus on the transmission of plasmodium falciparum was studied at 3 sites along the kenyan coast. adult mosquitoes were collected inside houses by pyrethrum spray collection (psc) from april to september 2001. wing length was measured microscopically to the nearest 0.01 mm as an index of mosquito body size. the p. falciparum circumsporozoite protein (csp) was detected by enzyme-linked im ... | 2004 | 15669379 |
| infectivity of plasmodium falciparum gametocytes to anopheles arabiensis after treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. | sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine induces increased gametocytaemia when used for treating plasmodium falciparum malaria. laboratory-reared anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes were fed with blood from patients with post-therapeutic gametocytaemia using a membrane feeder. fourteen days later the heads and thoraxes of 613 mosquitoes were negative for p. falciparum sporozoites by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | 2003 | 16117968 |
| biting behavior and plasmodium infection rates of anopheles arabiensis from sille, ethiopia. | the man-biting behavior and plasmodium infection rates of anopheline mosquitoes were investigated in sille, a hyperendemic malarious area in southern ethiopia. seven anopheles species were identified from all night landing collections, conducted from 18:00 to 06:00h between october 2001 and august 2002. the predominant species was anopheles arabiensis (55.8%), followed by anopheles coustani (31.5%), anopheles pharoensis (9.5%), anopheles funestus (2.2%), anopheles nili (0.5%), anopheles marshall ... | 2006 | 16171769 |
| species and populations of the anopheles gambiae complex in cameroon with special emphasis on chromosomal and molecular forms of anopheles gambiae s.s. | we studied the geographical distribution of species, chromosomal, and molecular forms of the anopheles gambiae giles (diptera: culicidae) complex in 23 sites in cameroon, central africa. almost all the specimens collected in the four northern-most arid sites were anopheles arabiensis. anopheles melas was found in a rural locality surrounded by mangrove swamps, on the atlantic coast. in total, 1,525 an. gambiae s.s. females were identified down to their molecular form, and inversion polymorphisms ... | 2005 | 16465741 |
| moderate transmission but high prevalence of malaria in madagascar. | malaria transmission remains poorly documented in areas of low transmission. a study has been carried out over two consecutive years in analamiranga, a village located at an altitude of 885m on the western edge of the malagasy highlands, with the aim of generating and updating malariometric indexes for both mosquitoes and schoolchildren. in this village, no vector control measures were performed during the study period nor during previous decades. mosquitoes were collected monthly when landing o ... | 2006 | 16842796 |
| complexity of the malaria vectorial system in cameroon: contribution of secondary vectors to malaria transmission. | malaria transmission in africa is a dynamic and complex system that is so far superficially understood. further knowledge is required to improve control of the disease. in the present report, we highlight the contribution of the so-called "secondary" malaria vectors to the overall parasite transmission intensity in several sites across cameroon, through a retrospective analysis of surveys from the organisation de coordination pour la lutte contre les endémies en afrique centrale database. in tot ... | 2006 | 17162956 |
| blood-feeding behaviour of the malarial mosquito anopheles arabiensis: implications for vector control. | feeding behaviour of the malaria vector anopheles arabiensis patton (diptera: culicidae) was monitored for 12 months (march 2003-february 2004) in the konso district of southern ethiopia (5 degrees 15'n, 37 degrees 28'e). more than 45 000 an. arabiensis females were collected by host-baited sampling methods (light-traps, human landing catches, cattle-baited traps) and from resting sites (huts and pit shelters). in the village of fuchucha, where the ratio of cattle : humans was 0.6 : 1, 51% of ou ... | 2006 | 17199754 |
| seasonality, blood feeding behavior, and transmission of plasmodium falciparum by anopheles arabiensis after an extended drought in southern zambia. | transmission of plasmodium falciparum is hyperendemic in southern zambia. however, no data on the entomologic aspects of malaria transmission have been published from zambia in more than 25 years. we evaluated seasonal malaria transmission by anopheles arabiensis and an. funestus s.s. and characterized the blood feeding behavior of an. arabiensis in two village areas. transmission during the 2004-2005 rainy season was nearly zero because of widespread drought. during 2005-2006, the estimated ent ... | 2007 | 17297034 |
| bionomics of malaria vectors and relationship with malaria transmission and epidemiology in three physiographic zones in the senegal river basin. | following the implementation of two dams in the senegal river, entomological and parasitological studies were conducted in three different ecological zones in the senegal river basin (the low valley of senegal river, the guiers lake area and the low valley of ferlo) every 3 month in june 2004, september 2004, december 2004 and march 2005. the objective of this work was to study the influence of environmental heterogeneities on vector bionomics and malaria epidemiology. mosquitoes were collected ... | 2008 | 18068685 |
| effect of rice cultivation on malaria transmission in central kenya. | a 12-month field study was conducted between april 2004 and march 2005 to determine the association between irrigated rice cultivation and malaria transmission in mwea, kenya. adult mosquitoes were collected indoors twice per month in three villages representing non-irrigated, planned, and unplanned rice agro-ecosystems and screened for blood meal sources and plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite proteins. anopheles arabiensis patton and an. funestus giles comprised 98.0% and 1.9%, respectively ... | 2008 | 18256428 |
| dynamics of transmission of plasmodium falciparum by anopheles arabiensis and the molecular forms m and s of anopheles gambiae in dielmo, senegal. | the adaptation of anopheles gambiae to humans and its environment involves an ongoing speciation process that can be best demonstrated by the existence of various chromosomal forms adapted to different environments and of two molecular forms known as incipient taxonomic units. | 2008 | 18651944 |
| malaria transmission in dakar: a two-year survey. | according to entomological studies conducted over the past 30 years, there was low malaria transmission in suburb of dakar but little evidence of it in the downtown area. however; there was some evidence of local transmission based on reports of malaria among permanent residents. an entomological evaluation of malaria transmission was conducted from may 2005 to october 2006 in two areas of dakar. | 2008 | 18796138 |
| [malaria in the urban highland area of antananarivo, madagascar: bioecology of anopheles arabiensis]. | an entomological study was performed to document the transmission of plasmodium, agents of human malaria in antananarivo, capital of madagascar. human landing mosquitoes were collected at night during two years, between may 2003 and september 2005, in the two sites of ambohimiandra-manakambahiny and ambolokandrina. the genuses of collected mosquitoes were, in order of abundance, culex, mansonia and anopheles. the only potential vector was anopheles arabiensis. its maximal abundance was observed ... | 2008 | 18956819 |
| variations in entomological indices in relation to weather patterns and malaria incidence in east african highlands: implications for epidemic prevention and control. | malaria epidemics remain a significant public health issue in the east african highlands. the aim of this study was to monitor temporal variations in vector densities in relation to changes in meteorological factors and malaria incidence at four highland sites in kenya and uganda and to evaluate the implications of these relationships for epidemic prediction and control. | 2008 | 18983649 |
| pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector anopheles arabiensis from gwave, a malaria-endemic area in zimbabwe. | insecticide resistance can present a major obstacle to malaria control programmes. following the recent detection of ddt resistance in anopheles arabiensis in gokwe, zimbabwe, the underlying resistance mechanisms in this population were studied. | 2008 | 19038063 |
| highly focused anopheline breeding sites and malaria transmission in dakar. | urbanization has a great impact on the composition of the vector system and malaria transmission dynamics. in dakar, some malaria cases are autochthonous but parasite rates and incidences of clinical malaria attacks have been recorded at low levels. ecological heterogeneity of malaria transmission was investigated in dakar, in order to characterize the anopheles breeding sites in the city and to study the dynamics of larval density and adult aggressiveness in ten characteristically different urb ... | 2009 | 19552809 |
| the impact of a small-scale irrigation scheme on malaria transmission in ziway area, central ethiopia. | to assess the impact of a small-scale irrigation scheme in ziway area, a semi-arid area in the central ethiopian rift valley, on malaria transmission. | 2010 | 19917039 |
| environmental factors associated with the malaria vectors anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus in kenya. | the anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus mosquito species complexes are the primary vectors of plasmodium falciparum malaria in sub-saharan africa. to better understand the environmental factors influencing these species, the abundance, distribution and transmission data from a south-eastern kenyan study were retrospectively analysed, and the climate, vegetation and elevation data in key locations compared. | 2009 | 19941637 |
| entomological assessment of the potential for malaria transmission in kibera slum of nairobi, kenya. | malaria in urban and highland areas is emerging as a significant public health threat in kenya which has seen a dramatic increase in malaria transmission in low risk highland areas. the objectives of the study were to find and incriminate potential vectors of malaria in kibera, nairobi. | 2009 | 19959853 |
| anopheles gambiae: historical population decline associated with regional distribution of insecticide-treated bed nets in western nyanza province, kenya. | high coverage of insecticide-treated bed nets in asembo and low coverage in seme, two adjacent communities in western nyanza province, kenya; followed by expanded coverage of bed nets in seme, as the kenya national malaria programme rolled out; provided a natural experiment for quantification of changes in relative abundance of two primary malaria vectors in this holoendemic region. both belong to the anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) species complex, namely a. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) and ... | 2010 | 20187956 |
| high resolution niche models of malaria vectors in northern tanzania: a new capacity to predict malaria risk? | malaria transmission rates in africa can vary dramatically over the space of a few kilometres. this spatial heterogeneity reflects variation in vector mosquito habitat and presents an important obstacle to the efficient allocation of malaria control resources. malaria control is further complicated by combinations of vector species that respond differently to control interventions. recent modelling innovations make it possible to predict vector distributions and extrapolate malaria risk continen ... | 2010 | 20195366 |
| distribution of the main malaria vectors in kenya. | a detailed knowledge of the distribution of the main anopheles malaria vectors in kenya should guide national vector control strategies. however, contemporary spatial distributions of the locally dominant anopheles vectors including anopheles gambiae, anopheles arabiensis, anopheles merus, anopheles funestus, anopheles pharoensis and anopheles nili are lacking. the methods and approaches used to assemble contemporary available data on the present distribution of the dominant malaria vectors in k ... | 2010 | 20202199 |
| frequency of multiple blood meals taken in a single gonotrophic cycle by anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes in macha, zambia. | anopheles arabiensis is a major vector of plasmodium falciparum in southern zambia. this study aimed to determine the rate of multiple human blood meals taken by an. arabiensis to more accurately estimate entomologic inoculation rates (eirs). mosquitoes were collected in four village areas over two seasons. dna from human blood meals was extracted and amplified at four microsatellite loci. using the three-allele method, which counts > or = 3 alleles at any microsatellite locus as a multiple bloo ... | 2010 | 20595474 |
| analysis of anopheles arabiensis blood feeding behavior in southern zambia during the two years after introduction of insecticide-treated bed nets. | anopheles arabiensis mosquitoes are the primary vector responsible for plasmodium falciparum transmission in macha, zambia. because insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) have the potential to alter host feeding behavior, the extent of the zoophilic and exophagic tendencies of the vector was evaluated during the two rainy seasons after itn introduction. centers for disease control light traps, paired indoor/outdoor human landing catches, and outdoor cattle-baited collections were used to assess pot ... | 2010 | 20889878 |
| identifying malaria vector breeding habitats with remote sensing data and terrain-based landscape indices in zambia. | malaria, caused by the parasite plasmodium falciparum, is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in southern zambia. in the mapanza chiefdom, where transmission is seasonal, anopheles arabiensis is the dominant malaria vector. the ability to predict larval habitats can help focus control measures. | 2010 | 21050496 |
| the impact of the expansion of urban vegetable farming on malaria transmission in major cities of benin. | abstract: | 2010 | 21143999 |
| the emergence of insecticide resistance in central mozambique and potential threat to the successful indoor residual spraying malaria control programme. | abstract: | 2011 | 21535872 |
| plasmodium falciparum transmission and aridity: a kenyan experience from the dry lands of baringo and its implications for anopheles arabiensis control. | abstract: background: the ecology of malaria vectors particularly in semi-arid areas of africa is poorly understood. accurate knowledge on this subject will boost current efforts to reduce the burden of malaria in sub-saharan africa. the objective of this study was to describe the dynamics of malaria transmission in two model semi-arid sites (kamarimar and tirion) in baringo in kenya. methods: adult mosquitoes were collected indoors by pyrethrum spray collections (psc) and outdoors by centers fo ... | 2011 | 21569546 |
| malaria in kakuma refugee camp, turkana, kenya: facilitation of anopheles arabiensis vector populations by installed water distribution and catchment systems. | abstract: background: malaria is a major health concern for displaced persons occupying refugee camps in sub-saharan africa, yet there is little information on the incidence of infection and nature of transmission in these settings. kakuma refugee camp, located in a dry area of north-western kenya, has hosted ca. 60,000 to 90,000 refugees since 1992, primarily from sudan and somalia. the purpose of this study was to investigate malaria prevalence and attack rate and sources of anopheles vectors ... | 2011 | 21639926 |
| Reproductive success in Anopheles arabiensis and the M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae: Do natural sporozoite infection and body size matter? | Malaria parasites stages prior to sporozoite formation are known to affect the fecundity of several species of mosquitoes in the laboratory, but little is known about this phenomenon in natural conditions especially with sporozoite-infected anophelines. The reproductive success of wild-caught Anopheles arabiensis and the M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae was investigated by comparing females infected with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites to females free of sporozoites. Association be ... | 2011 | 22198241 |
| Comparative susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum of the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. | The different taxa belonging to Anopheles gambiae complex display phenotypic differences that may impact their contribution to malaria transmission. More specifically, their susceptibility to infection, resulting from a co-evolution between parasite and vector, might be different. The aim of this study was to compare the susceptibility of M and S molecular forms of Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis to infection by Plasmodium falciparum. | 2011 | 21929746 |
| efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets in use in macha, zambia, against the local anopheles arabiensis population. | the mosquito anopheles arabiensis is the primary vector of plasmodium falciparum in macha, zambia. a major portion of zambia's current malaria control programme relies on long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (llins) and indoor residual spraying (irs) with insecticides. currently, the efficacy of these measures against an. arabiensis in macha is unknown, and previous data has shown that an. arabiensis has continued to feed on human hosts, despite high itn coverage. it is possible that this could ... | 2011 | 21880143 |
| malaria antifolate resistance with contrasting plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) polymorphisms in humans and anopheles mosquitoes. | surveillance for drug-resistant parasites in human blood is a major effort in malaria control. here we report contrasting antifolate resistance polymorphisms in plasmodium falciparum when parasites in human blood were compared with parasites in anopheles vector mosquitoes from sleeping huts in rural zambia. dna encoding p. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (ec 1.5.1.3) was amplified by pcr with allele-specific restriction enzyme digestions. markedly prevalent pyrimethamine-resistant mutants wer ... | 2011 | 22065788 |
| Conditions of malaria transmission in Dakar from 2007 to 2010. | Previous studies in Dakar have highlighted the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of Anopheles gambiae s.l. biting rates. In order to improve the knowledge of the determinants of malaria transmission in this city, the present study reports the results of an extensive entomological survey that was conducted in 45 areas in Dakar from 2007 to 2010. | 2011 | 22018223 |
| 'a bite before bed': exposure to malaria vectors outside the times of net use in the highlands of western kenya. | the human population in the highlands of nyanza province, western kenya, is subject to sporadic epidemics of plasmodium falciparum. indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticide treated nets (llins) are used widely in this area. these interventions are most effective when anopheles rest and feed indoors and when biting occurs at times when individuals use llins. it is therefore important to test the current assumption of vector feeding preferences, and late night feeding times, in ... | 2015 | 26109384 |
| ecology of urban malaria vectors in niamey, republic of niger. | urbanization in african cities has major impact on malaria risk. niamey, the capital of the republic of niger, is situated in the west african sahel zone. the short rainy season and human activities linked with the niger river influence mosquito abundance. this study aimed at deciphering the factors of distribution of urban malaria vectors in niamey. | 2016 | 27277707 |
| malaria in three epidemiological strata in mauritania. | malaria epidemiology in mauritania has been characterized on the basis of epidemiological strata, defined by climatic and geographic features, which divide the country into three zones: sahelian zone, sahelo-saharan transition zone, and saharan zone. the association between geographic stratification and malaria transmission was assessed through a series of parasitological and entomological surveys. | 2016 | 27068219 |
| reemergence of anopheles funestus as a vector of plasmodium falciparum in western kenya after long-term implementation of insecticide-treated bed nets. | historically, the malaria vectors in western kenya have been anopheles funestus, anopheles gambiae s.s., and anopheles arabiensis. of these species, an. funestus populations declined the most after the introduction of insecticide-treated bed nets (itns) in the 1990s in asembo, and collections of an. funestus in the region remained low until at least 2008. contrary to findings during the early years of itn use in asembo, the majority of the anopheles collected here in 2010 and 2011 were an. funes ... | 2014 | 24470562 |
| composition and genetics of malaria vector populations in the central african republic. | in many african countries malaria has declined sharply due to a synergy of actions marked by the introduction of vector control strategies, but the disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in central african republic (car). an entomological study was initiated with the aim to characterize the malaria vectors in bangui, the capital of car, and determine their vector competence. | 2016 | 27456078 |
| malaria case in madagascar, probable implication of a new vector, anopheles coustani. | indoor spraying of insecticides and the use of insecticide-treated bed nets are key strategies for national malaria vector control in the central highlands of madagascar. during the year 2013, malaria outbreaks were reported by the national malaria control programme in the highlands, including the district of ankazobe. | 2015 | 26620552 |
| transmission patterns of plasmodium falciparum by anopheles gambiae in benin. | to better control malaria, the clear and urgent need is for improved data to inform decision makers, but in several african countries, there is a lack of baseline data on vectors and variation in the intensity of malaria transmission. this has resulted in the implementation of vector control efforts that ignore variation in vector behaviour and intensity of transmission, an approach that is most often not cost-effective. this study presents a detailed entomological description of mosquito distri ... | 2014 | 25412948 |
| increased malaria transmission around irrigation schemes in ethiopia and the potential of canal water management for malaria vector control. | irrigation schemes have been blamed for the increase in malaria in many parts of sub-saharan africa. however, proper water management could help mitigate malaria around irrigation schemes in this region. this study investigates the link between irrigation and malaria in central ethiopia. | 2014 | 25218697 |
| the changing malaria landscape in aseer region, kingdom of saudi arabia: 2000-2015. | in 2004, a revised action plan was developed, supported by the world health organization, to eliminate malaria from saudi arabia by preventing re-introduction of malaria into regions since declared malaria free, eliminating foci of transmission in the mecca and medina areas and a concerted effort of foci surveillance and control, to eliminate malaria from the regions of jazan and aseer. this paper provides the context, activities, progress, and possible contributions toward malaria elimination i ... | 2016 | 27821186 |
| entomological aspects and the role of human behaviour in malaria transmission in a highland region of the republic of yemen. | the republic of yemen has the highest incidence of malaria in the arabian peninsula, yet little is known of its vectors or transmission dynamics. | 2016 | 26932794 |
| linking land cover and species distribution models to project potential ranges of malaria vectors: an example using anopheles arabiensis in sudan and upper egypt. | anopheles arabiensis is a particularly opportunistic feeder and efficient vector of plasmodium falciparum in africa and may invade areas outside its normal range, including areas separated by expanses of barren desert. the purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how spatial models can project future irrigated cropland and potential, new suitable habitat for vectors such as an. arabiensis. | 2012 | 22866895 |
| blood meal sources and entomological inoculation rates of anophelines along a highland altitudinal transect in south-central ethiopia. | the role of anophelines in transmitting malaria depends on their distribution, preference to feed on humans and also their susceptibility to plasmodium gametocytes, all of which are affected by local environmental conditions. blood meal source and entomological inoculation rate of anophelines was assessed along a highland altitudinal transect in south- central ethiopia. | 2013 | 23433348 |
| change in composition of the anopheles gambiae complex and its possible implications for the transmission of malaria and lymphatic filariasis in north-eastern tanzania. | a dramatic decline in the incidence of malaria due to plasmodium falciparum infection in coastal east africa has recently been reported to be paralleled (or even preceded) by an equally dramatic decline in malaria vector density, despite absence of organized vector control. as part of investigations into possible causes for the change in vector population density, the present study analysed the anopheles gambiae s.l. sibling species composition in north-eastern tanzania. | 2012 | 22681999 |
| shifts in malaria vector species composition and transmission dynamics along the kenyan coast over the past 20 years. | over the past 20 years, numerous studies have investigated the ecology and behaviour of malaria vectors and plasmodium falciparum malaria transmission on the coast of kenya. substantial progress has been made to control vector populations and reduce high malaria prevalence and severe disease. the goal of this paper was to examine trends over the past 20 years in anopheles species composition, density, blood-feeding behaviour, and p. falciparum sporozoite transmission along the coast of kenya. | 2013 | 23297732 |
| human-biting activities of anopheles species in south-central ethiopia. | indoor residual spraying (irs) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (llins) are the key malaria vector control interventions in ethiopia. the success of these interventions rely on their efficacy to repel or kill indoor feeding and resting mosquitoes. this study was undertaken to monitor human-biting patterns of anopheles species in south-central ethiopia. | 2016 | 27716416 |
| entomological indices of malaria transmission in chikhwawa district, southern malawi. | although malaria is highly prevalent throughout malawi, little is known of its transmission dynamics. this paper describes the seasonal activity of the different vectors, human biting indices, sporozoite rates and the entomological inoculation rate in a low-lying rural area in southern malawi. | 2012 | 23171123 |
| persistently high estimates of late night, indoor exposure to malaria vectors despite high coverage of insecticide treated nets. | it has been speculated that widespread and sustained use of insecticide treated bed nets (itns) for over 10 years in asembo, western kenya, may have selected for changes in the location (indoor versus outdoor) and time (from late night to earlier in the evening) of biting of the predominant species of human malaria vectors (anopheles funestus, anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, and anopheles arabiensis). | 2014 | 25141761 |
| ecological niche and potential distribution of anopheles arabiensis in africa in 2050. | the future distribution of malaria in africa is likely to be much more dependent on environmental conditions than the current distribution due to the effectiveness of indoor and therapeutic anti-malarial interventions, such as insecticide-treated nets (itns), indoor residual spraying for mosquitoes (irs), artemisinin-combination therapy (act), and intermittent presumptive treatment (ipt). future malaria epidemiology is therefore expected to be increasingly dominated by anopheles arabiensis, whic ... | 2014 | 24888886 |
| selection for chloroquine-sensitive plasmodium falciparum by wild anopheles arabiensis in southern zambia. | the emergence of parasite drug resistance, especially plasmodium falciparum, persists as a major obstacle for malaria control and elimination. to develop effective public health containment strategies, a clear understanding of factors that govern the emergence and spread of resistant parasites in the field is important. the current study documents selection for chloroquine-sensitive malaria parasites by wild anopheles arabiensis in southern zambia. | 2013 | 24354640 |
| anopheles arabiensis seasonal densities and infection rates in relation to landscape classes and climatic parameters in a sahelian area of senegal. | the influence of environmental and climatic factors on malaria vector bionomics and transmission is an important topic in the context of climatic change particularly at macro-geographical level. sahelian areas could be particularly affected due to heterogeneous features including high inter-annual variability in rainfall and others associated parameters. therefore, baseline information on the impact of environmental and climatic factors on malaria transmission at micro-geographical level is requ ... | 2014 | 25526645 |
| differential plasmodium falciparum infection of anopheles gambiae s.s. molecular and chromosomal forms in mali. | anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) is a primary vector of plasmodium falciparum in sub-saharan africa. although some physiological differences among molecular and chromosomal forms of this species have been demonstrated, the relative susceptibility to malaria parasite infection among them has not been unequivocally shown. the objective of this study was to investigate p. falciparum circumsporozoite protein infection (csp) positivity among an. gambiae s.s. chromosomal and molecular forms. | 2012 | 22540973 |
| equivalent susceptibility of anopheles gambiae m and s molecular forms and anopheles arabiensis to plasmodium falciparum infection in burkina faso. | the anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) species complex in burkina faso consists of anopheles arabiensis, and molecular forms m and s of anopheles gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.). previous studies comparing the m and s forms for level of infection with plasmodium falciparum have yielded conflicting results. | 2013 | 23764031 |
| a significant association between deltamethrin resistance, plasmodium falciparum infection and the vgsc-1014s resistance mutation in anopheles gambiae highlights the epidemiological importance of resistance markers. | the success of malaria vector control is threatened by widespread pyrethroid insecticide resistance. however, the extent to which insecticide resistance impacts transmission is unclear. the objective of this study was to examine the association between the ddt/pyrethroid knockdown resistance mutation vgsc-1014s, commonly termed kdr, and infection with plasmodium falciparum sporozoites in anopheles gambiae. | 2016 | 27216484 |
| transmission attributes of periurban malaria in lusaka, zambia, precedent to the integrated vector management strategy: an entomological input. | globalization and urbanization with their inherent developmental activities and ecological transformations impact on malaria epidemiology. entomological factors involved in malaria transmission in periurban lusaka were assessed prior to vector control reintroduction. data was collected through standard entomological and epidemiological protocols and a pretested structured questionnaire. larval habitats were characterized as transient (43%), semipermanent (36%), and permanent (21%). anopheles ara ... | 2012 | 23056060 |
| the transmission potential of malaria-infected mosquitoes (an.gambiae-keele, an.arabiensis-ifakara) is altered by the vertebrate blood type they consume during parasite development. | the efficiency of malaria parasite development within mosquito vectors (sporogony) is a critical determinant of transmission. sporogony is thought to be controlled by environmental conditions and mosquito/parasite genetic factors, with minimal contribution from mosquito behaviour during the period of parasite development. we tested this assumption by investigating whether successful sporogony of plasmodium falciparum parasites through to human-infectious transmission stages is influenced by the ... | 2017 | 28094293 |
| entomologic inoculation rates of anopheles arabiensis in southwestern ethiopia. | we collected anophelines every second week for one year from randomly selected houses in southwestern ethiopia by using centers for disease control (cdc) light traps, pyrethrum spray catches, and artificial pit shelter constructions to detect circumsporozoite proteins and estimate entomologic inoculation rates (eirs). of 3,678 anopheles arabiensis tested for circumsporozoite proteins, 11 were positive for plasmodium falciparum and three for p. vivax. the estimated annual p. falciparum eir of an. ... | 2013 | 23878184 |
| the effect of dams and seasons on malaria incidence and anopheles abundance in ethiopia. | reservoirs created by damming rivers are often believed to increase malaria incidence risk and/or stretch the period of malaria transmission. in this paper, we report the effects of a mega hydropower dam on p. falciparum malaria incidence in ethiopia. | 2013 | 23566411 |
| new antiprotozoal agents: synthesis and biological evaluation of different 4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanone derivatives. | in an endeavor to develop efficacious antiprotozoal agents 4-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl) piperazin-1-yl)pyrrolidin-2-yl)methanone derivatives (5-14) were synthesized, characterized and biologically evaluated for antiprotozoal activity. the compounds were screened in vitro against the hm1: imss strain of entamoeba histolytica and nf54 chloroquine-sensitive strain of plasmodium falciparum. among the synthesized compounds six exhibited promising antiamoebic activity with ic50 values (0.14-1.26μm) lower ... | 2017 | 28027871 |
| preliminary survey on anopheles species distribution in botswana shows the presence of anopheles gambiae and anopheles funestus complexes. | botswana is one of the four front line malaria elimination countries in southern africa, with malaria control activities that include routine vector control. past and recent studies have shown that anopheles arabiensis is the only known vector of plasmodium parasites in the country. this report presents a preliminary evaluation on anopheles species composition in seven districts of botswana with some inferences on their vectorial role. | 2017 | 28270213 |
| malaria impact of large dams at different eco-epidemiological settings in ethiopia. | dams are important to ensure food security and promote economic development in sub-saharan africa. however, a poor understanding of the negative public health consequences from issues such as malaria could affect their intended advantages. this study aims to compare the malaria situation across elevation and proximity to dams. such information may contribute to better understand how dams affect malaria in different eco-epidemiological settings. | 2017 | 28250711 |
| estimation of malaria transmission intensity in sennar state, central sudan. | understanding the behaviour of malaria vectors is crucial for planning mosquito control programmes. the aim of this study was to estimate the malaria transmission intensity in 2 different ecological zones in a highly endemic malaria area of sennar state in central sudan over the main transmission period. species confirmation by pcr indicated that anopheles arabiensis was the only malaria vector in the study area, with high anthropophilic behaviour (84.9% human-feeding). elisa studies showed plas ... | 2012 | 23057388 |
| how does an ethiopian dam increase malaria? entomological determinants around the koka reservoir. | to identify entomological determinants of increased malaria transmission in the vicinity of the koka reservoir in central ethiopia. | 2012 | 22909096 |
| preliminary efficacy investigations of oral fipronil against anopheles arabiensis when administered to zebu cattle (bos indicus) under field conditions. | globally, malaria remains one of the most important vector-borne diseases despite the extensive use of vector control, including indoor residual spraying (irs) and insecticide-treated nets (itns). these control methods target endophagic vectors, whereas some malaria vectors, such as anopheles arabiensis, preferentially feed outdoors on cattle, making it a complicated vector to control using conventional strategies. our study evaluated whether treating cattle with a capsule containing the active ... | 2017 | 28760483 |
| variation in species composition and infection rates of anopheles mosquitoes at different altitudinal transects, and the risk of malaria in the highland of dirashe woreda, south ethiopia. | the transmission of malaria is heterogeneous, and varies due to altitude. the information on whether the transmission of malaria is indigenous or imported to highland areas is scarce. therefore, this study aimed to assess the species composition and infection rates of anopheles at different altitudinal transects, and the risk of malaria if any in the highland of dirashe woreda, south ethiopia. | 2017 | 28724450 |