| isolation of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, from ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) collected on prince edward island, canada. | studies were undertaken to monitor for the presence of borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, on prince edward island, canada. gut contents were removed for culturing from seven engorged ticks collected in 1991-1992 including five ixodes dammini (spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin) and two i. scapularis (say) removed from a dog that had recently traveled to the southern united states. b. burgdorferi was recovered from one i. dammini that had been removed from a cat in charl ... | 1992 | 1460625 |
| detection of borrelia burgdorferi in laboratory-reared ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) fed on experimentally inoculated white-tailed deer. | larvae and nymphs of ixodes dammini spielman, piesman, clifford & corwin from a laboratory colony were fed on two white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus (zimmerman) inoculated with either the sh2-82 or jd-1 strains of borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner. ticks were exposed to one deer 43 and 69 d after inoculation of the spirochete and to a second deer 35 and 61 d after inoculation. polymerase chain reaction assays amplified the 158 bp ospa dna target sequence in ... | 1992 | 1460639 |
| isolation of borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) from ixodes scapularis and dermacentor albipictus ticks (acari: ixodidae) in oklahoma. | borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from ixodes scapularis say and dermacentor albipictus packard that were removed as partially fed adults from white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus zimmermann, in oklahoma. isolation in media was accomplished only after homogenates of pooled field-collected ticks were inoculated into laboratory-reared peromyscus leucopus and reisolated from the urinary bladder into bsk ii media. both isolates were confirmed by western blot analysis and reactivity with monoclo ... | 1992 | 1495072 |
| incompetence of deer as reservoirs of the lyme disease spirochete. | to determine whether deer may serve as reservoir hosts for the lyme disease spirochete, we sought evidence of infection in nymphal ixodes dammini derived from larvae that had engorged on white-tailed deer. a total of 19 deer were shot in two lyme disease foci in massachusetts during september 1986, the season in which larvae were most abundant. an average of 342 larval ticks of this species were collected from each deer. of those that developed to the nymphal stage, the gut contents of 185 were ... | 1988 | 3400797 |
| spirochetes in ticks and antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer from connecticut, new york state, and north carolina. | ticks were screened for spirochetes and serum samples from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were assayed for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi during 1983-1984. using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled rabbit antibodies produced to b. burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme disease, spirochetes were detected in ixodes dammini (10.5% of 1,193) and dermacentor albipictus (0.6% of 157) adults from connecticut, i. dammini nymphs (49.1% of 108) and adults (64.7% of 99) from armonk, new yo ... | 1986 | 3520030 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and babesia microti in mice on islands inhabited by white-tailed deer. | borrelia burgdorferi and babesia microti were isolated from 35 of 51 white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) and meadow voles (microtus pennsylvanicus) captured on two narragansett bay, r.i., islands inhabited by deer, the principal host for the adult stages of the vector tick, ixodes dammini. immature ticks parasitized mice from both islands. from 105 mice captured on four other islands not inhabited by deer neither pathogen was isolated, nor were i. dammini found. | 1987 | 3555339 |
| prevalence of the lyme disease spirochete in populations of white-tailed deer and white-footed mice. | the prevalence of the ixodes dammini spirochete (ids) in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) was studied on the eastern end of long island, new york. both species commonly occur in a variety of habitats, are preferred hosts of ixodes dammini, and can harbor the spirochetes in the blood. each animal was examined for spirochetemia, tick infestation, and ids infection rates in the ticks that were removed from it. the results obtained suggest that i ... | 1984 | 6516461 |
| borrelia burgdorferi in an urban environment: white-tailed deer with infected ticks and antibodies. | ticks and blood samples were collected from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in forests located in an insular, urban area of bridgeport, conn., and in rural south central connecticut during 1992 and 1993. immature and adult ixodes scapularis ticks were tested for borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis, by indirect fluorescent-antibody staining methods. deer sera were analyzed for antibodies to this bacterium by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. infected ticks ... | 1995 | 7751354 |
| increasing density and borrelia burgdorferi infection of deer-infesting ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) in maryland. | a statewide survey of ixodes dammini spielman was done in november 1991 as a follow-up to a study in 1989. in total, 3,434 adult ticks were collected from 922 hunter-killed white-tailed deer processed at 22 check stations (1 per county in 22 of 23 counties in the state). significantly more male than female ticks were collected. tick infestation was significantly heavier on male than female deer. the pattern of tick distribution was similar to that in 1989, with low prevalence (percentage tick-in ... | 1993 | 8254631 |
| prevalence of the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, in deer ticks (ixodes dammini) collected from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in saint croix state park, minnesota. | during a special two-day hunt (11, 12 november 1989) in saint croix state park, minnesota (usa), one side of the neck for each of 146 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) was examined for ticks. of the 5,442 ticks collected, 90% (4,893) were the winter tick, dermacentor albipictus, and 10% (549) were the deer tick, ixodes dammini, the primary vector of the causative agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi. adult males had the greatest frequency of infestation of either d. albipictus (1 ... | 1993 | 8445791 |
| serologic survey for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer in georgia. | a serologic survey for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi utilizing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was conducted on white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) serum samples collected in georgia (usa) from 1979 to 1990. serologic results from four regions (barrier islands, coastal plain, piedmont, and mountain) and three age classes (0.5, 1.5, and > or = 2.5 yr) were compared. antibody prevalence, as determined by positive results at a 1:64 dilution or higher, was 36% in the barrier ... | 1993 | 8487372 |
| analyses of mammalian sera in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with different strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. | blood samples were collected from cottontail rabbits (sylvilagus floridanus), raccoons (procyon lotor), white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) between 1977 and 1991 in southern connecticut and new york state (usa) and were tested for antibodies against eight strains of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. among these spirochetes were six strains of b. burgdorferi sensu stricto, one strain of b. garinii (=ip90) and ... | 1995 | 8583632 |
| borrelia burgdorferi-infected ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) and peromyscus leucopus in northeastern wisconsin. | populations of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, are established in western and central wisconsin in the upper midwestern united states, but appear to be expanding geographically there. here, we report a previously unknown population in northeastern wisconsin. questing i. scapularis nymphs and adults were collected by flagging vegetation from a riverine site in marinette county, wisconsin, in spring of 1993 and 1994. dissection and culture of tick guts in modified barbour-stoenner-kel ... | 1996 | 8906923 |
| simulation of management strategies for the blacklegged tick (acari: ixodidae) and the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi. | a computer model (lymesim) was developed to simulate the effects of management technologies on populations of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, and the lyme disease spirochete borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner in eastern north america. technologies considered in this study were area-wide acaricide, acaricide self-treatment of white-footed mice and white-tailed deer, vegetation reduction, and white-tailed deer density reduction. computer simulations were ... | 1997 | 9439122 |
| presence of ixodiphagus hookeri (hymenoptera: encyrtidae) in two connecticut populations of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae). | two connecticut populations of the black-legged tick, ixodes scapularis (say), the vector of lyme disease spirochetes, borrelia bugrdorferi sensu stricto johnson, schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner, in the northeastern united states, are parasitized by the encyrtid wasp ixodiphagus hookeri (howard), formerly hunterellus hookeri. the wasp was first detected in ticks from a forested site in bridgeport in 1992. i. hookeri was reared from 18.6% of 148 host-seeking i. scapularis nymphs. in 1993 and ... | 1996 | 8906928 |
| geographic distribution of ticks (acari: ixodidae) in michigan, with emphasis on ixodes scapularis and borrelia burgdorferi. | a 12-yr (1985-1996) passive survey in michigan based upon tick submissions from citizens yielded 4,755 ticks of 21 species, 16 of which were probably indigenous in the state. three species of dermacentor [most common, d. variabilis say and d. albipictus (packard)]; 2 species of amblyomma [most common, a. americanum (l.)]; and 12 species of ixodes (most common, i. cookei packard and i. scapularis say), as well as haemaphysalis leporispalustris (packard), rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille, and th ... | 1998 | 9775623 |
| ixodes (ixodes) scapularis (acari:ixodidae): redescription of all active stages, distribution, hosts, geographical variation, and medical and veterinary importance. | the blacklegged tick, ixodes (ixodes) scapularis say, 1821, is redescribed, based on laboratory reared specimens originating in bulloch county, georgia. information on distribution, host associations, morphological variation, and medical/veterinary importance is also presented. a great deal of recent work has focused on this species because it is the principal vector of the agent of lyme disease (borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmidt, hyde, steigerwaldt & brenner) in eastern north america. its d ... | 1996 | 8667375 |
| serologic analysis of white-tailed deer sera for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western immunoblotting. | white-tailed deer serum samples were collected in the minneapolis-st. paul, minn., metropolitan area during the fall and winter months from 1989 to 1992 and analyzed for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, the etiologic agent of lyme borreliosis. ninety-eight percent of the serum samples were collected from regions where currently the vector tick, ixodes dammini, is nonexistent. antibodies to b. burgdorferi were detected in 2.2% of 508 samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and their pres ... | 1993 | 8432818 |
| geographic distribution of white-tailed deer with ticks and antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in connecticut. | ticks and blood specimens were collected from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in connecticut and analyzed to identify foci for lyme borreliosis. males and females of ixodes scapularis, the chief vector of borrelia burgdorferi, were collected from deer in five of eight counties during 1989-1991. analysis by indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) staining of midgut tissues showed that prevalence of infection was highest (9.5% of 367 ticks) in south central and southeastern connecticut. inf ... | 1993 | 8256460 |
| ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) deer tick mesoscale populations in natural areas: effects of deer, area, and location. | nymphal ixodes scapularis say deer ticks were collected at 22 parks or other natural areas on long island, new york, to examine the relationship between tick populations and geographic position, size of area, presence of white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus (zimmerman), and numbers of human lyme disease cases in adjacent communities. nymphal ticks were 93% less abundant when deer were absent and were also less common in smaller natural areas. geographic position on long island was not impor ... | 1994 | 8158618 |
| serologic surveillance for the lyme disease spirochete, borrelia burgdorferi, in minnesota by using white-tailed deer as sentinel animals. | to determine the effectiveness of white-tailed deer as sentinel animals in serologic surveillance programs for borrelia burgdorferi, we performed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western immunoblotting analyses on 467 deer serum samples. the seropositivity rate in the elisa was 5% for the 150 samples collected at the three sites in which the tick ixodes scapularis was absent. the three sites with established i. scapularis populations had a seropositivity rate of 80% for 317 samples. ... | 1994 | 8150955 |
| experimental infection of borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer. | four white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were experimentally inoculated with borrelia burgdorferi to determine serologic response by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and immunoblotting. deer had antibodies by elisa by 2 to 3 wk post-inoculation (pi) and remained positive for 10 wk. deer demonstrated immunoblotting reactivity between 10 and 14 days pi and consistently showed antibody response to nine b. burgdorferi antigens. attempts were made to recover the spirochete from blood ... | 1994 | 8028097 |
| natural distribution of the ixodes dammini spirochete. | spirochetes believed to be the cause of lyme disease were isolated from white-footed mice and white-tailed deer, the preferred natural hosts of ixodes dammini, the tick vector. evidence suggests that deer act as a reservoir of the disease and provide an overwintering mechanism for both spirochetes and adult ticks. some tick larvae may acquire the spirochete by transovarial passage and the nymphal stage may transmit the disease to humans. | 1983 | 6836274 |
| antibodies to spirochetes in white-tailed deer and prevalence of infected ticks from foci of lyme disease in connecticut. | white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were examined for the tick, ixodes dammini, and sera were analyzed for antibodies to spirochetes during 1982. of the 323 animals inspected in four areas endemic for lyme disease, 188 (58%) had adult ticks; parasitism ranged from 43% at haddam to 82% at east lyme. direct and indirect fluorescent antibody tests detected spirochetes in 18 of 133 (14%) ticks. indirect immunofluorescence tests revealed antibodies at titers of 1:64-1:4,096 to this bacterium i ... | 1984 | 6716556 |
| isolation of the lyme disease spirochete from mammals in minnesota. | lyme disease spirochetes were isolated from the kidneys of two peromyscus spp. trapped in minnesota in september and october 1983. no spirochetes were isolated from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), red backed voles (clethrionomys gapperi), or shrews (sorexy cinereus and blarina brevicauda). this is the first report of the isolation of the lyme disease spirochete from the midwestern united states and isolations from these animals, which were free of ticks, suggest that the lyme disease ... | 1985 | 4001130 |
| choroid plexitis in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in southern new york state. | brains, spinal cords, nerve roots, nerves and muscle tissues were removed from deer in southern new york state and examined for histologic evidence of infection by the causative agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi. there was no histologic evidence of this infection and only four of 26 deer had serologic evidence of past infection despite the fact that all were parasitized by the tick vector, ixodes dammini. of these ticks, 21% were carrying b. burgdorferi. in contrast, most of the deer h ... | 1987 | 3603961 |
| prevalence of borrelia burgdorferi in white-footed mice and ixodes dammini at fort mccoy, wis. | borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease, was isolated from 15 of 17 white-footed mice (peromyscus leucopus) and 54 of 82 subadult ixodes dammini from fort mccoy, wis. of the 47 isolates tested, all reacted in indirect fluorescent-antibody tests with monoclonal antibodies directed against a surface protein of b. burgdorferi (approximate molecular weight, 31,000) and flagellins that are common to all borrelia species. indirect fluorescent-antibody reactions were variable when an ... | 1987 | 3305566 |
| climate, deer, rodents, and acorns as determinants of variation in lyme-disease risk. | risk of human exposure to vector-borne zoonotic pathogens is a function of the abundance and infection prevalence of vectors. we assessed the determinants of lyme-disease risk (density and borrelia burgdorferi-infection prevalence of nymphal ixodes scapularis ticks) over 13 y on several field plots within eastern deciduous forests in the epicenter of us lyme disease (dutchess county, new york). we used a model comparison approach to simultaneously test the importance of ambient growing-season te ... | 2006 | 16669698 |
| ecology of lyme disease. | borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted from wild animals to humans by the bite of ixodes dammini. this tick is common in many areas of southern connecticut where it parasitizes three different host animals during its two-year life cycle. larval and nymphal ticks have parasitized 31 different species of mammals and 49 species of birds. white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) appear to be crucial hosts for adult ticks. all three feeding stages of the tick parasitize humans, though most infections ... | 1989 | 2667888 |
| host-dependent differences in feeding and reproduction of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae). | the frequencies with which adult ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman and corwin feed upon white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), raccoons (procyon lotor), opossums (didelphis virginiana), and domestic cats were compared in a wooded site in northeastern united states. by combining estimates of the quantity of ticks feeding on each host species with host densities, we derived the relative contribution made by each kind of host to the feeding of the tick population. to compare engorgeme ... | 1990 | 2280395 |
| ecological havoc, the rise of white-tailed deer, and the emergence of amblyomma americanum-associated zoonoses in the united states. | two infectious diseases, and one presumably infectious disease, each vectored by or associated with the bite of the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum), were identified and characterized by clinicians and scientists in the united states during the 1980s and 1990s. these three conditions-human monocytic (or monocytotropic) ehrlichiosis (hme), ehrlichia ewingii ehrlichiosis, and southern tick-associated rash illness (stari)-undoubtedly existed in the united states prior to this time. however, th ... | 2007 | 17848069 |
| etiologic agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi, detected in ticks (acari: ixodidae) collected at a focus in alabama. | the study was conducted at sites of known transmission of borrelia burgdorferi in east central alabama. the objectives were to determine species of ticks present at these sites, their host associations, and species of ticks and small mammals naturally infected with b. burgdorferi. a total of 451 hosts were examined for ticks, including cotton mice, peromyscus gossypinus (le conte); cotton rats, sigmodon hispidus say & ord; southern short-tailed shrews, blarina carolinensis (bachman); house mice, ... | 1991 | 1941933 |
| borrelia burgdorferi: another cause of foodborne illness? | borrelia burgdorferi was identified as the etiological agent of lyme disease in 1982. this gram-negative spirochete is classified in the order spirochaetales and the family spirochaetaceae. the pathogen is fastidious, microaerophilic, mesophilic and metabolises glucose through the embden-meyerhof pathway. a generation time of 11 to 12 h at 37 degrees c in barbour-stoenner-kelly medium has been reported. lyme disease, named after lyme in connecticut, is distributed globally. it is the most common ... | 1991 | 1790102 |
| antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in deer and raccoons. | an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to detect serum antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme borreliosis, in deer (odocoileus virginianus) and raccoons (procyon lotor). blood samples were collected from these mammals in connecticut, maryland, north carolina, georgia and florida. seropositivity for deer was highest in connecticut (56% of 353 sera) and maryland (51% of 35 sera). raccoons in connecticut, maryland, north carolina, and florida also had an ... | 1991 | 1758022 |
| community-based prevention of lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases through topical application of acaricide to white-tailed deer: background and rationale. | this series of articles describes the first large-scale experiment designed to explore the efficacy of reducing the risk of tick-borne disease in highly endemic communities of the northeastern and mid-atlantic united states through deployment of a self-application device that treats white-tailed deer with acaricide to prevent feeding by adult ixodes scapularis ticks and all stages of amblyomma americanum ticks where both species occur. the results of the multicenter study are reported in the acc ... | 2009 | 19650729 |
| serological survey for lyme disease in domestic dogs and white-tailed deer from oklahoma. | sera from 223 randomly selected dogs and 489 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were tested for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi using an indirect kinetic elisa. dog samples were obtained in 1989 whereas deer samples were obtained between 1975 and 1990. ten known negatives and two known positives from each group were run on each plate as controls. samples showing mean mod values above the mean of negatives + 3 sd were considered positive. twenty-six dog (11.7%) and 22 deer (4.5%) sampl ... | 1992 | 1626867 |
| evaluation of the united states department of agriculture northeast area-wide tick control project by meta-analysis. | as part of the northeast area-wide tick control project (neatcp), meta-analyses were performed using pooled data on the extent of tick-vector control achieved through seven concurrent studies, conducted within five states, using u.s. department of agriculture "4-poster" devices to deliver targeted-acaricide to white-tailed deer. although reductions in the abundance of all life-stages of ixodes scapularis were the measured outcomes, this study focused on metrics associated with i. scapularis nymp ... | 2009 | 19650737 |
| effects of tick control by acaricide self-treatment of white-tailed deer on host-seeking tick infection prevalence and entomologic risk for ixodes scapularis-borne pathogens. | we evaluated the effects of tick control by acaricide self-treatment of white-tailed deer on the infection prevalence and entomologic risk for three ixodes scapularis-borne bacteria in host-seeking ticks. ticks were collected from vegetation in areas treated with the "4-poster" device and from control areas over a 6-year period in five geographically diverse study locations in the northeastern united states and tested for infection with two known agents of human disease, borrelia burgdorferi and ... | 2009 | 19650738 |
| distribution, density, and lyme disease spirochete infection in ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) on white-tailed deer in maryland. | a statewide survey of ticks parasitizing white-tailed deer was carried out in maryland during november 1989 to assess the status of the deer tick, ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin, the major vector of lyme disease in the northeastern united states. ticks were collected from deer carcasses brought in by hunters at 23 check stations (one per county). a total of 3,437 i. dammini were collected from 538 of 1,281 deer (42%), together with 2,013 dermacentor albipictus (packard) and ... | 1992 | 1552529 |
| distribution of antibodies reactive to borrelia lonestari and borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) populations in the eastern united states. | southern tick-associated rash illness is a lyme-like syndrome that occurs in the southern states. borrelia lonestari, which has been suggested as a possible causative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness, naturally infects white-tailed deer (wtd; odocoileus virginianus) and is transmitted by the lone star tick (amblyomma americanum). to better understand the prevalence and distribution of borrelia exposure among wtd, we tested wtd from 21 eastern states for antibodies reactive to b. lo ... | 2009 | 19874183 |
| spatial analysis of the distribution of ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) on white-tailed deer in ogle county, illinois. | the pattern of infestations of ixodes dammini on white-tailed deer in ogle county in illinois was studied through examinations of hunted deer from 1988 to 1990. the illinois geographic information system mapped the spatial distribution of tick infestations on deer and related it to a known endemic focus for i. dammini and borrelia burgdorferi (castle rock state park), and to a major waterway (rock river). second-order neighborhood analysis was used to analyze the spatial distribution of deer aro ... | 1992 | 1495039 |
| distribution of the lyme disease vector, ixodes dammini (acari: ixodidae) and isolation of borrelia burgdorferi in ontario, canada. | ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin was confirmed at long point, lake erie, ontario, on small mammals and white-tailed deer and by dragging for ticks. mean intensities of up to 16.2 larvae and 2.1 nymphs were found on peromyscus leucopus (rafinesque), with an overall prevalence of infestation up to 92%. adult i. dammini (101.6 +/- 77.63) (mean +/- sd) were found on 8 white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus (zimmerman). the seasonal pattern of recovery of ticks from hosts and th ... | 1992 | 1460617 |
| vegetation structure influences the burden of immature ixodes dammini on its main host, peromyscus leucopus. | to determine whether the relative abundance of immature ixodes dammini (the vector of lyme disease and human babesiosis) is related to habitat structure, we examined tick burdens on their main host, the white-footed mouse (peromyscus leucopus), in 4 structurally diverse sites on great island, massachusetts, usa. vegetation structure at each site was quantified with respect to 25 habitat variables. principal components analysis was used to reduce this set of habitat variables to seven new and ort ... | 1992 | 1437266 |
| serologic survey for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer in ontario. | serum samples collected from 623 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in southern ontario (canada) from 1985 to 1989 were tested for antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi using an indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) staining method. samples from 150 of the deer were also tested using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). at ifa titers of 1:64 and 1:128 deer with antibodies to b. burgdorferi appeared to be widespread throughout southern ontario, with an apparent prevalence ranging from ... | 1998 | 9577798 |
| prevalence of five tick-borne bacterial genera in adult ixodes scapularis removed from white-tailed deer in western tennessee. | in the northeastern and midwestern regions of the united states ixodes scapularis say transmits the causal agents of anaplasmosis (anaplasma phagocytophilum), babesiosis (babesia microti), and borreliosis (borrelia burgdorferi and b. miyamotoi). in the southeastern united states, none of those pathogens are considered endemic and two other tick-borne diseases (tbds) (ehrlicihosis and rickettiosis) are more common. our objective was to determine baseline presence and absence data for three non-en ... | 2014 | 25331818 |
| lyme disease in canada: focus on children. | lyme disease, the most common tick-borne infection in canada and much of the united states, is caused by the bacteria borrelia burgdorferi. peak incidence for lyme disease is among children five to nine years of age and older adults (55 to 59 years of age). the bacteria are transmitted through the bite of infected black-legged ticks of the ixodes species. the primary hosts of black-legged ticks are mice and other rodents, small mammals, birds (which are reservoirs for b burgdorferi) and white-ta ... | 2014 | 25332678 |
| vegetational association of host-seeking adult blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say (acari: ixodidae), on dairy farms in northwestern wisconsin. | as a measure of the risk for exposure to lyme disease, we estimated the distribution of host-seeking adults of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, on dairy farms in barron county in northwestern wisconsin. vegetation ecotypes that were common to 18 farms that were representative of the county were surveyed by flag sampling. tick prevalence and abundance, which were similar during fall and spring periods, were very low in farmhouse yards and forage croplands; only a single male was colle ... | 1998 | 9565874 |
| seroprevalence of borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in white-tailed deer from texas. | lyme disease is caused by the bacterial pathogen borrelia burgdorferi, and is transmitted by the tick-vector ixodes scapularis. it is the most prevalent arthropod-borne disease in the united states. to determine the seroprevalence of b. burgdorferi antibodies in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from texas, we analyzed serum samples (n = 1493) collected during the 2001-2015 hunting seasons, using indirect elisa. samples with higher sero-reactivity (0.803 and above) than the negative con ... | 2016 | 27366674 |
| simulation of blacklegged tick (acari:ixodidae) population dynamics and transmission of borrelia burgdorferi. | a model (lymesim) was developed for computer simulation of blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, population dynamics and transmission of the lyme disease agent. borrelia burgdorferi johnson. schmid, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner, lymesim simulates the effects of ambient temperature, saturation deficit, precipitation, habitat type, and host type and density on tick populations. epidemiological parameters including host infectivity, tick infectivity, transovarial transmission, and transstadial tr ... | 1997 | 9220682 |
| infections of granulocytic ehrlichiae and borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer in connecticut. | serum or whole blood samples, obtained from 141 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in connecticut (usa) during 1980, 1991, and 1996, were analyzed to detect past or current infections of ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup organisms and borrelia burgdorferi. when the bds or nch-1 strains of granulocytic ehrlichiae were used separately in indirect fluorescent antibody (ifa) staining methods, antibody positivity rates varied from 25 to 64% in 1991 and 1996, respectively. all 50 sera tested ... | 1999 | 10231753 |
| oral vaccination of white-tailed deer using a recombinant bacillus calmette-guérin vaccine expressing the borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein a: prospects for immunocontraception. | reduction of excess numbers of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) is a prime example of a potential use for immunocontraception as a means of wildlife population management. oral vaccination appears to be the most pragmatic way to deliver immunocontraceptive vaccines to free-roaming populations of deer, but there was little, if any, prior evidence that oral vaccination is a viable concept in deer. | 1999 | 10374705 |
| prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in host-seeking amblyomma americanum (acari: ixodidae) and odocoileus virginianus (artiodactyla: cervidae) in florida. | amblyomma americanum (l.), the lone star tick, is an aggressive tick that is expanding its geographic range within the united states. this tick is the vector for the human and veterinary pathogens ehrlichia chaffeensis and ehrlichia ewingii and is associated with other microbes of unspecified pathogenicity including rickettsia amblyommii, panola mountain ehrlichia, and borrelia lonestari in florida, there has been sparse contemporary data on the prevalence of these organisms in host-seeking lone ... | 2016 | 27117680 |
| impact of white-tailed deer on the spread of borrelia burgdorferi. | there is a public perception that the white-tailed deer odocoileus virginianus (artiodactyla: cervidae) is the main reservoir supporting the maintenance and spread of the causative agent of lyme disease, borrelia burgdorferi. this study examines the pathogen prevalence rate of borrelia in adult ixodes scapularis (ixodida: ixodidae), the black-legged tick, collected from white-tailed deer and compares it with pathogen prevalence rates in adult ticks gathered by dragging vegetation in two contiguo ... | 2017 | 27699814 |
| serosurvey for selected disease agents in white-tailed deer from mexico. | serum samples from 350 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus texanus) collected in march 1994 from northeastern mexico were tested for the prevalence of antibody activity against five infectious diseases of ruminants. the prevalence rate was 81% for bluetongue virus (btv) of all serotypes, 72% for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv), 3% for borrelia burgdorferi, 69% for anaplasma marginale, and 0% for brucella abortus, b. melitensis, and b. ovis. these are diseases that affect domesti ... | 1999 | 10574545 |
| detection of borrelia burgdorferi outer surface protein antibodies in wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in new york and pennsylvania, usa. | borrelia burgdorferi differentially exhibits outer surface proteins (osp) on its outer membrane, and detection of particular osp antibodies in mammals is suggestive of the infection stage. for example, ospf is typically associated with chronic infection, whereas ospc suggests early infection. a fluorescent bead-based multiplex assay was used to test sera from new york and pennsylvania white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) for the presence of antibodies to ospa, ospc, and ospf. ospf seroprev ... | 2013 | 23507438 |
| seasonal activity and host associations of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in southeastern missouri. | based on tick collections recovered from wild vertebrates and by dragging, the seasonal occurrence of adult blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, extended from october through may in southeastern missouri. adult activity was bimodal with the higher peak occurring in november followed by a lower peak in february. the activity of immature i. scapularis had the general pattern of that found in the northeast where lyme disease is hyperendemic, with larval activity (july) peaking after that of ny ... | 1999 | 10593072 |
| borrelia burgdorferi and the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in deer ticks, delaware. | during the 1998 hunting season in delaware, 1,480 ticks were collected from 252 white- tailed deer; 98% were ixodes scapularis, a significant increase from the 85% reported in 1988. ticks were tested for borrelia burgdorferi and the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. infection rates remained stable in new castle and kent counties, but increased from <1% to 8% in sussex county. | 2000 | 10905979 |
| deer density and the abundance of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae). | the abundance of ixodes scapularis say (ixodes dammini spielman, clifford, piesman & corwin), the vector tick of the lyme disease spirochete and other human pathogens, is related to the presence of its primary reproductive stage host, white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus zimmerman). however, this relationship has not been quantified in terms that would guide wildlife management in areas in which the public is, or is likely to become, exposed to infected ticks. in this study, deer density an ... | 2003 | 12693846 |
| reduced abundance of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) and the tick parasitoid ixodiphagus hookeri (hymenoptera: encyrtidae) with reduction of white-tailed deer. | the principal vector for the pathogens of lyme disease, human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, and human babesiosis is the tick ixodes scapularis say. a chalcid wasp, ixodiphagus hookeri, in the family encyrtidae parasitizes populations of the tick on several islands or other geographically isolated sites in new england with high densities of these ticks and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), the principal host for adult i. scapularis. deer densities were reduced at a forested tract in bridge ... | 2003 | 14596277 |
| abundance of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) after the complete removal of deer from an isolated offshore island, endemic for lyme disease. | monhegan is an isolated 237-ha island lying 16 km off the coast of maine. introduced to the island in 1955, white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus zimmerman, reached a density of approximately 37/km2 by the mid-1990s. black-legged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, first noticed in the late 1980s, flourished thereafter. norway rats (rattus norvegicus berkenhout) on monhegan are highly infected with borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmidt, hyde, steigerwalt, and brenner, the agent of lyme disease. by ... | 2004 | 15311475 |
| use of recombinant antigens of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to detect antibodies in white-tailed deer. | serum samples obtained from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in connecticut (n=218) and south carolina (n=20) (usa) during the period 1992-2002 were analyzed for antibodies to whole-cell or recombinant antigens (i.e., fusion proteins) of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and anaplasma phagocytophilum, etiologic agents of lyme borreliosis and granulocytic ehrlichiosis, respectively. in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) with whole-cell b. burgdorferi, the overall seropositivit ... | 2004 | 15362824 |
| presence of borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae) in southern kettle moraine state forest, wisconsin, and characterization of strain w97f51. | lyme disease, caused by borrelia burgdorferi johnson, schmidt, hyde, steigerwalt & brenner; babesiosis, caused by babesia microti franca; and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum bakken & dumler have been reported in wisconsin, mainly in the endemic areas of the northwestern part of the state. people exposed to blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, from this region can potentially contract one or all of these diseases concurrently. within the past several year ... | 2005 | 15962800 |
| strategies for reducing the risk of lyme borreliosis in north america. | the incidence of lyme borreliosis continues to increase in the united states. in 1991, when lyme borreliosis first became a nationally reportable disease to the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc), a total of 9470 cases were reported; in contrast, by 2002 a total of 23,763 cases were reported, >2.5x the total in 1991. area-wide acaricides can be highly effective in killing nymphal ixodes scapularis, with >95% of nymphs killed in studies using cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, or carbaryl. t ... | 2006 | 16524769 |
| anaplasma phagocytophilum in central and western wisconsin: a molecular survey. | anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligate intracellular bacterium that is transmitted to humans through the bite of ixodes spp. ticks, and causes a febrile disease known as human granulocytic anaplasmosis. the presence of a. phagocytophilum in wisconsin white-tailed deer blood and in deer ticks was assessed using pcr and dna sequencing. sampling sites in the western part of the state (buffalo county) and central region (waushara, waupaca, and green lake counties) were used. in buffalo county, 5.6 ... | 2006 | 16738890 |
| deer browse resistant exotic-invasive understory: an indicator of elevated human risk of exposure to ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in southern coastal maine woodlands. | we evaluated the relationships between forest understory structure and the abundance of questing adult and nymphal blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say (acari: ixodidae), in three maine towns endemic for lyme disease, 2001-2003. in fragmented new england woodlands, over-abundant white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus zimmerman, overbrowse palatable species, allowing browse-resistant exotic-invasive species to replace native forest understory structures. we predicted there would be more ti ... | 2006 | 17162946 |
| effects of reduced deer density on the abundance of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) and lyme disease incidence in a northern new jersey endemic area. | we monitored the abundance of ixodes scapularis say (acari: ixodidae) and the lyme disease incidence rate after the incremental removal of white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus zimmermann, within a suburban residential area to determine whether there was a measurable decrease in the abundance of ticks due to deer removal and whether the reduction in ticks resulted in a reduction in the incidence rate within the human population. after three seasons, the estimated deer population was reduced ... | 2007 | 17915504 |
| selenium status and antibodies to selected pathogens in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in southern minnesota. | to determine exposure to a variety of infectious diseases potentially important for native ungulates, livestock, and humans, serum samples from 114 (94 adults, 20 fawns) female white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) were collected during january 2000-03 from multiple locations in southeast (se) and southwest (sw) minnesota. antibody prevalence was determined for the following pathogens: mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, leptospira interrogans (six serovars), anaplasma marginale, b ... | 2008 | 18263838 |
| the use of harvested white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and geographic information system (gis) methods to characterize distribution and locate spatial clusters of borrelia burgdorferi and its vector ixodes scapularis in indiana. | ixodes scapularis (say) is the vector for borrelia burgdorferi (bb) the causative agent of lyme disease (ld). the increased number and presence of ticks in the environment pose a significant health risk to people and many domestic animals including dogs, cats, and horses. this study characterized the distribution and expansion of i. scapularis and bb and identified areas of increased risk of ld transmission in indiana using geographical information systems (gis) and spatial analysis. a cross-sec ... | 2009 | 19272000 |
| acaricidal treatment of white-tailed deer to control ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in a new york lyme disease-endemic community. | the efficacy of topically treating white-tailed deer with an acaricide was evaluated in a lyme disease-endemic community of southern new york state. twenty-four 4-poster feeders were placed in a 5.2 km(2) treatment area in bedford, ny, while a site in lewisboro, ny, 4.8 km distant, served as control. treatment periods ran from 15 september to 15 december each fall from 1997 to 2001, and from 15 march to 15 may each spring from 1998 to 2002. corn consumption averaged 15,779 kg in fall sessions an ... | 2009 | 19650732 |
| managing japanese barberry (ranunculales: berberidaceae) infestations reduces blacklegged tick (acari: ixodidae) abundance and infection prevalence with borrelia burgdorferi (spirochaetales: spirochaetaceae). | in many connecticut forests with an overabundance of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus zimmermann), japanese barberry (berberis thunbergii dc) has become the dominant understory shrub, which may provide a habitat favorable to blacklegged tick (ixodes scapularis say) and white-footed mouse (peromyscus leucopus rafinesque) survival. to determine mouse and larval tick abundances at three replicate sites over 2 yr, mice were trapped in unmanipulated dense barberry infestations, areas where b ... | 2009 | 19689875 |
| seasonal prevalence of serum antibodies to whole cell and recombinant antigens of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum in white-tailed deer in connecticut. | whole-blood samples were obtained from 214 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) representing 44 sites in connecticut (usa) during 1992, 1993, 1996, 1999, and 2000 through 2006. sera were analyzed for total antibodies to whole-cell or recombinant antigens of borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and anaplasma phagocytophilum, the respective causative agents of lyme borreliosis and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. deer sera contained antibodies to both bacteria during different seasons and thro ... | 2010 | 20688684 |
| agents of human anaplasmosis and lyme disease at camp ripley, minnesota. | the transmission dynamics of anaplasma phagocytophilum (ap) and borrelia burgdorferi (bb) among ixodes scapularis (is) and mammalian hosts was investigated at camp ripley, an area representative of central minnesota. prevalence of white-footed mouse infection with ap and bb were 20% and 42%, respectively, with a coinfection level of 14%. peak levels of infection with both agents occurred in may. the average levels of seropositivity to ap and bb were 29.3% and 48%, respectively. of the mice infec ... | 2011 | 21867420 |
| Infection prevalences of common tick-borne pathogens in adult lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) and American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) in Kentucky. | Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, and ehrlichiosis are tick-borne diseases that are reported annually in Kentucky. We conducted a survey to describe infection prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis ticks collected in Kentucky. During 2007-2008, we collected 287 ticks (179 D. variabilis and 108 A. americanum) from canine, feral hog, horse, raccoon, white-tailed deer, and human hosts in six counties in Kentucky. Ticks were screened for Ricke ... | 2011 | 21976578 |
| the effectiveness of permethrin-treated deer stations for control of the lyme disease vector ixodes scapularis on cape cod and the islands: a five-year experiment. | the use of animal host-targeted pesticide application to control blacklegged ticks, which transmit the lyme disease bacterium between wildlife hosts and humans, is receiving increased attention as an approach to lyme disease risk management. included among the attractive features of host-targeted approaches is the reduced need for broad-scale pesticide usage. in the eastern usa, one of the best-known of these approaches is the corn-baited "4-poster" deer feeding station, so named because of the ... | 2014 | 24965139 |
| detection of lyme disease and anaplasmosis pathogens via pcr in pennsylvania deer ked. | borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophilum are obligate intracellular parasites that maintain their life cycles in enzoonotic vector-host cycles with ixodes scapularis as a vector. in addition to ticks, the hosts are commonly infested with insects from the hippoboscidae family. this study confirms the presence of b. burgdorferi and a. phagocytophilum in deer keds (lipoptena cervi) removed from white-tailed deer using pcr. detection of these pathogens in deer ked represents a potential no ... | 2016 | 27860010 |
| american black bears as hosts of blacklegged ticks (acari: ixodidae) in the northeastern united states. | ticks and whole blood were collected from american black bears (ursus americanus pallas) between october 2011 and october 2012 across four counties in northwestern new jersey, an area where blacklegged ticks (ixodes scapularis say) and their associated tick-borne pathogens are prevalent. adult american dog ticks (dermacentor variabilis say) were the most frequently collected tick species in late spring, whereas adult and nymphal blacklegged ticks were found in both the late spring and fall month ... | 2015 | 26336232 |
| harvested white-tailed deer as sentinel hosts for early establishing ixodes scapularis populations and risk from vector-borne zoonoses in southeastern canada. | due to recent establishment of the blacklegged tick, ixodes scapularis say, in southeastern canada, tick-borne zoonoses (lyme disease, human granulocytotropic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis) are of growing concern for public health. using white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) culled in southwestern quebec during 2007-2008, we investigated whether hunter-killed deer could act as sentinels for early establishing tick populations and for tick-borne pathogens. accounting for environmental charact ... | 2013 | 23540128 |
| [lyme disease: an update]. | lyme disease is an emerging infection caused by the spirochete borrelia burgdorferi. it is the most common vector-borne disease in the usa and europe, and it is transmitted to humans through the bite of ticks of the genus ixodes. its animal reservoirs are the white-tailed deer, the white-footed mouse, and other small mammals. it is considered the new "great imitator", with its diagnosis being a major challenge. traditionally it is divided into four stages, early localized disease, early dissemin ... | 2014 | 24481435 |
| borrelia burgdorferi not detected in widespread ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) collected from white-tailed deer in tennessee. | lyme disease (ld), caused by the bacterium borrelia burgdorferi and transmitted in the eastern united states by blacklegged ticks, ixodes scapularis say, is classified as nonendemic in tennessee and surrounding states in the southeast. low incidence of ld in these states has been attributed, in part, to vector ticks being scarce or absent; however, tick survey data for many counties are incomplete or out of date. to improve our knowledge of the distribution, abundance, and borrelia spp. prevalen ... | 2012 | 23270178 |
| white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) as a potential sentinel for human lyme disease in indiana. | we assessed the potential of white-tailed deer (wtd) (odocoileus virginianus) to be a sentinel for human cases of lyme disease (ld) in indiana using location data from a 3-year survey of approximately 3400 hunted deer with associated tick ixodes scapularis and borrelia burgdorferi (bb) data. data on human ld cases at the county level were obtained from the indiana department of health. all data were assigned to county centroids to match the resolution of the ld data before creating optimized tre ... | 2013 | 22776734 |
| will culling white-tailed deer prevent lyme disease? | white-tailed deer play an important role in the ecology of lyme disease. in the united states, where the incidence and geographic range of lyme disease continue to increase, reduction of white-tailed deer populations has been proposed as a means of preventing human illness. the effectiveness of this politically sensitive prevention method is poorly understood. we summarize and evaluate available evidence regarding the effect of deer reduction on vector tick abundance and human disease incidence. ... | 2016 | 26684932 |
| the relationship between deer density, tick abundance, and human cases of lyme disease in a residential community. | white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus zimmerman), serve as the primary host for the adult blacklegged tick (ixodes scapularis say), the vector for lyme disease, human babesiosis, and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. our objective was to evaluate the degree of association between deer density, tick abundance, and human cases of lyme disease in one connecticut community over a 13-yr period. we surveyed 90-98% of all permanent residents in the community six times from 1995 to 2008 to document r ... | 2014 | 25118409 |
| hunter-killed deer surveillance to assess changes in the prevalence and distribution of ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in wisconsin. | as a result of the increasing incidence of lyme disease and other tick-borne pathogens in wisconsin, we assessed the distribution of adult blacklegged ticks through collections from hunter-killed deer in 2008 and 2009 and compared results with prior surveys beginning in 1981. volunteers staffed 21 wisconsin department of natural resources registration stations in 21 counties in the eastern half of wisconsin in 2008 and 10 stations in seven counties in northwestern wisconsin in 2009. in total, 78 ... | 2013 | 23802460 |
| attempt to control ticks (acari: ixodidae) on deer on an isolated island using ivermectin-treated corn. | we report an attempt by an offshore island community to control the vector tick of lyme disease by providing ivermectin-treated corn to an isolated herd of free-ranging white-tailed deer, odocoileus virginianus zimmerman. medicated corn was supplied in troughs within the island village and from automatic feeders at remote sites during 5 consecutive fall and spring adult tick questing seasons. acaricide consumption was monitored by assaying its presence in fresh deer pellets and its concentration ... | 2000 | 15218916 |
| field studies on lyme disease in north america. | the primary tick vector of borrelia burgdorferi in eastern and central north america is ixodes dammini; in western north america, ixodes pacificus. searching for the appropriate vector is the first step in determining whether a region is endemic and enzootic for the spirochete b burgdorferi, the etiological agent of lyme disease, followed by examination of the ticks (questing or already attached to hosts) and wildlife for the spirochete. questing ticks can be collected through a variety of metho ... | 1991 | 22529709 |