| differentiation of vector species of phlebotominae (diptera: psychodidae) in kenya by chorionic sculpturing of their eggs. | chorionic sculpturing on eggs of phlebotomus pedifer lewis, mutinga, and ashford; the closely related phlebotomus aculeatus lewis, minter, and ashford (= p. elegonensis ngoka, madel, and mutinga); and phlebotomus martini parrot was examined and compared by scanning electron microscopy. the eggs of p. pedifer had a general pattern of longitudinal ridges; those of p. aculeatus and p. martini exhibited intraspecific differences. chorionic patterns of eggs were not reliable to differentiate these sp ... | 1992 | 1460620 |
| identification of phlebotomine sandfly bloodmeals from baringo district, kenya, by direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). | direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to identify the sources of bloodmeals in phlebotomine sandflies from baringo district, rift valley province, kenya. some bloodmeals had been stored for over 4 years before being analysed. among 356 sandflies identified, 62.9% were phlebotomus martini, 14.8% sergentomyia antennatus, 10% s.schwetzi, 6% s.clydei, 1.9% s.adleri, 1.6% p.duboscqi, 1.4% s.africanus and 0.8% s.bedfordi. out of 224 p.martini bloodmeals, host source was identified ... | 1992 | 1463906 |
| description and performance of an updraft trap for sandflies. | an updraft trap for sampling sandflies in the field was developed and tested in the marigat area of baringo district, kenya. the main components of the trap were a 12 cm long plastic drain pipe, 9 v d.c. electric motor, aluminium fan and a perspex sandfly collection cage. comparisons of the updraft trap with a cdc and a 1 x 1 m polythene sheet coated with castor oil (sticky trap) showed the former was more consistent than the other traps in sampling sandflies from animal burrows. a total of 1241 ... | 1991 | 1796242 |
| a review of investigations on leishmaniasis vectors in kenya. | investigations on vectors of leishmaniases in kenya started only in the last 35 years when the visceral leishmaniasis assumed importance as a result of a major disease epidemic outbreak. since then detailed investigations on vectors of visceral leishmaniasis as well as vectors of newly found species causing cutaneous leishmaniasis have resulted in identification of their main vectors. synphlebotomus complex were shown to be the main vectors in kitui focus while in the other foci phlebotomus mart ... | 1991 | 1841244 |
| isolation of leishmania donovani from phlebotomus martini in baringo district, kenya. | an 18-month sandfly survey was conducted at 4 locations in baringo district, rift valley province, kenya. 3 collection techniques were used: aspiration, sticky paper trap, and light trap in sites selected because of their proximity to homes of visceral leishmaniasis patients diagnosed and treated within 6 months before the survey. over 2000 female phlebotomus martini were collected of which 6 females were found to have flagellate protozoan infections. 3 of these infections were cultured successf ... | 1988 | 3252587 |
| leishmania in the old world: 4. the distribution of l. donovani sensu lato zymodemes. | isoenzyme profiles of 67 stocks of leishmania donovani sensu lato from across the old world were compared with those of reference strains of l. donovani sensu stricto, l. infantum, l. major, l. tropica and l. aethiopica using starch-gel electrophoresis of 13 enzymes (gpi, gd, es, pgm, pepd, nh, asat, alat, pk, mpi, 6pgd, sod, mdh). 12 zymodemes were seen. isolates from man, canis familiaris, vulpes vulpes, rattus rattus, arvicanthis sp. and phlebotomus martini were examined. several zymodemes co ... | 1986 | 3798531 |
| studies on the vector of kala-azar in kenya, viii. the outbreak in machakos district; epidemiological features and a possible way of control. | the epidemiology of kala-azar was studied in east katangini, the area in machakos district where the incidence of the disease had been highest during the epidemic years 1977-1979. a house-to-house survey showed that 19.3% of the homesteads had harboured kala-azar patients in the period 1977-1980, while 3.2% of the people had suffered from the disease. significantly more males had had the disease than females and more children than adults, while the male patients came mainly from poorer homestead ... | 1984 | 6532329 |
| new phlebotomine sand fly colonies: rearing phlebotomus martini, sergentomyia schwetzi, and sergentomyia africana (diptera: psychodidae). | | 1983 | 6644755 |
| the isolation and identification of leishmanial parasites from domestic dogs in the machakos district of kenya, and the possible role of dogs as reservoirs of kala-azar in east africa. | two out of 288 sick and emaciated dogs from homesteads in the machakos district of kenya, where human kala-azar cases existed, were found to be infected with leishmaniasis. the leishmanial strain isolated from one of the dogs was characterized enzymologically and serologically and found to be identical with strains isolated from human kala-azar cases and phlebotomus martini. the significance of these findings is discussed in terms of the general epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in kenya. | 1980 | 7436598 |
| effects of permethrin-treated screens on phlebotomine sand flies, with reference to phlebotomus martini (diptera: psychodidae). | effects of permethrin-treated screens on the sand fly, phlebotomus martini parrot, a vector of visceral leishmaniasis in kenya, were evaluated after the eighth treatment. screens treated with 0.50 g/m2 of permethrin 20% emulsifiable concentrate were fitted inside houses and re-treated every 6 mo from august 1989 to december 1993. before application of the treated screens, a geometric mean of 0.83 p. martini were collected per trap night inside houses, whereas after the eighth treatment only 0.05 ... | 1995 | 7650702 |
| cutaneous leishmaniasis in kenya: sergentomyia garnhami (diptera psychodidae), a possible vector of leishmania major in kitui district: a new focus of the disease. | investigations on phlebotomine sandflies in tseikuru, kitui district, kenya were carried out to determine the vectors of leishmania major. sandflies were trapped from animal burrows over a period of one year using castor oil-smeared sticky traps. nineteen phlebotomine sandfly species were identified and their prevalence in this habitat determined. dissections on the parous sandflies resulted in the isolation of leishmania parasites from phlebotomus martini and sergentomyia garnhami. the isolated ... | 1994 | 7828493 |
| phlebotomine sandflies associated with households of human visceral leishmaniasis cases in baringo district, kenya. | a 12-month field study on sandflies was conducted from april 1992 to march 1993 at three locations in baringo district, rift valley province, kenya. study sites were selected based on their close proximity to the households of three patients who had had parasitologically confirmed visceral leishmaniasis in 1988, 1990 or 1991. sandfly populations were highest during the two rainy seasons, april-june and november-december. a significant association was detected between the monthly abundance of san ... | 1994 | 7893180 |
| epidemiology and clinical manifestations of visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in baringo district, rift valley, kenya. a literature review. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), caused by leishmania donovani, is endemic in baringo district, kenya. the disease has a focal distribution in the dry, hot areas below 1500 metres. infections may be characterized as follows: 1) asymptomatic, 2) subclinical and self-limiting (not medically identifiable), and 3) clinically manifest disease (that is medically identifiable). half of the reported vl patients are between 5 and 14 years of age and 66% of them are males. the reasons for the focal distributi ... | 1994 | 7940999 |
| the roles of phlebotomus martini and p.celiae (diptera: phlebotominae) as vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in the aba roba focus, southern ethiopia. | during field studies (december 1988 to april 1990) to determine the vectors of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in the aba roba (segen valley) focus of southern ethiopia, a total of 40,770 sandflies (diptera: psychodidae: phlebotominae) were collected and identified as six species of phlebotomus and seventeen sergentomyia spp. nine of these species were anthropophilic (four phlebotomus and five sergentomyia spp.), the dominant being phlebotomus (synphlebotomus) martini, p.(s.)celiae and sergen ... | 1996 | 8834743 |
| the blood-feeding behaviour of phlebotomus martini (diptera:psychodidae): is it a question of photoperiodism or circadian rhythm? | | 1996 | 9039283 |
| coadaptation of male aedeagal filaments and female spermathecal ducts of the old world phlebotomine sand flies (diptera: psychodidae). | the morphology of insect genitalia is often highly species-specific, and its variation has been suggested as an important impetus for evolution. structural variation of the male genitalia and the female spermathecae in phlebotomine sand flies is unique among the blood sucking diptera. we describe the fine structures involved in mating for phlebotomus papatasi (scopoli). relationships among the length of the spermathecal duct and aedeagal filament were studied in 26 species of old world pheleboto ... | 2000 | 11004775 |
| phlebotomus martini--a probable vector of kala-azar in kenya. | | 1962 | 14474363 |
| mapping the potential distribution of phlebotomus martini and p. orientalis (diptera: psychodidae), vectors of kala-azar in east africa by use of geographic information systems. | the distribution of two principal vectors of kala-azar in east africa, phlebotomus martini and phlebotomus orientalis were analysed using geographic information system (gis) based on (1) earth observing satellite sensor data: normalized difference vegetation index (ndvi) and midday land surface temperature (lst) derived from advanced very high resolution radiometer (avhrr) of the global land 1km project of united states geological survey (usgs), (2) agroclimatic data from the fao crop production ... | 2004 | 14739026 |
| a neglected disease of humans: a new focus of visceral leishmaniasis in bakool, somalia. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) was observed in children in bakool region, somalia, an area where vl has not been reported before. we describe the extent of the problem in this war- and famine-stricken area. a retrospective analysis was done of all cases admitted to a vl treatment centre between july 2000 and august 2001. patients with longstanding fever, splenomegaly and a positive direct agglutination test (dat; titre > 1:3200) were treated as suspected vl cases. a rapid epidemiological and entomo ... | 2003 | 16117959 |
| situational analysis of leishmaniases research in kenya. | leishmania spp are protozoan parasites of the trypanosomatidae family that cause disease in humans and animals. in general, infections with these parasites can be divided into three main forms namely, cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniases. the disease is prevalent in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world, where it is transmitted via the bite of an infected sand fly. leishmaniasis has been known to be endemic in parts of kenya from as far back as early in the 20th cent ... | 2006 | 17348738 |
| abundances and nocturnal activities of phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) in termite hills and animal burrows in baringo district, kenya. | the abundance of phlebotomine sandflies was studied in a leishmaniasis endemic area in baringo district, rift valley province, kenya. this was based on sandfly behaviors at night in their natural habitats of termite hills and animal burrows. sandflies were collected with an entry-exit trap which has a sieve fixed at the middle to control sandfly movements. flies were trapped from 1800-0600 hours. phlebotomus martini (parrot) were significantly more abundant in termite hills than in animal burrow ... | 1998 | 17580991 |
| risk factors of visceral leishmaniasis in east africa: a case-control study in pokot territory of kenya and uganda. | in east africa, visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is endemic in parts of sudan, ethiopia, somalia, kenya and uganda. it is caused by leishmania donovani and transmitted by the sandfly vector phlebotomus martini. in the pokot focus, reaching from western kenya into eastern uganda, formulation of a prevention strategy has been hindered by the lack of knowledge on vl risk factors as well as by lack of support from health sector donors. the present study was conducted to establish the necessary evidence-b ... | 2008 | 18184669 |
| a possible role for phlebotmus (anaphlebotmous) rodhaini (parrot 1930) in transmission of leishmania donovani. | abstract: background: visceral leishmaniasis (vl, kala azar), caused by leishmania donovani is a major health problem in sudan and other east african countries. in this region the only proven vectors of l. donovani are phlebotomus orientalis in eastern sudan, ethiopia and upper nile areas of southern sudan and phlebotomus martini in ethiopia, kenya and southern sudan. in this report, we present the first evidence that phlebotomus rodhaini may also play a role in maintaining transmission of l. d ... | 2011 | 22188864 |
| a review of visceral leishmaniasis during the conflict in south sudan and the consequences for east african countries. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl), caused predominantly by leishmania donovani and transmitted by both phlebotomus orientalis and phlebotomus martini, is highly endemic in east africa where approximately 30 thousands vl cases are reported annually. the largest numbers of cases are found in sudan - where phlebotomus orientalis proliferate in acacia forests especially on sudan's eastern border with ethiopia, followed by south sudan, ethiopia, somalia, kenya and uganda. long-standing civil war and unrest ... | 2016 | 27549162 |
| first report of the visceral leishmaniasis vector phlebotomus martini (diptera: psychodidae) in tanzania. | phlebotomus martini is a known vector of visceral leishmaniasis caused by leishmania donovani in sub-saharan africa. the disease is known to be endemic in areas of north and south sudan, kenya, ethiopia, uganda, and somalia but has not been reported from tanzania. in this report we present the first documented collection of p. martini and p. vansomerenae in tanzania. sand flies were collected using standard dry-ice baited cdc light traps (john w. hock company, gainesville, fl) from five sampling ... | 2013 | 23427673 |
| preliminary study on investigation of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in endemic foci of ethiopia by detecting leishmania infections in rodents. | to investigate the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (zvl) by identification of the most probable reservoir hosts using parasite isolation and analysis of a possible transmission dynamics of the disease in extra-domestic agricultural fields and rural villages. | 2017 | 28552113 |