| geographical distribution of amblyomma cajennense (sensu lato) ticks (parasitiformes: ixodidae) in brazil, with description of the nymph of a. cajennense (sensu stricto). | until recently, amblyomma cajennense (fabricius, 1787) was considered to represent a single tick species in the new world. recent studies have split this taxon into six species. while the a. cajennense species complex or a. cajennense (sensu lato) (s.l.) is currently represented by two species in brazil, a. cajennense (sensu stricto) (s.s.) and amblyomma sculptum berlese, 1888, their geographical distribution is poorly known. | 2016 | 27036324 |
| epidemiological surveillance of capybaras and ticks on warning area for brazilian spotted fever. | the vulnerability of tropical developing countries to the emerging disease constitutes a critical phenomenon in which the invasion of wild niches by human hosts, contributes to expansion of zoonotic diseases, such as the brazilian spotted fever (bsf). this study performed a diagnosis of species occurrence of their hosts (hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) and vectors (amblyomma sculptum and amblyomma dubitatum) on the warning area for this reemerging disease in brazil. | 2015 | 27047211 |
| experimental infection of horses with rickettsia rickettsii. | rickettsia rickettsii is vectored by ticks, and some vertebrate hosts can be sources of infection to ticks during bacteremic periods. in brazil, the main vector for r. rickettsii is the tick amblyomma sculptum, a member of the a. cajennense complex. horses, in turn, are one of the major hosts for a. sculptum. in this study, horses experimentally infected with r. rickettsii were assessed for clinical changes and their capability to transmit the infection to a. sculptum ticks. | 2016 | 27624315 |
| high seroprevalence for rickettsia rickettsii in equines suggests risk of human infection in silent areas for the brazilian spotted fever. | equines play a role in the epidemiology of brazilian spotted fever (bsf) since they are a primary host for the tick amblyomma sculptum. we studied the seroprevalence for three species of rickettsia in equines in four endemic (with human cases) and in four non-endemic areas (no human cases) in the piracicaba river basin, são paulo, brazil. a serological survey of 504 equines was performed: around 63 animals were sampled in each area and tested through indirect immunofluorescence assay for r. rick ... | 2016 | 27064788 |
| brazilian spotted fever with an approach in veterinary medicine and one health perspective. | there is increasing interaction between man and pathogens transmitted by arthropods, especially by ticks. it is on this background that a holistic approach stands out, for the sake of public health. brazilian spotted fever is an endemic disease at the country's southeast, with amblyomma sculptum as its major contributor, followed by a. aureolatum and potentially rhipicephalus sanguineus. dogs have been considered sentinels, and in some areas the disease in dogs can precede human disease. conside ... | 2016 | 26881183 |
| rickettsia amblyommii infecting amblyomma sculptum in endemic spotted fever area from southeastern brazil. | the rickettsia bacteria include the aetiological agents for the human spotted fever (sf) disease. in the present study, a sf group rickettsia amblyommii related bacterium was detected in a field collected amblyomma sculptum (amblyomma cajennense species complex) tick from a brazilian sf endemic site in southeastern brazil, in the municipality of juiz de fora, state of minas gerais. genetic analysis based on genes ompa,ompb and htra showed that the detected strain, named r. amblyommii str. jf, is ... | 2015 | 26676317 |
| a survey of tick-borne pathogens in dogs and their ticks in the pantanal biome, brazil. | tick and blood samples collected from domestic dogs in the brazilian pantanal were tested by molecular methods for the presence of tick-borne protozoa and bacteria. among 320 sampled dogs, 3.13% were infected by babesia vogeli (piroplasmida: babesiidae), 8.75% by hepatozoon canis (eucoccidiorida: hepatozoidae), 7.19% by anaplasma platys (rickettsiales: anaplasmataceae), and 0.94% by an unclassified anaplasma sp. in three tick species collected from dogs, the following tick-borne agents were dete ... | 2016 | 26467462 |
| novel babesia and hepatozoon agents infecting non-volant small mammals in the brazilian pantanal, with the first record of the tick ornithodoros guaporensis in brazil. | taking into account the diversity of small terrestrial mammals of the pantanal, the present study aimed to verify the occurrence of infection by ehrlichia spp., anaplasma spp., rickettsia spp., hepatozoon spp., babesia spp. and parasitism by ticks in non-volant small mammals collected in the brazilian pantanal. samples of blood, liver and spleen were collected from 64 captured animals, 22 marsupials and 42 rodents. pathogen detection was performed by the use of genus-specific polymerase chain re ... | 2016 | 26782931 |
| minimum infection rate of ehrlichia minasensis in rhipicephalus microplus and amblyomma sculptum ticks in brazil. | a new genotype phylogenetically close to ehrlichia canis named as ehrlichia minasensis was identified infecting cattle and deer in canada, as well as rhipicephalus microplus ticks and cattle in brazil. although it was detected in r. microplus, little is known about the epidemiology of this ehrlichiosis, especially in other tick species. this study evaluated the minimum infection rate of e. minasensis in amblyomma sculptum and r. microplus ticks from locations where naturally infected cattle were ... | 2016 | 27084673 |
| bacteria of the genera ehrlichia and rickettsia in ticks of the family ixodidae with medical importance in argentina. | the aim of this study was to get an overview about the occurrence of bacteria from the genus ehrlichia and rickettsia in ixodid ticks with medical importance in argentina. therefore, in 2013 and 2014, free-living ticks were collected in different provinces of northern argentina. these ticks were determined as amblyomma sculptum, amblyomma neumanni, amblyomma parvum, amblyomma triste, amblyomma ovale, amblyomma tonelliae and haemaphysalis juxtakochi. all samples were tested to determine the infec ... | 2017 | 27812828 |
| seroprevalence of rickettsia spp. in equids and molecular detection of 'candidatus rickettsia amblyommii' in amblyomma cajennense sensu lato ticks from the pantanal region of mato grosso, brazil. | the aim of the study was to evaluate exposure of equids to rickettsial agents (rickettsia rickettsii, rickettsia parkeri, 'candidatus rickettsia amblyommii', rickettsia rhipicephali, and rickettsia bellii) and rickettsial infection in ticks of a pantanal region of brazil. sera of 547 equids (500 horses and 47 donkeys) were evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence assay. in total, 665 adults and 106 nymphal pools of amblyomma cajennense f. sensu lato, 10 dermacentor nitens neumann ticks, and 88 l ... | 2014 | 26309313 |
| evaluation of an association of alpha-cypermethrin and flufenoxuron for tick control in an area at risk of brazilian spotted fever. | brazilian spotted fever (bsf) is an endemic anthropozoonosis caused by gram-negative bacteria (rickettsia rickettsii) that is associated with the risk of human infection by ticks. in the city of americana, são paulo (sp), brazil, there were 12 cases (67% lethal) between 2004 and 2015. this study evaluated the effectiveness of control over tick infestations in an area at risk of bsf, in a field trial on an association of alpha-cypermethrin (3%) and flufenoxuron (3%) (tenopa(®)) conducted in ameri ... | 2017 | 28377149 |
| high prevalence of "candidatus rickettsia amblyommii" in amblyomma ticks from a spotted fever endemic region in north argentina. | ticks from an endemic spotted fever region in argentina were analysed by pcr for spotted fever group rickettsiae. dna of "candidatus rickettsia amblyommii" was found in 21.3% of amblyomma hadanii and in 44.0% of a. neumanni. amblyomma sculptum (formerly a. cajennense) and haemaphysalis juxtakochi were negative for rickettsial dna. dna of rickettsia rickettsii, the etiological agent of the clinical cases reported within the studied region was not detected in the analysed sample. | 2016 | 27260814 |
| amblyomma mixtum koch, 1844 (acari: ixodidae): first record confirmation in colombia using morphological and molecular analyses. | up to some years ago, the taxon amblyomma cajennense represented a single tick species in the new world, from southern united states to northern argentina. recent studies, based on genetic, reproductive and morphological data reorganized this taxon into a complex of the following 6 valid species: a. cajennense sensu stricto, amblyomma mixtum, amblyomma sculptum, amblyomma interandinum, amblyomma tonelliae, and amblyomma patinoi. according to this classification, the a. cajennense complex is curr ... | 2016 | 27062448 |
| risk factors associated with the transmission of brazilian spotted fever in the piracicaba river basin, state of são paulo, brazil. | brazilian spotted fever (bsf) is a disease transmitted by ticks for which the etiological agent is rickettsia rickettsii. the present essay evaluates the risk factors associated with the transmission of cases of bsf in the time period between 2003 and 2013 in the piracicaba river basin, state of são paulo. | 2015 | 25860458 |
| ticks (acari: ixodidae) identified from prey-predator interactions via faecal analysis of brazilian wild carnivores. | between july 2008 and may 2010, we conducted a trophic study on 12 brazilian wild carnivore species through their faecal analysis in a silvicultural landscape at angatuba municipality, southern são paulo state. predator faeces was identified by morphology, predator hair, and surrounding tracks; prey remnants within faeces were used for morphological identification of the prey. among the recovered ectoparasites, there were 89 specimens of six tick species in 21 (4.0%) out of 523 analysed samples. ... | 2015 | 25702204 |
| ambush behavior of the tick amblyomma sculptum (amblyomma cajennense complex) (acari: ixodidae) in the brazilian pantanal. | we herein describe the ambush behavior of amblyomma sculptum (berlese 1888), a widespread and epidemiologically important tick in brazil. along two years of sampling by visual search in the brazilian pantanal, a. sculptum ticks were observed on the vegetation and in the leaf litter. most of the ticks were observed between 10 and 50cm above ground level and less than five percent of the total were positioned below 10cm, indicating that they are seeking for middle or large-sized hosts. in both sea ... | 2017 | 28259592 |
| analysis of amblyomma sculptum haplotypes in an area endemic for brazilian spotted fever. | amblyomma sculptum (ixodida: ixodidae) berlese, 1888, a member of the amblyomma cajennense complex, is the major vector of brazilian spotted fever (bsf) in southeastern brazil. in this study, the genetic diversity of a. sculptum populations in the state of rio de janeiro (rj), brazil, was investigated because genetic variability in tick populations may be related to vector competence. samples of a. sculptum from 19 municipalities in 7 regions of rj were subjected to dna extraction, amplification ... | 2016 | 27120044 |
| amblyomma sculptum tick saliva: α-gal identification, antibody response and possible association with red meat allergy in brazil. | the anaphylaxis response is frequently associated with food allergies, representing a significant public health hazard. recently, exposure to tick bites and production of specific ige against α-galactosyl (α-gal)-containing epitopes has been correlated to red meat allergy. however, this association and the source of terminal, non-reducing α-gal-containing epitopes have not previously been established in brazil. here, we employed the α-1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout mouse (α1,3-galt-ko) model ... | 2016 | 26812026 |
| rickettsial infection in ticks (acari: ixodidae) of wild animals in midwestern brazil. | ticks collected in the last two decades from free-living and captive wild animals from 28 municipalities of the brazilian state of mato grosso were identified and tested using molecular methods for the presence of rickettsial agents. a total of 4467 ticks (229 larvae, 1676 nymphs, 1565 males, 997 females) representing 27 ixodid species were collected from 235 species of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals from three different ecoregions (pantanal, cerrado, and amazonia). the species amblyom ... | 2016 | 26775021 |
| divergent environmental preferences and areas of sympatry of tick species in the amblyomma cajennense complex (ixodidae). | four species of neotropical ticks, amblyomma mixtum, amblyomma cajennense, amblyomma tonelliae and amblyomma sculptum (formerly included in the catch-all name a. cajennense), have an allopatric distribution in much of their range, with areas of parapatry for at least two of them. we inferred the abiotic niches of these organisms using coefficients of a harmonic regression of the temperature and the normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi, reflecting plant stress) from remotely sensed data f ... | 2014 | 25236961 |
| feral pigs as hosts for amblyomma sculptum (acari: ixodidae) populations in the pantanal, mato grosso do sul, brazil. | the pantanal in brazil is the largest floodplain of the world. this ecosystem, rich in wildlife, has a large feral pig population. such a large host biomass must have a strong influence on the parasite fauna. in this work, we evaluated the role of feral pigs in the maintenance of amblyomma sculptum (formerly amblyomma cajennense), the most prevalent tick species in the pantanal. tick infestations were evaluated on 243 feral pigs and their environment. the suitability of domestic pigs, representi ... | 2014 | 25037743 |
| reassessment of the taxonomic status of amblyomma cajennense () with the description of three new species, amblyomma tonelliae n. sp., amblyomma interandinum n. sp. and amblyomma patinoi n. sp., and reinstatement of amblyomma mixtum, and amblyomma sculptum (ixodida: ixodidae). | a reassessment of the taxonomic status of amblyomma cajennense based on the morphological analyses of ticks from the whole distribution area of the species resulted in the redescription of a. cajennense, the validation of 2 species which had been reduced to synonymy in the past, amblyomma mixtum and amblyomma sculptum, and the description and definition of 3 new species, amblyomma tonelliae n. sp., amblyomma interandinum n. sp., and amblyomma patinoi n. sp. this study provides descriptions and r ... | 2014 | 24556273 |
| association patterns of ticks (acari: ixodida: ixodidae, argasidae) of small mammals in cerrado fragments, western brazil. | the present study describes ticks associated with small mammals and analyzes the aggregation patterns according to seasonal and host variations in the cerrado biome, central-western brazil. small mammals were systematically captured in 54 woodland fragments from february 2012 to july 2013. a total of 1,040 animals belonging to eight marsupial and 12 rodent species were captured; 265 animals were parasitized by eight tick species (in decreasing order of abundance): ornithodoros mimon, amblyomma c ... | 2015 | 25633262 |
| nellore cattle (bos indicus) and ticks within the brazilian pantanal: ecological relationships. | pantanal is a huge floodplain mostly in brazil, and its main economic activity is extensive cattle raising, in farms characterized by an extremely wildlife-rich environment. we herein describe tick infestations of cattle and of the natural environment in pantanal of nhecolândia in brazil, at areas with and without cattle during both dry and wet seasons. environmental sampling resulted in three tick species: amblyomma sculptum (423 nymphs and 518 adults), amblyomma parvum (7 nymphs and 129 adults ... | 2016 | 26613758 |
| complementary data on four methods for sampling free-living ticks in the brazilian pantanal. | in this study, four methods for sampling free-living ticks that are used in ecological and human tick-bite risk studies were evaluated. cloth dragging, carbon dioxide traps and visual searches and inspection of plant litter on the ground were used in field and forest areas within the brazilian pantanal. among the three tick species collected, amblyomma sculptum predominated, followed by amblyomma parvum and amblyomma ovale. dragging, a cheap and simple technique, yielded the highest numbers of t ... | 2017 | 25517531 |
| a deep insight into the whole transcriptome of midguts, ovaries and salivary glands of the amblyomma sculptum tick. | | 2017 | 27789388 |
| new records for amblyomma sculptum (ixodidae) on non-passerine birds in brazil. | the aim of this paper was to provide new records of amblyomma sculptum on two species of terricolous birds in two areas of the cerrado (savannah- like) bioma: two specimens of cariama cristata were captured in the state of goiás and one specimen ofcrax fasciolata was captured in the state of minas gerais. one of the c. cristata was parasitized by 15 larvae, six nymphs, one male and two females whereas the c. fasciolata was parasitized by seven larvae and eight nymphs. this paper presents a new l ... | 2016 | 27007247 |
| evaluation of the combined effect of thymol, carvacrol and (e)-cinnamaldehyde on amblyomma sculptum (acari: ixodidae) and dermacentor nitens (acari: ixodidae) larvae. | this study aimed at assessing the combined effect of thymol, carvacrol and (e)-cinnamaldehyde on amblyomma sculptum and dermacentor nitens larvae. the effects resulting from treatments were evaluated by means of the modified larval packet test. in order to determine the lc50, components of essential oils, the monoterpenes thymol, carvacrol and phenylpropanoid (e)-cinnamaldehyde were individually tested at different concentrations. after determining the lc50, each essential oil component was sepa ... | 2015 | 26346899 |
| amblyomma sculptum: genetic diversity and rickettsias in the brazilian cerrado biome. | amblyomma sculptum (ixodida: ixodidae) berlese, 1888 is the most important tick vector in brazil, transmitting the bioagent of the most severe form of spotted fever (sf) in part of the cerrado (in the states of minas gerais and são paulo). in another part of the cerrado (central-west region of brazil), a milder form of sf has been recorded. however, neither the rickettsia nor the vector involved have been characterized. the aim of the current study was to analyse genetic variation and the presen ... | 2017 | 28752684 |
| spotted fever: epidemiology and vector-rickettsia-host relationship in rio de janeiro state. | the eco-epidemiological scenario of spotted fever (sf), a tick-borne disease that affects humans and other animals in several countries around the world, was analyzed in rio de janeiro (rj) state, brazil. during the last 34 years, 990 sf cases were reported in rj (the brazilian state with the highest population density), including 116 cases confirmed by serology (rifi) or pcr, among 42.39% of the municipalities with reported cases of sf. the epidemiologic dynamics of sf in rj state are very hete ... | 2017 | 28424664 |
| transmission dynamics and control of rickettsia rickettsii in populations of hydrochoerus hydrochaeris and amblyomma sculptum. | brazilian spotted fever (bsf), caused by the bacterium rickettsia rickettsii, is the tick-borne disease that generates the largest number of human deaths in the world. in brazil, the current increase of bsf human cases has been associated with the presence and expansion of capybaras hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, which act as primary hosts for the tick amblyomma sculptum, vector of the r. rickettsii in this area. | 2017 | 28582429 |
| the distinct transcriptional response of the midgut of amblyomma sculptum and amblyomma aureolatum ticks to rickettsia rickettsii correlates to their differences in susceptibility to infection. | rickettsia rickettsii is a tick-borne obligate intracellular bacterium that causes rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf). in brazil, two species of ticks in the genus amblyomma, a. sculptum and a. aureolatum, are incriminated as vectors of this bacterium. importantly, these two species present remarkable differences in susceptibility to r. rickettsii infection, where a. aureolatum is more susceptible than a. sculptum. in the current study, a. aureolatum and a. sculptum ticks were fed on suitable h ... | 2017 | 28503490 |
| in vitro repellency of deet and β-citronellol against the ticks rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and amblyomma sculptum. | rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and amblyomma sculptum can parasite humans and domestic animals and are vectors of pathogens, including zoonoses. repellents are an important tool of tick control. this study aimed to compare the efficacy of n,n-diethyl- 3-methylbenzamide (deet), a standard repellent, versus β-citronellol in a petri dish bioassay. a semicircle of filter paper (31.8cm(2)) was treated with 87μl of one of four concentrations (0.200, 0.100, 0.050 and 0.025mg/cm(2)) of β-citronello ... | 0 | 28495195 |
| rickettsia spp. among wild mammals and their respective ectoparasites in pantanal wetland, brazil. | the genus rickettsia comprises obligatory intracellular bacteria, well known to cause zoonotic diseases around the world. the present work aimed to investigate the occurrence of rickettsia spp. in wild animals, domestic dogs and their respective ectoparasites in southern pantanal region, central-western brazil, by molecular and serological techniques. between august 2013 and march 2015, serum, whole blood and/or spleen samples were collected from 31 coatis, 78 crab-eating foxes, seven ocelots, 4 ... | 2018 | 29111373 |
| influence of microhabitat use and behavior of amblyomma sculptum and amblyomma dubitatum nymphs (acari: ixodidae) on human risk for tick exposure, with notes on rickettsia infection. | brazilian spotted fever (bsf) is a potentially lethal human disease caused by rickettsia rickettsii transmitted by ticks, including amblyomma sculptum. however, in southeast brazil, where most bsf cases occur, capybaras are key hosts for both a. sculptum and amblyomma dubitatum. we therefore compared the risk of human exposure to these ticks at a non-endemic anthropogenic site in southeast brazil where both tick species are maintained by capybaras and occur at high abundance. cloth dragging, hum ... | 2018 | 29050834 |
| ticks infesting captive and free-roaming wild animal species at the são paulo zoo, são paulo, brazil. | ticks are ectoparasites of worldwide distribution that affect vertebrates and can transmit pathogens to animals and humans. the zoological park foundation of são paulo (fpzsp) is located in a conservation unit in one of the most important remaining fragments of the atlantic rainforest biome in the suburbs of são paulo, brazil. the fpzsp houses more than 3,000 wild animals on exhibit, in breeding programs and in environmental education programs, and also attracts migratory birds and free-roaming ... | 2017 | 28700000 |
| relative transcription of autophagy-related genes in amblyomma sculptum and rhipicephalus microplus ticks. | ticks endure stressful off-host periods and perform as vectors of a diversity of infectious agents, thus engaging pathways that expectedly demand for autophagy. little is known of ticks' autophagy, a conserved eukaryotic machinery assisting in homeostasis processes that also participates in tissue-dependent metabolic functions. here, the autophagy-related atg4 (autophagin-1), atg6 (beclin-1) and atg8 (lc3) mrnas from the human diseases vector amblyomma sculptum and the cattle-tick rhipicephalus ... | 2017 | 29181673 |
| sequencing and comparative analysis of the amblyomma sculptum mitogenome. | the mitogenome of amblyomma sculptum was sequenced, providing important information for understanding the evolutionary relationships among species of the a. cajennense complex. the mitochondrial genome has a circular structure with 37 genes, including 13 coding dna sequences, two ribosomal rna genes (12s rrna and 16s rrna) and 22 trna genes. comparative analysis with the mitogenomes of six reference species of the genus amblyomma revealed that the nd5 gene, which is related to energy metabolism, ... | 2017 | 29080758 |
| amblyomma ticks and future climate: range contraction due to climate warming. | ticks of the amblyomma cajennense species complex are important vectors of spotted fever in latin america. environmental conditions determine the geographic distribution of ticks, such that climate change could influence the distribution of tick-borne diseases. this study aimed to analyze the potential geographic distribution of a. cajennense complex ticks in a brazil region under present-day and future climate models, assuming dispersal limitations and non-evolutionary adaptation of these tick ... | 2017 | 28865899 |
| ticks infesting cattle and humans in the yungas biogeographic province of argentina, with notes on the presence of tick-borne bacteria. | this study was performed to determine the tick species that infest cattle and humans throughout an altitudinal gradient in the yungas biogeographic province of argentina. the presence of tick-borne bacteria of the genera rickettsia, ehrlichia and borrelia in the collected ticks was also evaluated. samples of ticks parasitizing cattle and humans were carried out in different seasons. questing ticks (adults and nymphs) were collected from vegetation and analyzed to detect the presence of rickettsi ... | 2018 | 29380169 |
| tick-borne infections in dogs and horses in the state of espírito santo, southeast brazil. | this work aims to identify and quantify the percentage of rickettsia spp., ehrlichia spp., babesia spp. and hepatozoon spp. positive pet dogs, and to identify ticks collected on these animals in the state of espírito santo, in the southeast region of brazil. the study included 378 dogs, 226 females and 152 males, of various breeds and ages (mean age of 4.1 years). all animals were examined for ticks, and whole blood was collected and processed by conventional pcr protocols for babesia spp., anap ... | 2018 | 29279085 |
| anaplasmataceae agents among wild mammals and ectoparasites in brazil. | anaplasmataceae agents comprise obligate intracellular bacteria that can cause disease in humans and animals. between august 2013 and march 2015, 31 nasua nasua (coati), 78 cerdocyon thous (crab-eating fox), seven leopardus pardalis (ocelot), 110 wild rodents, 30 marsupials, and 42 dogs were sampled in the pantanal wetland, brazil. in addition, ectoparasites found parasitizing the animals were collected and identified. the present work aimed to investigate the occurrence of anaplasmataceae agent ... | 2017 | 29103397 |
| diversity of piroplasmids among wild and domestic mammals and ectoparasites in pantanal wetland, brazil. | piroplasmoses are one of the most prevalent arthropod-borne diseases of animals. the present work aimed to investigate the occurrence of piroplasmid in wild mammals, domestic dogs and ectoparasites in southern pantanal region, central-western brazil. for that purpose, blood or tissue samples from 31 nasua nasua, 78 cerdocyon thous, 7 leopardus pardalis, 42 dogs, 110 wild rodents, and 30 marsupials, and 1582 ticks were submitted to pcr assays for piroplasmid targeting 18srrna and hps70 genes. sev ... | 2017 | 28941935 |
| analysis of the salivary gland transcriptome of unfed and partially fed amblyomma sculptum ticks and descriptive proteome of the saliva. | ticks are obligate blood feeding ectoparasites that transmit a wide variety of pathogenic microorganisms to their vertebrate hosts. amblyomma sculptum is vector of rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf), the most lethal rickettsiosis that affects humans. it is known that the transmission of pathogens by ticks is mainly associated with the physiology of the feeding process. pathogens that are acquired with the blood meal must first colonize the tick gut ... | 2017 | 29209593 |