| aerospora of an eragrostis curvula pasture in south africa. | a qualitative and quantitative survey was made of the aerospora above an eragrostis curvula (schrad.) nees pasture. the pasture, which lay adjacent to a field of panicum coloratum l. where an outbread of ovine photosensitivity had occurred, was not grazed during the survey. a burkard volumetric spore trap was used to sample the aerospora continuously for 10 months. twenty components of the aerospora were recognized: spores of 9 genera of fungi (cladosporium, alternaria, epicoccum, drechslera, pi ... | 1979 | 460819 |
| [photosensitization in cattle grazing on pastures of brahciaria decumbens stapf infested with pithomyces chartarum (berk. & curt.) m.b. ellis]. | aspects of photosensitization in bovines grazing on pastures of brachiaria decumbens stapf infested with pithomyces chartarum (berk. & curt.) m.b. ellis infested all pastures 45(2):117-136, 1978. this paper reports experimental studies on photosensitization in bovines grazing on different pastures of brachiaria decumbens stapf in the "cerrados" region (planaltina, df). climatic conditions, zinc content and occurence of fungi on pastures were investigated. pithomyces chartarum (berk. & curt.) m.b ... | 1978 | 573108 |
| high-performance liquid chromatography of the mycotoxin, sporidesmin, from pithomyces chartarum (berk. & curt.) m.b. ellis. | | 1979 | 575539 |
| the oxidation of terminal d-galactofuranose residues of a galactan and a glycoprotein by a d-galactose oxidase preparation from dactylium dendroides. | a galactan, isolated from the unicellular organism prototheca zopfii, and a glycoprotein from a hyphal cell-wall fraction of the fungus pithomyces chartarum have been oxidised by a d-galactose oxidase preparation from dactylium dendroides. the oxidised polymers were subsequently reduced with sodium borotritide. the site of oxidation was identified as c-6 of non-reducing d-galactofuranosyl residues in both polymers. | 1976 | 986873 |
| fungi on narthecium ossifragum leaves and their possible involvement in alveld disease of norwegian lambs. | spores of pithomyces chartarum (berk. & curt.) m.b. ellis were only rarely seen on leaves of narthecium ossifragum (l.) hudson collected in summer from five areas in western norway in which alveld, a photosensitization disease of lambs, is endemic. cladosporium magnusianum (jaap) m.b. ellis was found on all 118 leaf samples collected in the summers of 1990 and 1991. the hypothesis that p. chartarum contributes to the aetiology of alveld could not be supported, but it is possible that c. magnusia ... | 1992 | 1496813 |
| ecotoxinogenesis of pithomyces chartarum. | facial eczema is a hepatogenous photosensitivity mycotoxicosis resulting from sporidesmin ingestion. the morphological characters of toxigenic strains of p. chartarum are reported and the effect of temperature on growth and mycotoxin production are studied. the temperature range for which there is an actual risk of toxin accumulation (20-25 degrees c) is much narrower than for an appreciable growth (5-30 degrees c). | 1990 | 2262033 |
| liver enzyme changes in a guinea-pig model of facial eczema (sporidesmiotoxicosis). | sporidesmin, a hepatotoxin from pithomyces chartarum, is responsible for facial eczema in ruminants. in an attempt to clarify the biochemical processes supporting sporidesmin toxicity and response of the liver, haematology, plasma biochemistry and liver enzyme changes were monitored for 21 days in a model for facial eczema resulting from a single intraperitoneal injection of 2.8 mg/kg bw sporidesmin to guinea pigs. most plasma disturbances were observed 8 days after administration and accounted ... | 1989 | 2570691 |
| pithomyces chartarum spore counts in rumen contents and faeces of sheep exposed to autumn pasture at three different grazing pressures. | three groups, each of 18 lambs were grazed during autumn in paddocks which had been divided longitudinally by temporary fencing to give twofold differences in grazing intensity between the groups. during the period when spore numbers were elevated the high grazing pressure (hgp) group lost some body weight (-34 g/day). the low grazing pressure (lgp) group gained +90 g/day and the intermediate grazing pressure (igp) group gained weight slightly (+14 g/day). there were two spore rises during the e ... | 1987 | 3624776 |
| effect of 2-substituted benzimidazoles on the fungus pithomyces chartarum. | | 1973 | 4737369 |
| absence of sporidesmin in a texas isolate of pithomyces chartarum. | | 1974 | 4833111 |
| ribonucleotide reductase of pithomyces chartarum: requirement for b12 coenzyme. | | 1974 | 4857886 |
| [mycotoxins. ii. mycotoxins of penicillium spp., fusarium spp., stachybotrys atra, pithomyces chartarum and other fungi]. | | 1968 | 4916833 |
| pithomyces chartarum, a mycotoxin-producing fungus, isolated from seed and fruit in oregon. | | 1971 | 5165830 |
| sporidesmin production and sporulation in pithomyces chartarum. | | 1970 | 5531450 |
| isolation of pithomyces chartarum in texas. | | 1968 | 5691593 |
| components of the spore wall of pithomyces chartarum. | | 1966 | 5950100 |
| effects of stereoisomeric isoleucines on sporidesmolide biosynthesis by pithomyces chartarum. | | 1967 | 6068187 |
| kwashiorkor. | kwashiorkor kills millions of young children in the tropical third world. it was believed to be a disease of protein starvation. the medical team headed by professor ralph henrickse of the liverpool school of tropical medicine has discovered that aflatoxin, a fungus toxin, may be the triggering factor in this disease which also impairs liver function. in new zealand, we have a pasture fungus, the spores of which produce a liver toxin that has killed millions of animals this century and impaired ... | 1984 | 6493086 |
| photosensitivity in south africa. ii. the experimental production of the ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity disease geeldikkop (tribulosis ovis) by the simultaneous ingestion of tribulus terrestris plants and cultures of pithomyces chartarum containing the mycotoxin sporidesmin. | the mycoflora of toxic pastures were surveyed during a number of outbreaks of ovine hepatogenous photosensitivity in south africa. pure cultures of several isolates were dosed to sheep, but only those of pithomyces chartarum and myrothecium verrucaria proved to be toxic. photosensitization was induced in sheep by dosing them with cultures of a p. chartarum isolate (ga10) obtained from tribulus terrestris plants collected during an outbreak of geeldikkop in the karoo. thus for the first time a me ... | 1980 | 7194997 |
| absence of sporidesmin production by twelve texas isolates of pithomyces spp. | twelve isolates of pithomyces spp. from texas were tested for sporidesmin toxin production, using both high-performance and thin-layer chromatography techniques. none of the texas isolates produced the toxin under the conditions used. a control toxigenic new zealand isolate, pithomyces chartarum strain c, was grown simultaneously under the conditions tested and was found to produce sporidesmin in all cases. | 1981 | 7224622 |
| photosensitization associated with exposure to pithomyces chartarum in lambs. | an epidemic of photosensitization was observed in a group of lambs on irrigated autumn pasture in western oregon. signs included crusting, necrosis, and sloughing of the skin over the nostrils, lips, and ears, and of the mucous membranes of the buccal regions. microscopic examination of plant material from the pasture disclosed spores of pithomyces chartarum. this fungus has been documented as a causal factor in photosensitization in sheep and cattle (facial eczema) in other parts of the world. ... | 1994 | 8050952 |
| interaction of sporidesmin, a mycotoxin from pithomyces chartarum, with lipid bilayers. | sporidesmin, a mycotoxin from pithomyces chartarum is a hydrophobic molecule. it can therefore be easily incorporated in the cell membrane, where it is likely to cause changes in the bilayer organization and the properties of membrane proteins. in order to understand the redox behaviour of sporidesmin in a hydrophobic environment, we have investigated the effects of oxidized and reduced sporidesmin on the phase transition properties of bilayers and on the susceptibility of bilayers to pancreatic ... | 1993 | 8305634 |
| hepatogenous photosensitization of ruminants by brachiaria decumbens and panicum dichotomiflorum in the absence of sporidesmin: lithogenic saponins may be responsible. | as part of a study of plants involved in crystal-associated hepatogenous photosensitization diseases, samples of brachiaria decumbens and panicum dichotomiflorum on which cattle and goats had recently been photosensitized were analyzed. the level of saponins associated with these photosensitization outbreaks were determined by gc-ms. only low levels of pithomyces chartarum spores were present on the b decumbens, and all isolates obtained failed to produce sporidesmin. | 1996 | 8829344 |
| biological control of sporidesmin-producing strains of pithomyces chartarum by biocompetitive exclusion. | the feasibility of using atoxigenic strains of pithomyces chartarum for the biological control of toxigenic strains of p. chartarum was examined. pasture, treated with atoxigenic strains of p. chartarum, contained up to 80% less sporidesmin than found in untreated pasture. maximum sporidesmin levels of 26 ng g-1 grass in treated pasture and 113 ng g-1 grass in untreated pasture (means of 24 and four plots, respectively) were recorded 14 weeks after treatment, when spore numbers had reached a max ... | 1998 | 9489029 |
| metal complexes of sporidesmin d and dimethylgliotoxin, investigated by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. | electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (es-ms) has been used to probe the coordination chemistry of metabolites such as sporidesmin d (spdd), found in the saprophytic fungus pithomyces chartarum, and the related bisdethiobis(methylthio)gliotoxin (dimethylgliotoxin, megtx). spdd forms complexes of the type [spdd+m(mecn)] and [2spdd+m]+ (m=cu, ag) and, at higher cone voltages, [spdd+m]+. the bis(ligand) ion [2spdd+m]+ was observed at very high cone voltages, indicating it has appreciable stabil ... | 2001 | 11374585 |
| the production of sporidesmin and sporidesmolides by pithomyces chartarum. | | 1961 | 13887203 |
| further study of the lipids from pithomyces chartarum (sporidesmium bakeri) and related fungi. | | 1962 | 13905019 |
| the spore surface in pithomyces chartarum. | | 1963 | 14058988 |
| preparation and properties of a hyphal wall fraction from pithomyces chartarum. | | 1964 | 14195651 |
| effects of species diversity on establishment and coexistence: a phylloplane fungal community model system. | a model system was devised, evaluating the influence that species diversity (species richness) has on fungal establishment and coexistence. seven members of the fungal phylloplane community of vaccinium macrocarpon (american cranberry) were selected to assess how species diversity affected development and coexistence of another community member, pestalotia vaccinii. pestalotia was engaged in competitive interactions on 1% malt extract agar (mea) petri dishes with each of the seven individual sap ... | 2004 | 15692863 |
| zinc protection of hepg2 cells from sporidesmin toxicity does not require de novo gene transcription. | sporidesmin is an epidithiodioxopiperazine mycotoxin secreted by the saprophytic fungus pithomyces chartarum. ingestion of sporidesmin by ruminants grazing on the saprophyte infested pasture causes severe liver and bile duct damage leading to secondary photosensitisation. zinc supplementation is used as an effective prophylaxis against sporidesmin toxicity in ruminants, however, the mechanism by which zinc protects is unknown. this study used the human hepatoma cell line, hepg2, as a model to ex ... | 2005 | 16005584 |
| competition of a sporidesmin-producing pithomyces strain with a non-toxigenic pithomyces strain. | sporidesmin, a mycotoxin produced by some strains of pithomyces chartarum, is responsible for the hepatogenous photosensitisation disease facial eczema, which causes severe losses in agricultural revenue in new zealand. a sporidesmin-producing strain of p. chartarum, isolated in new zealand, was grown in co-culture with a south african strain that does not produce the mycotoxin. competition occurred between the two strains when grown both on agar plates and on dried ryegrass, with a significant ... | 1995 | 16031836 |
| lack of toxicity of a non-sporidesmin-producing strain of pithomyces chartarum in cell culture and when dosed to lambs. | in new zealand the fungus pithomyces charturum normally produces sporidesmin, a mycotoxin, which is responsible for the hepatogenous photosensitisation disease known as facial eczema. cultures from an isolate of p. charturum, which does not produce sporidesmin, were examined by cell culture and by dosing to lambs to determine whether other toxic metabolites were produced. acute and long term toxicity studies were conducted with the toxic response being assessed by weight changes, postmortem and ... | 1996 | 16031914 |
| effect of prior sporidesmin intoxication on the pancreopathy associated with zinc oxide toxicity. | to demonstrate the effect of prior sporidesmin-induced liver injury on the pancreopathy of zinc-induced toxicity. | 1999 | 16032063 |
| putative sporidesmin toxicity in an eastern grey kangaroo (macropus giganteus). | a 2-year-old, captive, male eastern grey kangaroo (macropus giganteus) died after progressive weight loss over a 4 week period. biochemical analysis suggested hepatobiliary injury. at necropsy the liver was small, pale and firm. there were no abnormalities detected in other organs. histopathological examination revealed a severe, diffuse, obliterative cholangiohepatopathy with advanced periportal fibrosis. this chronic hepatotoxicity was consistent with exposure to sporidesmin, the toxic metabol ... | 2005 | 16315666 |
| pithomycotoxicosis (facial eczema) in ruminants in the azores, portugal. | outbreaks of pithomycotoxicosis (facial eczema), a hepatogenous photosensitisation caused by the mycotoxin sporidesmin, have affected ruminants in the azores islands of portugal after warm, humid periods during late summer and autumn. twenty-two outbreaks were recorded in cattle between 1999 and 2001, affecting 11.4 per cent of the animals in the affected herds, and in 2000 there was an outbreak in one sheep flock in which more than 20 per cent of the sheep died. the clinical signs included decr ... | 2005 | 16361474 |
| regulation of phytoalexin synthesis in jackbean callus cultures: stimulation of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and o-methyltransferase. | jackbean, canavalia ensiformis (l.), callus tissues synthesized the phytoalexin, medicarpin (3-hydroxy-9-methoxypterocarpan), when treated with spore suspensions of pithomyces chartarum (berk. and curt.) m. b. ellis, a nonpathogen of jackbean. medicarpin was isolated from treated callus tissue and identified by its ultraviolet and mass spectra. the minimum spore concentration found to elicit medicarpin synthesis after 26 hours was 1 x 10(5) spores/ml; levels of medicarpin in callus tissue increa ... | 1978 | 16660265 |
| [first case of pithomycotoxicosis (facial eczema) in the netherlands]. | between mid september and the beginning of november 2005, the animal health service (ahs) received thirteen reports offarms on which several animals showed severe symptoms of solar eczema. blood chemistry showed very high levels of got/ast and ggt indicative of severe liver damage. farm visits to eight farms showed that the animals--previous to the start of the symptoms--had been grazing 24 hours/day and received no additional feed. ingestion of poisonous plants or medications was considered unl ... | 2006 | 17243449 |
| pathogenic fungal species isolated from leaves and seeds of smooth brome (bromus inermis leyss.). | authors made mycological investigations on smooth brome (bromus inermis leyss.) cultivar 'k51'. during the vegetation period presence and dominance of fungal species were revealed and seed infection rates were tested in two winter season. puccinia recondita, puccinia coronata, stagnospora bromi and drechslera dictyoides were dominated on the leaves, but saprotrophic fungal genera (alternaria, epicoccum, cladosporium, pithomyces) were also identified. considerable rate of seed infection were obse ... | 2006 | 17390865 |
| [putative mycotoxin-producing fungi isolated from alpataco (prosopis flexuosa) fruits]. | fungi contaminant of alpataco (prosopis flexuosa) fruits from la pampa province (argentina) were identified. alternaria alternata and sphaeropsis sapinea were the dominant species. phoma sp., nigrospora sp., preussia minima, cladosporium sp., pithomyces chartarum, epicoccum nigrum, aspergillus niger and aspergillus speluneus were also isolated but with less frequency. twelve strains of alternaria alternata, the toxigenic species with higher incidence, were screened for alternariol (aoh), alterna ... | 2007 | 17592896 |
| failure of zinc supplementation to prevent severe facial eczema in cattle fed excess copper. | a 400-cow dairy unit in the waikato suffered a severe outbreak of facial eczema (fe) despite consistent zinc supplementation and significantly elevated serum zinc concentrations. | 2007 | 18059656 |
| the effect of zinc oxide and elemental zinc boluses on the concentrations of zn in serum and faeces, and on providing protection from natural pithomyces chartarum challenge in calves. | to investigate the efficacy of intra-ruminal zn boluses as aids in providing protection from natural pithomyces chartarum challenge in calves. | 2010 | 20676157 |
| the effect of zinc oxide and elemental zinc boluses on the concentrations of zn in serum and faeces, and on providing protection from natural pithomyces chartarum challenge in sheep. | to investigate the efficacy of intra-ruminal zn boluses as aids in providing protection from natural pithomyces chartarum challenge in sheep. | 2010 | 20676158 |
| mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses. | in the current study, mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses are reviewed, with an emphasis on the occurrence of these diseases in south america. the main mycotoxicoses observed in grazing cattle include intoxications by indole-diterpenoid mycotoxins (paspalum spp. contaminated by claviceps paspali, lolium perenne infected by neotyphodium lolii, cynodon dactylon infected by claviceps cynodontis, and poa huecu), gangrenous ergotism and dysthermic syndrome (hyperthermia) caused by festuca arundinac ... | 2013 | 24091682 |
| prototheca species and pithomyces chartarum as causative agents of rhinitis and/or sinusitis in horses. | pyogranulomatous rhinitis associated with an algal infection was diagnosed in a 25-year-old gelding and a 23-year-old mare had necrotizing sinusitis with intralesional algae and pigmented fungi. algae were identified immunohistochemically in both cases as prototheca spp. in the gelding, further characterization by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing revealed that the organism was prototheca zopfii genotype 2. fungi from the mare were identified as pithomyces chartarum by molecular analysis. ... | 2016 | 27394651 |
| facial eczema management protocols used on dairy farms in the north island of new zealand and associated concentrations of zinc in serum. | to describe and evaluate the current practices used to manage and prevent facial eczema (fe) in north island dairy herds, and determine the within-herd prevalence of cows with elevated activities of gamma glutamyl transferase (ggt), and with concentrations of zn in serum <18 μmol/l. | 2016 | 27498721 |
| could nitrile derivatives of turnip (brassica rapa) glucosinolates be hepato- or cholangiotoxic in cattle? | turnip (brassica rapa ssp. rapa) and rape (brassica napus ssp. biennis) and other brassica forage crops are regarded as "safe" feed for cattle during late summer and fall in the north island of new zealand when high pithomyces chartarum spore counts in pastures frequently lead to sporidesmin toxicity (facial eczema). sporadic acute severe cases of turnip photosensitization in dairy cows characteristically exhibit high γ-glutamyl transferase and glutamate dehydrogenase serum enzyme activities tha ... | 2014 | 24678843 |
| characterization of an extracellular laccase of leptosphaerulina chartarum. | laccase-producing fungi were isolated from air, using selective media with a chromogenic substrate to indicate enzyme activity. the best laccase producer strain proved to be a leptosphaerulina chartarum isolate. laccase production was investigated in the presence of various inducers in different cultivation conditions. the extracellular laccase was purified for further investigations. sds-page showed that this laccase is a monomeric protein of 38 kda molecular weight. the enzyme is active in the ... | 2014 | 24845167 |
| identification of a novel fungus, leptosphaerulina chartarum sjtu59 and characterization of its xylanolytic enzymes. | xylanolytic enzymes are widely used in processing industries, e.g., pulp and paper, food, livestock feeds, and textile. furthermore, certain xylanotic enzymes have demonstrated the capability to improve the resistance and immunity of plants. screening of high-yield microbial xylanolytic enzyme producers is significant for improving large-scale cost-effective xylanolytic enzyme production. this study provided new evidence of high-level xylanolytic enzyme production by a novel fungus, designated l ... | 2013 | 24040044 |
| two new sesquiterpenes derivatives from marine fungus leptosphaerulina chartarum sp. 3608. | two new sesquiterpenes, leptoterpenes a (1) and b (2) were isolated from the fungus leptosphaerulina chartarum sp. 3608, derived from a crinoid. it was the first chemical study on this species. the structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including nmr and ms spectrometry. the absolute configurations of the new compounds were determined on the basis of the single-crystal x-ray diffraction and electronic circular dichroism data analysis. all compounds were tested for ... | 2017 | 29172691 |
| variability in measurement of pithomyces chartarum spore counts. | aims to examine the agreement between spore counts of pithomyces chartarum measured in a single aliquot of wash water with counts from multiple aliquots from the same 60 g pasture sample, and between spore counts measured in an individual 60 g pasture sample with counts from three 60 g pasture samples selected from the same 200 g paddock sample. materials and methods four waikato dairy farms were visited once weekly from early january to late may 2013. one paddock, with 40 sampling sites, was se ... | 2017 | 28273429 |
| the influence of lime and nitrogen fertilisers on spore counts of pithomyces chartarum in pasture. | to determine whether the application of lime or nitrogen to pasture affected the spore counts of pithomyces chartarum. | 2016 | 27075146 |
| towards genomic selection for facial eczema disease tolerance in the new zealand sheep industry. | pithomycotoxicosis, more commonly known as facial eczema (fe), is a liver disease that occurs predominantly in new zealand because of its toxigenic pithomyces chartarum strains. the first reported case was in sheep in 1887. since the 1930s, a number of studies have been conducted in an attempt to mitigate the problems fe has on the sheep and dairy industries. the research in these studies included work on fungicide and biological control of the saprophytic fungus, use of different pasture plants ... | 2014 | 24804852 |