| antigenic relationship between human coronavirus strain oc 43 and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus strain 67n of swine: antibody responses in human and animal sera. | hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus of swine (hev) was adapted to growth in suckling mouse brain. electron micrographs of hev-infected suckling mouse brain, prepared by negative staining and thin-section techniques, exhibited typical morphological characteristics shared with other members of the coronaviridae. the adaptation of hev to suckling mouse brain facilitated serologic testing by the use of common host reagents and compatible animal systems. with hemagglutination inhibition, complem ... | 1977 | 65439 |
| antigenic relationship of the feline infections peritonitis virus to coronaviruses of other species. | utilizing the direct and indirect fluorescent antibody procedure, the antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv) to 7 other human and animal coronaviruses was studied. fipv was found to be closely related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) of swine. transmissible gastroenteritis virus and fipv were in turn antigenically related to human coronavirus 229e (hcv-229e) and canine coronavirus (ccv). an interesting finding in the study was that the 8 coronavirus ... | 1978 | 81044 |
| porcine parvovirus: frequency of naturally occurring transplacental infection and viral contamination of fetal porcine kidney cell cultures. | the frequency of naturally occurring transplacental infection of swine with porcine parvovirus (ppv) and one of the possible consequences of such infection--the presence of ppv in cell cultures prepared from fetal tissues--were investigated. transplacental infection was indicated by the presence of high titers of hemagglutination inhibiting (hi) antibody for ppv in serums of 0-day-old, hysterectomy-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs of 3 of 82 litters. all letters were farm-raised dams. moreover, ... | 1975 | 163603 |
| an electron microscopic study of experimentally-induced hev encephalitis. | a gnobiotic piglet, was inoculated intracerebrally with hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (strain vw572). mononuclear cells formed vascular cuffs and were disseminated in the brain parenchyma. a few neurons were surrounded by the same kind of cells. virus particles morphologically similar to coronavirus particles were found in the cytoplasm of both chromatolytic light neurons and hyperchromic dark neurons. the particles were in vesicles of distended endoplasmic reticulum and in the hypert ... | 1978 | 204096 |
| experimental infection of chickens with hemorrhagic enteritis virus. | chickens were experimentally infected with hemorrhagic enteritis virus, causing lesions similar to those observed in turkeys. lesions were induced by intraperitoneal and oral infection. virus particles with the morphology of adenovirus were demonstrated in the spleens of infected chickens. splenic extracts from infected chickens caused lesions of hemorrhagic enteritis in turkeys. recovery from the infection in chickens was followed by the production of antibodies to hev, demonstrated by agar-gel ... | 1978 | 206247 |
| a seroepizootiologic study of five viruses in a swine-evaluation station. | this serologic study was done to gain information on the spread, maintenance, and effect upon performance of five porcine viruses. blood samples were taken from two groups of 8- to 11-week-old pigs from a large number of indiana swine herds in a performance-testing station 1 week after entry, 7 weeks after entry (one group only), and at slaughter. the sera were tested by indirect fluorescent antibody tests for antibodies to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev), swine influenza virus (siv), ... | 1979 | 230762 |
| effect of sulphydryl reagents on the biological activities, polypeptide composition and morphology of haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus. | the effect of sulphydryl reagents on haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev), a coronavirus of pigs, was investigated. using increasing concentrations of dithiothreitol (dtt), 50% of the virus infectivity and haemagglutination (ha) activity could be removed by i.5 mm and 4 to 5 mm respectively. the effect of dtt concentrations on the polypeptide composition was also examined. of the three external glycoproteins gp 125 was found to be the most susceptible, 50% being removed by incubation ... | 1978 | 567674 |
| incidence of antibody for hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus in serums from swine in the united states. | serums prepared from blood collected from swine in arizona, florida, georgia, hawaii, iowa, maine, new hampshire, oregon, vermont, and washington were examined by the hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test for antibody to hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev). antibody was detected in serums from swine in each of the states except maine, new hampshire, and vermont. the frequency of antibody ranged from 10.9% (6 of 55) with serums from swine in oregon, to 98.6% (71 of 72) with serums from ... | 1975 | 807134 |
| [hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) infections in swine. serologic indication for infectional occurrence in denmark]. | in 1956 a disease of nursing pigs previously unreported in denmark, was observed in several swine herds. the disease syndrome appeared identical with that later described by roe and alexander in 1958 and by s. f. cartwright and m. lucas in 1968. since 1956 there have been no reports of such outbreaks in danish herds. to investigate whether the virus is still present, a survey was carried out to detect neutralizing antibodies in sera from a number of boars using a micro technique. in 144 sera fro ... | 1975 | 1144016 |
| detection of norwalk virus in stool specimens by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and nonradioactive oligoprobes. | a reverse transcriptase (rt)-polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-oligoprobe (op), or rt-pcr-op, method was developed for the detection of the norwalk virus, which causes acute, epidemic gastroenteritis, in stool specimens. the norwalk virus genome regions encoding the following two proteins were amplified by rt-pcr: the rna polymerase (260-bp product) and a putative immunogenic protein (224-bp product). the resulting dna fragments (amplicons) were hybridized to a digoxigenin-labeled internal op spec ... | 1992 | 1280649 |
| haemorrhagic disease of lagomorphs: evidence for a calicivirus. | studies on the aetiological agents of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (rhd) and european brown hare syndrome show that the viruses responsible for these infections can be placed in the family caliciviridae. established members of this group are vesicular exanthema virus (prototype), san miguel sea lion virus and feline calcivirus. the human hepatitis e virus and the norwalk agent may soon be included. the rhd virus genome consists of a positive stranded rna molecule composed of 7437 nucleotides. a m ... | 1992 | 1282757 |
| [hepatitis e virus]. | | 1992 | 1292604 |
| [immunohistochemical study of hepatitis e virus antigen in liver tissues from patients with type e hepatitis]. | hepatitis e virus antigen (hev ag) has been identified in liver tissues of 6 out of 14 patients with type e hepatitis by direct immunoperoxidase staining, using anti-hev-igg-hrp. hev ag was found to be diffusive or inclusive in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes were scattered and isolated, but might aggregate in some parts where the liver damage was severe. we found that lymphocyte invaded the hev ag positive hepatocyte. these phenomena suggest that the liver damage is related to immunoreaction. hev ... | 1992 | 1303848 |
| relationship between age of flock seroconversion to hemorrhagic enteritis virus and appearance of adenoviral inclusions in the spleen and renal tubule epithelia of turkeys. | a retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the temporal relationship between flock seroconversion to hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) and the appearance of adenoviral inclusions in the spleen and renal tubular epithelium. the study was conducted on samples of turkey poults submitted to the fresno branch of the california veterinary diagnostic laboratory system during may to december 1988. the study included 78 submissions (four to eight poults per submission) of ages ranging from 6 to 15 w ... | 1992 | 1314556 |
| recent developments in the molecular cloning and characterization of hepatitis c and e viruses. | the molecular properties of the genomes of both hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis e virus (hev), the major etiologic agents of non-a, non-b hepatitis, are briefly described. the organization of the genome of each of these viruses is discussed and compared to those of other related or distantly related viruses that contain single-stranded, positive-sense rna genomes. in the case of hev, the reactivity of expressed proteins and genetic divergence of geographically distinct isolates are also de ... | 1992 | 1326075 |
| increased numbers of duodenal mucosal mast cells in turkeys inoculated with hemorrhagic enteritis virus. | the relation between average duodenal mast cell count, duodenal mucosal mast cell numbers, duodenal connective tissue mast cell numbers, circulating basophil numbers, heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and lesion score were studied to gain an understanding of the events that may lead to intestinal lesion formation associated with hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) infection. changes in vascular permeability in the duodenum in birds inoculated with hev were examined, using colloidal carbon and ferrit ... | 1992 | 1326244 |
| characterization of the structural proteins of hemorrhagic enteritis virus. | the structural proteins of hemorrhagic enteritis (hev), a turkey adenovirus, were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) and western blotting using polyspecific, monospecific and monoclonal antibodies for detection. in purified hev preparations, eleven polypeptides with apparent molecular weights ranging from 96,000 to 9,500 (96k to 9.5k), were specifically recognized by convalescent turkey serum. six of these polypeptides were further characterized by page, western blotting, elis ... | 1992 | 1326260 |
| non-a, non-b hepatitis and dentistry: a status report for the american journal of dentistry. | the recent identification of one of the causes of non-a, non-b hepatitis (nanbh) has led to an improved understanding of the epidemiology and possible clinical manifestations of this infectious disorder. nanbh is of some concern to dental personnel since the causative agents may be transmitted to health care workers and there is no effective immunization against nanbh. current recommendations for cross infection control in the dental workplace must apply to nanbh. | 1992 | 1326286 |
| [the evolution of non-a, non-b hepatitis: hepatitis c and hepatitis e]. | the nosological evolution of non-a, non-b hepatitis is synthetically reviewed. after the initially complete silence from the epidemiological and diagnostic points of view, much research has been devoted to this pathology and has already yielded a number of new acquisitions even beyond simple hcv and hev hepatitis. the problems connected with this pathology are a direct concern of medical practice in view of its frequency in the population and of its prevention where much progress has already bee ... | 1992 | 1326424 |
| [experimental infection with hepatitis e virus in rhesus monkeys]. | an experimental model of hepatitis e was established in rhesus monkeys. four animals were inoculated with stool suspensions that obtained from patients with hepatitis e. two animals injected with pbs were taken as negative controls. after 4-6 weeks the alt of the four animals infected hev raised 3-4 times and the live biopsy showed acidophilic degeneration of hepatocytes and coagulative liver cell necrosis. acidophilic bodies were frequently observed. foci of lytic single-cell necrosis were also ... | 1992 | 1338701 |
| [the causative agents of hepatitis non-a, non-b]. | | 1992 | 1338779 |
| [current status in hepatitis virus research]. | seroconversion from eag to anti-e is frequently seen in the course of chronic hepatitis b infection. this phenomenon is closely related to mutation of the precore region; a g-to-a substitution of nucleotide position 1986 replaces tryptophan to translational stop codon. this mutant is responsible for the fulminant hepatitis or acute exacerbation of chronic hepatitis b. the hepatitis c virus shows a high rate of genome variations, especially at the envelope (e and ns1) region, where a neutralizing ... | 1992 | 1339164 |
| [sporadic non-a, non-b hepatitis in argentina. the responsibility of the hepatitis e virus?]. | sporadic non a, non b hepatitis non related to blood transfusions or parenteral exposure is present in india and various countries of southeast asia and africa. we present the experience in a northeastern region of argentina from january 1987 to september 1990. during this period twenty one patients where identified with acute hepatitis without serologic evidence of infection with hav, hbv, hcv, toxoplasmosis, infectious mononucleosis nor clinical evidence of herpes virus infection. clinic and b ... | 1992 | 1340827 |
| [biological diagnosis of hepatitis e. completion of a test for detection of infected patients]. | the aim of this study is to set up a biological method for diagnosing hepatitis e using an immunoenzymatic technique. this technic attaches specific igm of a monkey experimentally infected with the hepatitis e virus to a solid phase. these antibodies capture the hev antigen (aghev) present in the stools of patients with hepatitis e. antigen was then revealed using purified and labelled igg from the same monkey. using this method, we were able to: prove the existence of sporadic cases of hepatiti ... | 1992 | 1345078 |
| enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for diagnosis of acute sporadic hepatitis e in egyptian children. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is thought to be a cause of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b (et-nanb) hepatitis. waterborne epidemics have been recorded in many developing countries, mainly affecting young-to-middle-aged adults; sporadic infection and overt illness in children are rare. however, a convenient and sensitive diagnostic test for hev infection is not yet available. we now report the use of a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa) that detects igm and igg antibody to hev. in a pro ... | 1992 | 1346411 |
| hiv1 quantitation in infected patients: a comparison of cell viraemia, plasma viraemia and r-hev. | anti-hiv1 trials require sensitive, reproducible and reliable parameters which measure virus load and virus production. the aim of the present study of 14 patients at different cdc stages was to compare results provided by three techniques which evaluate, respectively, cell-associated hiv1 infectivity (cell viraemia), plasma-associated hiv1 infectivity (plasma viraemia) and radiation-resistant expression ex vivo (r-hev). for each patient, tcd4 lymphocytes were numbered and an hiv1 antigenaemia d ... | 1992 | 1348865 |
| common aetiological agent for epidemic and sporadic non-a, non-b hepatitis. | enterovirus-like particles have been reported in the acute phase of both epidemic and sporadic non-a, non-b (nanb) hepatitis. to examine whether these particles were the causative agent in the two types of disease, 29 patients with acute viral hepatitis in a north indian epidemic outbreak and 9 with sporadic acute disease were investigated. 25 (86%) of 29 patients with epidemic hepatitis and 5 (56%) of 9 with sporadic disease were diagnosed as having enterically-transmitted-nanb hepatitis by exc ... | 1992 | 1351189 |
| detection of long-lasting antibody to hepatitis e virus in a us traveller to pakistan. | | 1992 | 1353576 |
| faecal excretion of hepatitis e virus. | | 1992 | 1356191 |
| seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis e in hong kong by recombinant-based enzyme immunoassays. | the agent that causes the enterally transmitted form of non-a, non-b hepatitis has been cloned and called hepatitis e virus (hev). we have carried out a seroepidemiological survey on the prevalence of hepatitis e in hong kong. in a retrospective study, serum from 394 patients with acute viral hepatitis and 355 healthy subjects was tested for antibodies to hev (anti-hev) with a recombinant-based enzyme immunoassay. 65 (16.5%) patients with hepatitis were positive for igm anti-hev and 23 (5.8%) we ... | 1992 | 1359270 |
| [acute viral hepatitis--present status and perspectives]. | recent advances in epidemiology, virology, of clinical of hepatitis are presented in the paper. the authors pointed out that hepatitis a never becomes chronic. on the other hand, with hepatitis b or b and d, evolution to chronicity is possible. two distinct forms of non-a non-b hepatitis are now distinguished: parenterally transmitted non-a non-b hepatitis, mainly due to hepatitis c virus; enterically transmitted non-a non-b hepatitis mainly due to hepatitis e virus. c virus hepatitis is charact ... | 1991 | 1366329 |
| expression of a hepatitis e virus (hev)-trpe fusion protein containing epitopes recognized by antibodies in sera from human cases and experimentally infected primates. | a 1700 base cdna fragment coding for the putative structural gene(s) of hepatitis e virus (hev) was inserted into the path 10 expression vector. the fusion protein (c2) expressed by this plasmid was found to contain epitopes recognized by anti-hev antibodies. c2 protein was used in a western blot format to examine its usefulness in detecting anti-hev antibodies in well documented human cases of hev and non-human primates infected with hev. both igm and igg anti-hev could be detected in our weste ... | 1992 | 1373282 |
| human linear b-cell epitopes encoded by the hepatitis e virus include determinants in the rna-dependent rna polymerase. | hepatitis e virus is responsible for both sporadic and epidemic hepatitis in developing countries. the nonenveloped virus is 27-34 nm in diameter and has been shown to contain a single-strand, positive-sense, polyadenylylated rna genome of approximately 7.5 kilobases. the nucleotide sequence of the burma strain of hepatitis e virus has been reported and three open reading frames (orfs) have been identified. the deduced amino acid sequence from each of these orfs was used to synthesize overlappin ... | 1992 | 1373890 |
| [hepatitis serology: use and interpretation]. | presently five viruses causing hepatitis are known, the hepatitis viruses a (hav), b (hbv), c (hcv), d (hdv) and e (hev). the genomic structure is known of most of all these viruses as well as some of their structural and regulatory gene products. using radio- and enzyme immunoassays viral antigens can be detected for hbv and hdv as well as specific antibodies against all the five viruses. the results of these tests are the basis for the diagnosis and the follow-up of these infections but differ ... | 1992 | 1377839 |
| further characterization of the interaction between l-selectin and its endothelial ligands. | l-selectin is a lectin-like receptor on lymphocytes which mediates their attachment to high endothelial venules (hev) within lymph nodes. previous work has identified hev-associated endothelial ligands for l-selectin as sialylated, fucosylated and sulphated glycoproteins of approximately 50 kda and approximately 90 kda (sgp50 and sgp90). the interaction of l-selectin with these ligands is carbohydrate directed, reflecting the involvement of its amino-terminal, calcium-type lectin domain. it has ... | 1992 | 1384820 |
| viral hepatitis in the 1990s, part iii: hepatitis c, hepatitis e, and other viruses. | acute hepatitis can be caused by a number of viruses, especially a, b, c, e, delta, epstein-barr virus, and cytomegalovirus. hepatitis a and b have been discussed previously in this series. the virus responsible for most cases of what commonly has been referred to as non-a non-b hepatitis has been tracked, and antibodies to certain proteins of this virus have been identified. this virus is now referred to as hepatitis c. the possible clinical outcomes after acute hepatitis c virus infection are ... | 1992 | 1385012 |
| sequence comparison of the capsid region of hepatitis e viruses isolated from myanmar and china. | hepatitis e viruses (hevs) were isolated during epidemics, one from myanmar (formerly called burma) and one from china and were partially sequenced. another hev myanmar strain from sporadic hepatitis was previously sequenced by us. a cdna sequence comparison was performed among them in the 3'-terminal region, approximately 750-base long. this region contained at least two immunological epitopes and was considered to correspond to the structural protein. the nucleotide sequence identity was 97.2% ... | 1992 | 1387921 |
| enteric non-a, non-b hepatitis: epidemics, animal transmission, and hepatitis e virus detection by the polymerase chain reaction. | we studied epidemics of viral hepatitis occurring at three different places in india. one was a combined epidemic due to hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) infections. in this epidemic, hav affected children below 10 years of age, whereas hev infected the young adult population. hev was transmitted to rhesus monkeys (macaca mulata) and confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) on bile from the animals. fecal material from acutely infected patients in one of the epidemics ... | 1992 | 1402825 |
| acute sporadic hepatitis e in children living in cairo, egypt. | seventy-three pediatric patients with acute hepatitis and 19 control patients without liver disease living in cairo, egypt, were evaluated with a newly developed western blot assay for igm antibody to hepatitis e virus (igm anti-hev). the mean age of acute hepatitis patients was 6.4 years (range, 1-13 years); 56% were male. among the 73 acute cases, hepatitis a was diagnosed in 30 (41%), possible acute hepatitis b in three (4%), hepatitis e in nine (12%), and by exclusion, non-a, non-b hepatitis ... | 1992 | 1402826 |
| hepatitis e: review. | hepatitis e is endemic, often provoking epidemics in many developing countries. it resembles hepatitis a clinically and epidemiologically but show a higher mortality rate and less infectiousness. several lines of evidence strongly support the assumption that humans become immunized once they contract hepatitis e. because of the low infectiousness, most of the adult population of endemic areas are susceptible to hepatitis e until an epidemic occurs, although they are almost always infected with h ... | 1992 | 1426862 |
| [seroprevalence of hepatitis e in the netherlands]. | at serological testing of 269 blood samples from patients sent in for hepatitis diagnostics and of 275 randomly selected samples from blood donors from all over the netherlands, eight and five samples, respectively, were found to contain a positive antibody titre against hepatitis e virus (hev). follow-up samples could be obtained from three patients: in one patient the anti-hev igg titre remained unchanged over a period of 6 months, in one other the titre fell below the limit of detection and i ... | 1992 | 1436187 |
| [hepatitis e now also in the netherlands]. | a case report of a male aged 31 who, after a journey to bangladesh, returned with a disease resembling acute hepatitis a. closer study revealed a hepatitis e infection. he recovered in slightly over two weeks. | 1992 | 1436190 |
| new strategies for isolation of low abundance viral and host cdnas: application to cloning of the hepatitis e virus and analysis of tissue-specific transcription. | the ability to clone viruses molecularly has led to dramatic advances in our understanding of this diverse group of agents at the molecular level. these insights are critical to the development of experimental strategies for the containment and control of the various viral pathogens that cause hepatitis in man. knowledge of the genes and gene products have, for example, assisted in the design of expression systems that have been useful for the cell-free expression and production of viral constit ... | 1992 | 1439880 |
| frequent sporadic hepatitis e in west africa evidenced by characterization of a virus-associated antigen in the stool. | | 1992 | 1447511 |
| molecular cloning and sequencing of the mexico isolate of hepatitis e virus (hev). | hepatitis e virus (hev) is the major causative agent of hepatitis e or what was formerly known as enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis. the disease has a worldwide distribution but occurs principally in developing countries in any of three forms: large epidemics, smaller outbreaks, or sporadic infections. genetic variation of different hev strains was previously noted and it will be important to determine the extent to which this variation may pose problems in the diagnosis and treatme ... | 1992 | 1448913 |
| hepatitis e virus in cultivated cells. | | 1992 | 1456898 |
| [hepatitis e in hetian city. analysis of 562 cases]. | between august and september 1987, 562 patients were hospitalized with acute non-a, non-b hepatitis. the male to female ratio was 1.4:1, and 75% of the patients was of 15-40 years of age. jaundice developed in 87%. the overall case-fatality rate was 1.4%, but it was highest among pregnant women (5.2%) and newborn infants (24.2%). in general, the disease was self-limited with no evidence of chronic infection. liver biopsies obtained during the acute illness showed portal inflammation and cytoplas ... | 1992 | 1478123 |
| viral hepatitis, a though e, complicating pregnancy. | jaundice during pregnancy may be the result either of disease uniquely associated with the pregnant state or disease totally unrelated to the pregnancy. in the united states, the most common cause of jaundice in pregnant women is viral hepatitis. with the exception of hepatitis e virus infection, the clinical course and histologic findings do not differ between pregnant and nonpregnant patients. | 1992 | 1478741 |
| nosography and immunopathogenesis of viral hepatitis. | five viruses are responsible for the vast majority of cases of viral related hepatitis. they have been named hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), hepatitis d virus (hdv), hepatitis e virus (hev). the more recent literature concerning the viral structure, the epidemiology, the serological identification, the clinical course and the prevention of each type of hepatitis is reviewed. hbv is not directly cytopathic. hepatitis is a consequence of the destruction o ... | 1992 | 1501725 |
| hepatitis e: does person-to-person spread occur? | | 1992 | 1506044 |
| computer-assisted assignment of functional domains in the nonstructural polyprotein of hepatitis e virus: delineation of an additional group of positive-strand rna plant and animal viruses. | computer-assisted comparison of the nonstructural polyprotein of hepatitis e virus (hev) with proteins of other positive-strand rna viruses allowed the identification of the following putative functional domains: (i) rna-dependent rna polymerase, (ii) rna helicase, (iii) methyltransferase, (iv) a domain of unknown function ("x" domain) flanking the papain-like protease domains in the polyproteins of animal positive-strand rna viruses, and (v) papain-like cysteine protease domain distantly relate ... | 1992 | 1518855 |
| the complete nucleotide sequence of a feline calicivirus. | we have determined the complete sequence of a feline calicivirus. the virus genome is 7690 bases long and contains two large open reading frames. proteins specified by these have similarity to those encoded in the corresponding regions of a candidate calicivirus rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus, but are distinctly different from those specified by another such virus, hepatitis e virus. a third, small open reading frame at the 3' end of the genome is present in both feline and rabbit viruses but ... | 1992 | 1529544 |
| indian hepatitis e virus shows a major deletion in the small open reading frame. | enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis virus (hev), the causative agent for sporadic and large epidemic outbreaks in developing countries, contains a positive-sense single-stranded rna genome. the genome of the virus encodes three open reading frames (orf1, orf2, and orf3). the gene segment corresponding to the small open reading frame (orf3), overlapping between orf1 and orf2, was synthesized by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) from a number of previously identif ... | 1992 | 1534953 |
| infection of owl monkeys (aotus trivirgatus) and cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) with hepatitis e virus from mexico. | owl and cynomolgus monkeys were inoculated with hepatitis e virus (hev) to compare disease models and produce antibody and virus. by immune electron microscopy (iem), all six owl monkeys were shown to have serologic responses manifested by unusually high levels of anti-hev at 6 months, but only three developed hepatitis. virus-related antigen in liver (hev ag) was detected by immunofluorescence microscopy of biopsies from two of four owl monkeys; one with hev ag also had hev in acute-phase bile ... | 1992 | 1569334 |
| acute sporadic viral hepatitis in ethiopia: causes, risk factors, and effects on pregnancy. | one hundred and ten consecutive cases of acute sporadic hepatitis among ethiopian patients were studied to define viral causes, identify risk factors, and analyze demographic and clinical data. igm antibodies to hepatitis a virus were found in nine patients (8%), and hepatitis b surface antigen and igm antibodies to hepatitis b core antigen were found in 22 (20%); these findings were considered evidence of acute hepatitis a and hepatitis b, respectively. sera from the remaining 79 patients were ... | 1992 | 1576296 |
| serologic identification of hepatitis e virus infections in epidemic and endemic settings. | recombinant chimeric protein c2 containing the n-terminal region of trpe (37 kilodaltons [kda]) and the c-terminal half (46.8 kda) of the polypeptide encoded by orf2 of the hepatitis e virus (hev) genome was used for the construction of a western blot diagnostic test for igg and igm antibodies to the virus (anti-hev). (the c2 protein and the trpe protein devoid of c2 activity and used as a control for non-specific reactions were purified by recovery from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel ... | 1992 | 1578218 |
| acute sporadic hepatitis e in sudanese children: analysis based on a new western blot assay. | a newly developed western blot assay for antibody to hepatitis e virus (anti-hev) was used to evaluate 39 cases of acute pediatric hepatitis and 39 control patients in khartoum, sudan. the mean age of cases was 6.5 years (range, 2-14); 64% were male. acute hepatitis a (igm anti-hav-positive) was diagnosed in 13 cases, acute hepatitis b (igm anti-hbc-positive) in 1, and acute hepatitis e (positive for igm anti-hev) in 23 (59%). none of the cases with igm anti-hav or igm anti-hbc had igm anti-hev; ... | 1992 | 1583317 |
| association of hepatitis e virus with an outbreak of hepatitis in pakistan: serologic responses and pattern of virus excretion. | hepatitis e virus (hev), a positive-strand rna agent, has been associated with enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis in asia, africa, and mexico. to evaluate the role of hev in an outbreak of hepatitis in pakistan, we used immune electron microscopy to detect 1) antibody to hev, for evidence of infection, and 2) virus, to determine the pattern of hev excretion. paired sera from 2 patients were assayed for antibody by using reference hev: one seroconverted, an atypical finding for hev in ... | 1992 | 1583470 |
| hepatitis e virus: cdna cloning and expression. | viral hepatitis e is endemic, frequently provoking epidemic outbreaks in many developing countries. we have attempted to clone the viral genome and to develop an antibody assay system. a lambda gt11 cdna library was constructed from the bile juice containing putative causative viruses and was immunoscreened by the antisera obtained from patients and monkeys infected with hepatitis e. three virus-specific clones were isolated and were revealed to overlap one another in sequence, with 1,459 nucleo ... | 1992 | 1584074 |
| isolation and identification of hepatitis e virus in xinjiang, china. | this paper describes isolation and identification of a virus (termed strain 87a) which has the cytopathic effect and haemagglutination properties of hepatitis e virus (hev). this virus was isolated by tissue culture from the faeces of a patient with acute non-a, non-b enteric hepatitis in xinjiang, china. the isolated virus was neutralized by acute phase sera obtained from other patients with acute non-a, non-b enteric hepatitis. the virus particles also could be specifically aggregated with acu ... | 1992 | 1588318 |
| hepatitis e virus (hev): strain variation in the nonstructural gene region encoding consensus motifs for an rna-dependent rna polymerase and an atp/gtp binding site. | hepatitis is transmitted by a number of infectious agents. the epidemiological characterization of waterborne or enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis (et-nanbh) is unique when compared with other known hepatitides. we have reported on the molecular cloning of a cdna clone derived from the etiologic agent associated with et-nanbh, the hepatitis e virus (hev). the complete sequence of these first molecular clones, isolated from an hev-infected human after passage in macaca fascicularis ( ... | 1992 | 1589964 |
| hepatitis e virus: the cause of a waterbourne hepatitis outbreak. | newly developed assays for antibody to hepatitis e virus (hev) were used to study 114 serum samples collected during an outbreak of enterically transmitted hepatitis that occurred in kashmir in 1978/9. the sera included samples from patients with viral hepatitis, anicteric hepatitis, contacts of cases, and unaffected persons. a total of 71% of patients with viral hepatitis were found positive for anti-hev specific igg, and 75% of these were also positive for igm. these data confirm the hepatitis ... | 1992 | 1619398 |
| complete nucleotide sequence of a hepatitis e virus isolated from the xinjiang epidemic (1986-1988) of china. | | 1992 | 1630924 |
| the main five types of viral hepatitis: an alphabetical update. | the rapidly increasing knowledge in the field of viral hepatitis warrants regular updates. clinical studies with new hepatitis a vaccines have shown that they are safe, well-tolerated, and effective. several reports on hepatitis b virus (hbv) variants have appeared. surface antigen mutants may have an important influence on vaccine prophylaxis because existing vaccines may not protect against infection with these variants. hepatitis d virus is a circular rna virus that requires the presence of h ... | 1992 | 1641591 |
| solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hepatitis e virus igg and igm antibodies utilizing recombinant antigens and synthetic peptides. | four recombinant antigens representing two distinct antigenic domains from two different strains of hepatitis e virus (hev), were used individually to develop four elisas designed to detect antibodies to hev. both igg and igm class antibodies to hev were detected in 7 of 8 pedigreed serum/plasma from known outbreaks of hev in mexico, burma, somalia and pakistan. in addition, specific hev-antibodies were detected in cynomolgus macaques following inoculation with various hev strains. anti-hev was ... | 1992 | 1644893 |
| conservation of the putative methyltransferase domain: a hallmark of the 'sindbis-like' supergroup of positive-strand rna viruses. | computer-assisted comparisons of the large proteins involved in the replication of viral rna have revealed a novel domain located near the n termini of these proteins and conserved throughout the so-called 'sindbis-like' supergroup of positive-strand rna viruses. this domain encompasses four distinct conserved motifs, with motifs i, ii and iv containing an invariant his residue, the aspxxarg signature and an invariant tyr residue, respectively. each of the two large groups of viruses within this ... | 1992 | 1645151 |
| identification and characterization of viral polypeptides from type-ii avian adenoviruses. | the polypeptides of serologically related viruses of hemorrhagic enteritis (he) in turkeys, marble spleen disease (msd) in pheasants, and splenomegaly in chickens (smc) were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and analyzed by protein immunoblotting with polyclonal antibodies to he virus (hev). the viral polypeptides ii, iii, iv, v, vi, and vii were detected on sds-page with the size range from 18 to 97 kda in hev. viral polypeptides ii, iii, v, vi, a ... | 1991 | 1654036 |
| [high incidence of sporadic non-a, non-b hepatitis in morocco: epidemiologic study]. | non-a, non-b hepatitis and their sequelae seem to be as frequent as hbv infections in morocco. these diseases represent an important problem of public health because their high incidence and high fatal rate. some aspects of the epidemiology of non-a, non b acute hepatitis were evoking a high incidence of enterically transmitted hepatitis e. that was confirmed by serum studies having shown that hepatitis e antibodies were detected in more than 60% of patients with acute non-a, non-b hepatitis. ho ... | 1991 | 1655298 |
| molecular biology of non-a, non-b hepatitis agents: hepatitis c and hepatitis e viruses. | | 1991 | 1659777 |
| hemorrhagic enteritis of turkeys. | hemorrhagic enteritis (he), an economically important disease of turkeys is caused by a type ii adenovirus. the virus is ubiquitous and is liable to infect most field turkeys. in unprotected turkey flocks, infection with virulent hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) may result in variable mortality and immunodepression. turkeys younger than 2-4 weeks of age are resistant to clinical he. this age-related resistance is expressed in the presence or absence of maternal antibodies against hev. clinical ... | 1991 | 1664163 |
| [the virus of non-a, non-b hepatitis. serological diagnosis]. | persistence of viral post-transfusion hepatitis together with epidemiological data led to identify 3 forms of clinical non a non b hepatitis: enteric, post-transfusional and sporadic hepatitis. two groups of viruses are responsible for this pathology; they are designated as hev (hepatitis e virus) and hcv (hepatitis c virus). hev described by d. bradley is a 27 to 34 nm. non enveloped particle containing a single strand rna and belonging to the calicivividae family. hcv described by m. houghton ... | 1991 | 1665269 |
| hepatitis-e-virus-associated antigen: improved detection in stools by protein fv removal. | elisa detection of a hepatitis-e-virus-associated antigen (hev-aag) in stools was reappraised for its possible interference with a new fab-binding factor, termed protein fv, released during infectious hepatitis. transaminase elevation, hev-aag discharge and fv leakage appeared simultaneously in a cercopithecus monkey inoculated with infected stools. labelled normal, or immune human igg, were compared with pre- and post-inoculation simian igg, for hev-aag and fv detection. coated normal and patie ... | 1991 | 1666435 |
| hcv and hev: the newly identified non-a non-b hepatitis viruses. | the last 2 years have seen dramatic advances in our understanding of the agents responsible for non-a, non-b hepatitis. the family of recognized hepatitis agents now numbers five. in this article, the authors update readers on the characteristics of the two most recent additions, hepatitis c and e, the former posing a potential risk to the dental surgeon. | 1991 | 1668868 |
| hepatitis e virus genome in stools of hepatitis patients during large epidemic in north india. | stool samples from patients affected during a large epidemic of hepatitis in north india were examined for the presence of hepatitis e virus (hev) genome by means of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. 6 of 10 samples studied were positive for the hev genome, which suggest that hev caused this large epidemic. | 1991 | 1681163 |
| [ non-a, non-b hepatitis: current developments--hcv, hev and others]. | | 1991 | 1709514 |
| hepatitis e virus: identification of type-common epitopes. | large epidemic outbreaks of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b viral hepatitis (et-nanbh) have been documented in developing countries. a molecular clone derived from the causative agent, the hepatitis e virus (hev), has recently been described (g.r. reyes, m.a. purdy, j.p. kim, k.-c. luk, l.m. young, k.e. fry, and d. bradley, science 247:1335-1339, 1990). we now report the isolation, by serologic screening, of two cdna clones derived from a fecal sample collected during a 1986 outbreak of et- ... | 1991 | 1717709 |
| structural polypeptides of type ii avian adenoviruses analyzed by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. | polypeptides of hemorrhagic enteritis virus (hev) of turkeys and marble spleen disease virus (msdv) of pheasants were analyzed by immune precipitation and immunoblot assays. a total of 11 polypeptides ranging in molecular weight from 14,000 to 97,000 were detected in lysates of hev-infected turkey cells analyzed by immunoblot assay using a polyclonal antibody against hev. identical patterns were observed with preparations of msdv. five monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against hev were chosen based o ... | 1991 | 1719952 |
| dissection of murine lymphocyte-endothelial cell interaction mechanisms by sv-40-transformed mouse endothelial cell lines: novel mechanisms mediating basal binding, and alpha 4-integrin-dependent cytokine-induced adhesion. | lymph node-derived endothelial cells were immortalized by infection with sv40 virus and subclones expressing the marker meca 325 specific for high-endothelial venules (hev) were selected. these transformed mouse endothelial (tme-) cell lines grow permanently without requirement for special growth factors. staining of the selected clones with endothelium-specific antibodies and with anti-von willebrand factor antiserum and uptake of acetylated low-density lipoprotein provide evidence for their en ... | 1991 | 1720392 |
| characterization of a prototype strain of hepatitis e virus. | a strain of hepatitis e virus (sar-55) implicated in an epidemic of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis, now called hepatitis e, was characterized extensively. six cynomolgus monkeys (macaca fascicularis) were infected with a strain of hepatitis e virus from pakistan. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to determine the pattern of virus shedding in feces, bile, and serum relative to hepatitis and induction of specific antibodies. virtually the entire genome of sar ... | 1992 | 1731327 |
| [viral hepatitis e: new data]. | | 1991 | 1774901 |
| [an epidemiologic survey on a type e hepatitis (he) outbreak]. | this article deals with a he outbreak, which occurred in sulagong village, pan-jin township, yining county, xinjiang. there was a total of 214 patients involved in the village, with an attack rate of 6.15 percent. among the patients young people formed the majority. the attack rate between 20 to 24 years of age reached 17.9 percent. attack rate of pregnant women between 18 to 35 years of age was significantly higher than that of the non-pregnant ones. the condition in pregnant patients was rathe ... | 1991 | 1782653 |
| cloning and expression of cdnas from enterically-transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis virus. | the fragment gene of enterically-transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis virus (et-nanbhv) was cloned as a cdna and inserted into an expression vector puex2. the recombinant protein was expressed in escherichia coli hb101 as a fusion protein with beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). the fusion protein reacted with the sera of infected cynomolgus monkeys and of patients from myanmar. this reaction was highly related with et-nanbhv infection, and obviously demonstrates in that the recombinant protein can be ... | 1991 | 1784255 |
| application of two rna extraction methods prior to amplification of hepatitis e virus nucleic acid by the polymerase chain reaction. | amplification of the enterically-transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis virus (hev) rna using conventional reverse transcriptase reactions followed by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) of the cdna has not been successful. however, after application of two different rna capture/extraction methods we were able to amplify hev nucleic acid from clinical samples and specimens from experimentally infected animals. the first procedure, adapted from an immune electron microscopy (iem) technique, incorpora ... | 1991 | 1816258 |
| hepatitis e virus genome. molecular features, expression of immunoreactive proteins and sequence divergence. | the strategy for molecular cloning of hepatitis e virus (hev), the major etiologic agent of enterically-transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis, is briefly described. the organization of the hev genome is discussed and compared to those of two other vertebrate viruses that contain single-stranded, positive-sense, polyadenylated rna genomes with three overlapping orfs. serologic cross-reactivity of expressed proteins and genetic divergence of hev isolates are also described within the context of seque ... | 1991 | 1822509 |
| hepatitis e virus. comparison of 'new and old world' isolates. | the etiologic agent responsible for epidemics of enterically-transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis has been molecularly characterized as the hepatitis e virus (hev). the cloning of a portion of the burma strain of hev (hev(b); 'old world' strain) has been described together with the isolation of a contiguous overlapping set of cdna clones representing the entire viral genome. our studies have led to a model for the genomic organization of this positive strand, polyadenylated, rna virus. molecular c ... | 1991 | 1822510 |
| rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus--molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of a calicivirus genome. | the rna genome of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (rhdv) was molecularly cloned. the 5' terminal sequence of the genomic rna was determined after pcr amplification of a g-tailed first strand cdna template. the cloned cdna allowed determination of the first complete caliciviral sequence encompassing 7437 nucleotides without poly(a) tail. the rhdv genome contains one long open reading frame of 2344 codons which in the 5' region encodes the nonstructural proteins. sequence comparison studies revea ... | 1991 | 1840711 |
| [experimental hepatitis e infection in piglets]. | a sample of patient's faeces containing virus-like particles (vlp) of 27-34 nm was obtained during an outbreak of hepatitis e in the kirghiz ssr. the identity of the vlp to hepatitis e virus and etiological association with the disease were demonstrated by immune electron microscopy and infection of macaca fascicularis monkeys. this isolate of hepatitis e virus is able to induce experimental infection in domestic piglets which was very similar to experimental hepatitis e in primates when infecte ... | 1991 | 1891876 |
| the phylogeny of rna-dependent rna polymerases of positive-strand rna viruses. | representative amino acid sequences of the rna-dependent rna polymerases of all groups of positive-strand rna viruses were aligned hierarchiacally, starting with the most closely related ones. this resulted in delineation of three large supergroups. within each of the supergroups, the sequences of segments of approximately 300 amino acid residues originating from the central and/or c-terminal portions of the polymerases could be aligned with statistically significant scores. specific consensus p ... | 1991 | 1895057 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis e in china. | a total of 9 hepatitis e epidemics have been documented in china since 1982. five of them were waterborne and four foodborne, and they occurred in 6 of 30 provinces or autonomous regions in the country. the disease most frequently affects young adults, with fewer cases in children and the elderly. a relative male excess of cases has been observed. however, the fatality rate in female patients with hepatitis e is significantly higher than in males. the disease has a distinctive autumn seasonality ... | 1991 | 1909252 |
| hepatitis e virus (hev): the novel agent responsible for enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis. | a normally endemic form of viral hepatitis is the cause of major epidemic outbreaks in developing countries. this disease has a global distribution and has been referred to as water-borne, epidemic or enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis (et-nanbh). although the fecal-oral route of transmission predominates, person-to-person routes of exposure were also suggested in some epidemiologic studies. the disease has been documented as having an extremely high mortality in pregnant women (appr ... | 1991 | 1909254 |
| hepatitis e virus (hev): molecular cloning and sequencing of the full-length viral genome. | we have recently described the cloning of a portion of the hepatitis e virus (hev) and confirmed its etiologic association with enterically transmitted (waterborne, epidemic) non-a, non-b hepatitis. the virus consists of a single-stranded, positive-sense rna genome of approximately 7.5 kb, with a polyadenylated 3' end. we now report on the cloning and nucleotide sequencing of an overlapping, contiguous set of cdna clones representing the entire genome of the hev burma strain [hev(b)]. the larges ... | 1991 | 1926770 |
| outbreak of acute hepatitis e virus infection among military personnel in northern ethiopia. | an outbreak of acute hepatitis e virus (hev) infection occurred from october 1988 to march 1989 in military camps in northern ethiopia. the epidemic was waterborne and entirely confined to military men, of whom 423 hospitalized, icteric patients were studied. the clinical course was mild and short, without any fulminant hepatitis or death. all sera tested for anti-hav-igm were negative and among 54 (13%) patients who were positive for hbsag, 7 (2%) were positive for anti-hbc igm. on the other ha ... | 1991 | 1940876 |
| human, small round structured viruses, caliciviruses and astroviruses. | epidemiological studies on srsvs, human calicivirus and astroviruses have been limited by the problems of establishing them in cell culture and the inability to transmit them to animals or to use strains from animals as a source of antigen for diagnostic tests. the use of em and the subsequent development of rias and eias in a few research centres has shown that they are a cause of outbreaks and sporadic cases of diarrhoea and vomiting. srsvs have increasingly been recognized as a major cause of ... | 1990 | 1962728 |
| epidemiology of hepatitis delta virus and non-a, non-b hepatitis. | hepatitis delta virus (hdv) is an incomplete virus dependent on the hepatitis b virus (hbv) for its replication. serologic studies have shown that hdv is found all over the world. however, the prevalence is not simply a function of the prevalence of hbv, but hdv has an epidemiology of its own with major geographic differences as exemplified below. a high rate with as many as 60-80% anti-hdv positives among chronic hbsag-carriers has been found in the northern part of south america, central afric ... | 1990 | 1967120 |
| isolated he-protein from hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus and bovine coronavirus has receptor-destroying and receptor-binding activity. | bovine coronavirus (bcv) and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev) from swine were found to grow to high titers in mdck i cells, a subline of madin darby canine kidney cells. virus grown in these cells was used to isolate and purify the he-protein. this protein has been shown recently to have acetylesterase activity and to function as the receptor-destroying enzyme of bcv. here we show that hev contains this enzyme, too. the glycoproteins were solubilized by treatment of virions with oc ... | 1991 | 1984649 |
| immunogenicity of hepatitis b vaccine (hevac b) in children with advanced renal failure. | the immune response after hepatitis b (hb) vaccine hevac b was studied in 33 children (mean age 10 +/- 4 years) with advanced renal failure. responders and protected patients were defined by antibody titres to hb surface antigen (anti-hbs) of greater than 10 and 50 miu/ml, respectively. all received the initial recommended three injections at monthly intervals, and 23 received a booster injection (ib) 11 +/- 1 months after the third injection (i3). loss of protection after i3 led to additional i ... | 1990 | 2088465 |
| isolation and characterization of the acetylesterase of hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (hev). | | 1990 | 2103096 |
| isolation of a cdna from the virus responsible for enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis. | major epidemic outbreaks of viral hepatitis in underdeveloped countries result from a type of non-a, non-b hepatitis distinct from the parenterally transmitted form. the viral agent responsible for this form of epidemic, or enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis (et-nanbh), has been serially transmitted in cynomolgus macaques (cynos) and has resulted in typical elevation in liver enzymes and the detection of characteristic virus-like particles (vlps) in both feces and bile. infectious bi ... | 1990 | 2107574 |
| and now, the molecular cloning of the hepatitis e virus. | | 1990 | 2114336 |
| [non-a non-b acute hepatitis]. | two distinct forms of non a non b viral hepatitis are now distinguished: (a) parenterally transmitted non a non b hepatitis, mainly due to hepatitis c virus, (b) enterically transmitted non a non b hepatitis, mainly due to hepatitis e virus. hepatitis c virus is an enveloped, 50 to 60 nm in diameter, single stranded rna virus. its transmission is essentially parenteral and resembles that of hepatitis b virus. individuals at risk are those in contact with blood products. sexual transmission is un ... | 1990 | 2115201 |