| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 subtype in mute swans in italy. | | 2006 | 16603559 |
| [highly pathogenic influenza a/h5n1 virus-caused epizooty among mute swans (cygnus olor) in the lower estuary of the volga river (november 2005)]. | molecular virological studies of the field material collected in the epicenter of epizooty with high mortality among mute swans (cygnus olor) in the area of the lower estuary of the volga river (november 2005) could establish the etiological role of highly pathogenic influenza a (hpai) virus of the subtype h5n1. ten hpai/h5n1 strains deposited at the state collection of viruses of the russian federation with the priority dated december 1, 2005 were isolated from the cloacal/tracheal swabs and vi ... | 2006 | 16826750 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 in mute swans in the czech republic. | in order to determine the actual prevalence of avian influenza viruses (aiv) in wild birds in the czech republic extensive surveillance was carried out between january and april 2006. a total of 2101 samples representing 61 bird species were examined for the presence of influenza a by using pcr, sequencing and cultivation on chicken embryos. aiv subtype h5n1 was detected in 12 mute swans (cygnus olor). the viruses were determined as hpai (highly pathogenic avian influenza) and the hemagglutinin ... | 2007 | 17113249 |
| pathology of natural infections by h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in mute (cygnus olor) and whooper (cygnus cygnus) swans. | mortality in wild aquatic birds due to infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) is a rare event. during the recent outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in germany, mortality due to h5n1 hpaiv was observed among mute and whooper swans as part of a rapid spread of this virus. in contrast to earlier reports, swans appeared to be highly susceptible and represented the mainly affected species. we report gross and histopathology and distribution of influenza virus anti ... | 2007 | 17317790 |
| pathobiology of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1) infection in mute swans (cygnus olor). | the results of pathological, virological and polymerase chain reaction examinations carried out on 35 mute swans (cygnus olor) that succumbed to a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1) infection during an outbreak in southern hungary are reported. the most frequently observed macroscopic lesions included: haemorrhages under the epicardium, in the proventricular and duodenal mucosa and pancreas; focal necrosis in the pancreas; myocardial degeneration; acute mucous enteritis; congestion o ... | 2007 | 17497339 |
| susceptibility of canada geese (branta canadensis) to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1). | migratory birds have been implicated in the long-range spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) a virus (h5n1) from asia to europe and africa. although sampling of healthy wild birds representing a large number of species has not identified possible carriers of influenza virus (h5n1) into europe, surveillance of dead and sick birds has demonstrated mute (cygnus olor) and whooper (c. cygnus) swans as potential sentinels. because of concerns that migratory birds could spread h5n1 subtype ... | 2007 | 18258030 |
| h5n1 avian influenza re-emergence of lake qinghai: phylogenetic and antigenic analyses of the newly isolated viruses and roles of migratory birds in virus circulation. | highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 virus has swept west across the globe and caused serious debates on the roles of migratory birds in virus circulation since the first large-scale outbreak in migratory birds of lake qinghai, 2005. in may 2006, another outbreak struck lake qinghai and six novel strains were isolated. to elucidate these qh06 viruses, the six isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequencing. phylogenetic analyses show that qh06 viruses are derived from the lineages of lake q ... | 2008 | 18272760 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1) in experimentally infected adult mute swans. | adult, healthy mute swans were experimentally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus a/cygnus cygnus/germany/r65/2006 subtype h5n1. immunologically naive birds died, whereas animals with preexisting, naturally acquired avian influenza virus-specific antibodies became infected asymptomatically and shed virus. adult mute swans are highly susceptible, excrete virus, and can be clinically protected by preexposure immunity. | 2008 | 18680652 |
| the epidemiology of the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza in mute swan (cygnus olor) and other anatidae in the dombes region (france), 2006. | in february 2006, a highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus was isolated from common pochards (aythia ferina) in the dombes region of france, an important migrating and wintering waterfowl area. thereafter, hpai h5n1 virus was isolated from 39 swab pools collected from dead waterfowl found in the dombes, but only from three pooled samples collected outside of this area but located on the same migration flyway. a single turkey farm was infected in the dombes. the epizootic lasted 2 mo ... | 2008 | 18957637 |
| four different sublineages of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 introduced in hungary in 2006-2007. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 viruses were introduced to hungary during 2006-2007 in three separate waves. this study aimed at determining the full-length genomic coding regions of the index strains from these epizootics in order to: (i) understand the phylogenetic relationship to other european h5n1 isolates, (ii) elucidate the possible connection between the different outbreaks and (iii) determine the putative origin and way of introduction of the different virus variants. mole ... | 2009 | 19520524 |
| replication and pathogenesis associated with h5n1, h5n2, and h5n3 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus infection in chickens and ducks. | a comparative study examining replication and disease pathogenesis associated with low-pathogenic h5n1, h5n2, or h5n3 avian influenza virus (aiv) infection of chickens and ducks was performed. the replication and pathogenesis of highly pathogenic aiv (hpaiv) has received substantial attention; however, the behavior of low-pathogenic aivs, which serve as precursors to hpaivs, has received less attention. thus, chickens or ducks were inoculated with an isolate from a wild bird [a/mute swan/mi/4510 ... | 2009 | 19575275 |
| no evidence of transmission of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza to humans after unprotected contact with infected wild swans. | highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) subtype h5n1 remains a public health threat as long as it circulates in wild and domestic birds. information on the transmissibility of h5n1 hpai from wild birds is needed for evidence-based public health advice. we investigated if transmission of h5n1 hpai had taken place in people that had unprotected contact with infected wild mute swans during an incident at the abbotsbury swannery in dorset, england. thirteen people who had been exposed to infected s ... | 2010 | 19765331 |
| geographical spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus h5n1 during the 2006 outbreak in austria. | in spring 2006, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) of subtype h5n1 was detected in austria in 119 dead wild birds. the hemagglutinin cleavage site showed that the amino acid sequence motif was identical to that of the qinghai lineage. for detailed analysis, the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of 27 selected austrian h5n1 viruses originating from different regions and wild bird species were analyzed phylogenetically, which revealed two clearly separated austrian subcl ... | 2010 | 20335251 |
| multiple introduction of asian h5n1 avian influenza virus in croatia by wild birds during 2005-2006 and isolation of the virus from apparently healthy black-headed gulls (larus ridibundus). | this study describes the introduction and spread of avian influenza a (h5n1) subtype in croatia. seventeen isolates were identified during the period from october 2005 to march 2006, all originating from wild birds. the full-length nucleotide sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of seven representative isolates revealed that three distinct genetic strains involved in the outbreaks, implicating at least three independent introductions of the virus into croatia during a relatively shor ... | 2010 | 20370426 |
| variability in pathobiology of south korean h5n1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus infection for 5 species of migratory waterfowl. | the pathobiology of h5n1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) virus infection in wild waterfowl is poorly understood. this study examined the pathobiology of a/chicken/korea/is/06 (h5n1) hpai in 5 migratory waterfowl species--mute swans (cygnus olor), greylag geese (anser anser), ruddy shelducks (tadorna ferruginea), mandarin ducks (aix galericulata), and mallard ducks (anas platyrhynchos)--following intranasal inoculation or contact exposure, from which all birds became infected. in mute s ... | 2010 | 20382820 |
| evaluation of effectiveness and efficiency of wild bird surveillance for avian influenza. | this study aimed to assess which method of wild waterbird surveillance had the greatest probability of detecting highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 during a period of surveillance activity, the cost of each method was also considered. lake constance is a major wintering centre for migratory waterbirds and in 2006 it was the site of an hpai h5n1 epidemic in wild birds. avian influenza surveillance was conducted using harmonised approaches in the three countries around the lake, austria ... | 2010 | 20409452 |
| tissue tropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 in naturally infected mute swans (cygnus olor ), domestic geese (aser anser var. domestica), pekin ducks (anas platyrhynchos) and mulard ducks ( cairina moschata x anas platyrhynchos). | the 2006 epidemic due to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) subtype h5n1 in hungary caused the most severe losses in waterfowl which were, according to the literature at the time, supposed to be the most resistant to this pathogen. the presence of pathological lesions and the amount of viral antigen were quantified by gross pathology, histopathology and immunohistochemistry (ihc) in the organs of four waterfowl species [mute swans (n = 10), domestic geese (n = 6), mulard ducks (n = ... | 2010 | 20514747 |
| overview of incursions of asian h5n1 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus into great britain, 2005-2008. | since 2005 there have been five incursions into great britain of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) viruses of subtype h5n1 related to the ongoing global epizootic. the first incursion occurred in october 2005 in birds held in quarantine after importation from taiwan. two incursions related to wild birds: one involved a single dead whooper swan found in march 2006 in the sea off the east coast of scotland, and the other involved 10 mute swans and a canada goose found dead over the period e ... | 2010 | 20521632 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype h5n1 in mute swans (cygnus olor) in central bosnia. | in order to determine the actual prevalence of avian influenza viruses (aivs) in wild birds in bosnia and herzegovina, extensive surveillance was carried out between october 2005 and april 2006. a total of 394 samples representing 41 bird species were examined for the presence of influenza a virus using virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs, pcr, and nucleotide sequencing. aiv subtype h5n1 was detected in two mute swans (cygnus olor). the isolates were determined to be highly pathogenic av ... | 2010 | 20521684 |
| presence of serum antibodies to influenza a subtypes h5 and n1 in swans and ibises in french wetlands, irrespective of highly pathogenic h5n1 natural infection. | highly pathogenic (hp) avian influenza a viruses (aivs) subtype h5n1 (subclade 2.2) were detected in wild birds during outbreaks in france during winter 2006 and summer 2007 in la dombes wetlands (eastern france) and in moselle wetlands (northeastern france), respectively. blood samples from apparently healthy wild birds were collected in 2006 and 2007 from the end of the outbreak to several weeks after the influenza a outbreak inside and outside the contaminated areas, and in 2008 outside the c ... | 2010 | 20521685 |
| experimental infection of muscovy ducks with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (h5n1) belonging to clade 2.2. | highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 avian influenza (ai) is enzootic in several countries of asia and africa and constitutes a major threat, at the world level, for both animal and public health. ducks play an important role in the epidemiology of ai, including hp h5n1 ai. although vaccination can be a useful tool to control ai, duck vaccination has not proved very efficient in the field, indicating a need to develop new vaccines and a challenge model to evaluate the protection for duck species. althoug ... | 2010 | 20521691 |
| the cold european winter of 2005-2006 assisted the spread and persistence of h5n1 influenza virus in wild birds. | in january 2006, a major cold spell affected europe, coinciding with an increase of h5n1 influenza virus detected in wild birds, mostly dead mute swans, starting along the river danube and the mediterranean coast line. subsequently h5n1 detections in wild birds were concentrated in central and western parts of europe, reaching a peak in mid february. we tested the hypothesis that the geographic distribution of these h5n1 infections was modulated by the long-term wintering line, the 0 °c isotherm ... | 2010 | 20686815 |
| antibody responses to avian influenza viruses in wild birds broaden with age. | for viruses such as avian influenza, immunity within a host population can drive the emergence of new strains by selecting for viruses with novel antigens that avoid immune recognition. the accumulation of acquired immunity with age is hypothesized to affect how influenza viruses emerge and spread in species of different lifespans. despite its importance for understanding the behaviour of avian influenza viruses, little is known about age-related accumulation of immunity in the virus's primary r ... | 2016 | 28003449 |
| the response of mute swans (cygnus olor, gm. 1789) to vaccination against avian influenza with an inactivated h5n2 vaccine. | recent epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) produced an unprecedented number of cases in mute swans (cygnus olor) in european countries, which indicates that these birds are very sensitive to the h5n1 virus. the hpai outbreaks stirred a debate on the controversial stamping-out policy in populations of protected bird species. after preventive vaccination had been approved in the european union, several countries have introduced vaccination schemes to protect poultry, captive wild ... | 2016 | 27770803 |
| impact of age, season, and flowing vs. stagnant water habitat on avian influenza prevalence in mute swan (cygnus olor) in belgium. | due to their probable role in the spread of asian highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus, and in order to explore its implication in the low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) virus epidemiology, mute swans represent one particular wild bird species specifically targeted in the avian influenza (ai) surveillance elaborated in belgium. a total of 640 individual mute swans have been sampled during a 4-yr ai surveillance program (2007-2010) to determine the ai seroprevalence and viroprev ... | 2016 | 27309074 |
| serial passage in ducks of a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus isolated from a chicken reveals a high mutation rate in the hemagglutinin that is likely due to selection in the host. | a comparative study of the ability of three low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) isolates to be transmitted from duck to duck was performed. pekin ducks were inoculated with two lpaiv isolates from chickens (a/ck/pa/13609/93 [h5n2], h5n2-ck; a/ck/tx/167280-4/02 [h5n3], h5n3-ck) and one isolate from a wild bird (a/mute swan/ mi/451072/06 [h5n1], h5n1-wb). during the establishment of the passage model, only two viruses (h5n1, h5n2) were able to be transmitted from duck to duck. transmissio ... | 2015 | 26179620 |
| influenza a virus h5-specific antibodies in mute swans (cygnus olor) in the usa. | the use of serologic assays for influenza a virus (iav) surveillance in wild birds has increased because of the availability of commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas). recently, an h5-specific blocking elisa (belisa) was shown to reliably detect h5-specific antibodies to low- and high-pathogenic h5 viruses in experimentally infected waterfowl. mute swans (cygnus olor) were frequently associated with highly pathogenic h5n1 outbreaks in europe and may have a similar role if highly ... | 2015 | 25647600 |
| avian influenza in poland. | poland has experienced four episodes of avian influenza (ai) outbreaks over the past two decades. the first epidemic was caused by a low pathogenicity (lpaiv) h7n7 subtype and occurred in fattening and breeder turkeys in 1995. two waves of h5n1 high pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) took place in 2006 and 2007. in spring 2006, 64 cases of the h5n1 virus were detected, mostly in mute swans. in december 2007, ten outbreaks of h5n1 hpai were detected in commercial poultry (n = 9) and wild birds ... | 2014 | 25180221 |
| the ecology and age structure of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreak in wild mute swans. | the first uk epizootic of highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1 influenza in wild birds occurred in 2008, in a population of mute swans that had been the subject of ornithological study for decades. here we use an innovative combination of ornithological, phylogenetic and immunological approaches to investigate the ecology and age structure of hp h5n1 in nature. we screened samples from swans and waterbirds using pcr and sequenced hp h5n1-positive samples. the outbreak's origin was investigated by linking ... | 2012 | 22339986 |
| comparative micro-epidemiology of pathogenic avian influenza virus outbreaks in a wild bird population. | understanding the epidemiological dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) in wild birds is crucial for guiding effective surveillance and control measures. the spread of h5 hpaiv has been well characterized over large geographical and temporal scales. however, information about the detailed dynamics and demographics of individual outbreaks in wild birds is rare and important epidemiological parameters remain unknown. we present data from a wild population of long-lived birds ... | 2019 | 31056057 |
| avian influenza, migratory birds and emerging zoonoses: unusual viral rna, enteropathogens and cryptosporidium in poultry litter. | the last decade has witnessed the emergence of several new viral infectious agents, most notably avian influenza h5n1, sars and west nile virus. the emergence of these agents is heavily associated with zonotic animal hosts, as well as migratory pathways of infected bird vectors. the environmental survival and persistence of nucleic acid associated with these viral agents may be important for both the detection as well as the occurrence of related diseases. our hypothesis suggests that nucleic ac ... | 2009 | 32362937 |
| outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n6) virus subclade 2.3.4.4h in swans, xinjiang, western china, 2020. | in january 2020, the subclade 2.3.4.4h of highly pathogenic avian influenza (h5n6) virus infected migratory whooper swans and mute swans in xinjiang, western china. the virus is lethal to chickens and ducks but has low pathogenicity in mice. antigenically, this subclade is similar to the h5n1 vaccine seed virus re-11. | 2020 | 33030424 |
| highly pathogenic and low pathogenic avian influenza h5 subtype viruses in wild birds in ukraine. | there have been three waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in commercial, backyard poultry, and wild birds in ukraine. the first (2005-2006) and second (2008) waves were caused by h5n1 hpai virus, with 45 outbreaks among commercial poultry (chickens) and backyard fowl (chickens, ducks, and geese) in four regions of ukraine (ar crimea, kherson, odesa, and sumy oblast). h5n1 hpai viruses were isolated from dead wild birds: cormorants (phalacrocorax carbo) and great crested g ... | 2019 | 31713401 |
| highly pathogenic and low pathogenic avian influenza h5 subtype viruses in wild birds in ukraine. | there have been three waves of highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) outbreaks in commercial, backyard poultry, and wild birds in ukraine. the first (2005-2006) and second (2008) waves were caused by h5n1 hpai virus, with 45 outbreaks among commercial poultry (chickens) and backyard fowl (chickens, ducks, and geese) in four regions of ukraine (ar crimea, kherson, odesa, and sumy oblast). h5n1 hpai viruses were isolated from dead wild birds: cormorants (phalacrocorax carbo) and great crested g ... | 2019 | 31131580 |
| comparative pathological findings in mute swans (cygnus olor) naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n1 and h5n8 in serbia. | the aim of this study was to compare pathological lesions and viral antigen expression in the organs of mute swans (cygnus olor) naturally infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtypes h5n1 and h5n8. the examination was conducted on the carcasses of 22 mute swans which died during the avian influenza outbreaks in serbia in 2006 and 2016-2017. avian influenza virus subtype h5n8 isolated from mute swans in 2016-2017 was clustered within the 2.3.4.4 clade group b. after necropsy, l ... | 2019 | 30951187 |