| effects of concurrent infections on growth, development, distribution, and infectivity of adult philophthalmus megalurus and philophthalmus gralli. | chickens were infected concurrently with 10 and 20 metacercariae/eye of philophthalmus megalurus and philophthalmus gralli. after 14 and 34 days of growth, the adults were removed and worm lengths, return rates, stage of development, and distribution within the host recorded. in a second experiment, chickens infected on day 1 with 10 metacercariae/eye of p. megalurus were concurrently infected with a similar dose of p. gralli on day 14. at day 34, the worms were removed and evaluated for the sam ... | 1989 | 2918429 |
| a comparison of texan and hawaiian strains of the avian eyefluke, philophthalmus gralli, with a cautionary note on the importation of exotic animals. | philophthalmus gralli (mathis and leger, 1910) was introduced into the san antonio, texas area within the last 25-30 years from an unknown foreign source. strains of p. gralli originally from texas and hawaii were compared for differences in morphology, growth patterns, mating compatibility, and isozyme mobilities. metacercarial cysts of the 2 strains were compared for viability after storage at room temperature. adult stages of the 2 strains were indistinguishable based on sucker ratios, vitell ... | 1985 | 4057005 |
| a comparison of the efficacy of doramectin, closantel and levamisole in the treatment of the 'oriental eye fluke', philophthalmus gralli, in commercially reared ostriches (struthio camelus). | commercially reared ostriches at msengi farm situated in the chinhoyi area of mashonaland west province in zimbabwe were found to be infected with the 'oriental eye fluke', philopthalmus gralli, in 2001. this was the ist record of the fluke in zimbabwe. trials were conducted to identify a suitable drug for the treatment of this fluke. a total of 12 ostriches confirmed to be infected with the fluke through clinical examination of the eyes and identification of the fluke were randomly divided into ... | 2008 | 18846856 |
| studies on the reproductive system of philophthalmus gralli using techniques of transplantation and autoradiography. | adult philophthalmus gralli exposed in vitro to 3h-thymidine for 6 hr showed label on autoradiograms over actively dividing cells in the testes, ovary, and vitellaria. in worms transplanted to chicks, oogonia became primary oocytes within 4 days and these were first found enclosed in newly formed eggs by 12 days. tertiary spermatogonia at the periphery of the testes developed into sperm by 144 hr and were found in the serminal vesicle by 168 hr. vitelline cells required 96 hr to travel from glan ... | 1978 | 682063 |
| philophthalmus gralli: identification, growth characteristics, and treatment of an oriental eyefluke of birds introduced into the continental united states. | | 1978 | 627963 |
| eye trematode infection in small passerines in peru caused by philophthalmus lucipetus, an agent with a zoonotic potential spread by an invasive freshwater snail. | until now, four species of eye trematodes have been found in south america. of them, philophthalmus lucipetus (synonymized with philophthalmus gralli) displays a broad host spectrum, with at least 30 bird species (prevalently large water birds), five mammal species and humans serving as definitive hosts, and with snails fagotia (microcolpia) acicularis, amphimelania holandri, melanopsis praemorsa and melanoides tuberculata serving as intermediate hosts. when examining a total of 50 birds of ten ... | 2013 | 23570701 |
| escape of rediae from miracidia of philophthalmus megalurus and philophthalmus gralli during in vitro culture. | miracidia of the eyeflukes philophthalmus megalurus and philophthalmus gralli contain a preformed larval stage that was identified as a redia by electron microscopy and, on living forms, by the presence of ambulatory buds and an oral opening. this redial stage escaped and actively moved about when the miracidium stopped swimming in pond water. no redial escape was observed in nacl solutions even though miracidia became immobile, but escape was noted in hanks' balanced salt solution (hbss) after ... | 1990 | 2213416 |
| development, growth, and migration of philophthalmus gralli (trematoda) from jordan in the eyes of chicks. | the growth of philophthalmus gralli from jordan was studied experimentally by inoculating 10 excysted metacercariae around the right eye of 47 day-old chicks. the growth rate was slow in the first three days during which flukes did not exceed 0.30 mm long. then growth became rapid reaching 2.70 mm long on day 24. this was followed by a low growth rate during which the flukes grew from 2.70 mm to 2.90 mm on day 40. the flukes started to appear in the left eye on day 12 post-inoculation of metacer ... | 1987 | 3611710 |
| the effects of gossypol on spermatogenesis and development of the eyefluke, philophthalmus gralli, and its chicken host. | to determine the effects of gossypol, a male antifertility drug, on the eyefluke, p. gralli, this chemical was administered orally to chickens in long-term and short-term regimens. gossypol acetic acid (gaa), fed to juvenile chickens from 1 to 35 days, caused a decreased weight gain when compared to controls on untreated feed. an feso4 supplement to the gaa-fed chickens provided partial protection from the toxic effects of gaa. worms from gaa-fed chickens were significantly larger than controls, ... | 1987 | 3625427 |
| the formation, structure, and histochemistry of the metacercarial cyst of philophthalmus gralli mathis and léger. | | 2014 | 4244390 |
| melanoides tuberculata as intermediate host of philophthalmus gralli in brazil. | melanoides tuberculata that naturally harbored trematode larvae were collected at the pampulha dam, belo horizonte (minas gerais, brazil), during malacological surveys conducted from 2006 to 2010. from 7,164 specimens of m. tuberculata collected, 25 (0.35%) were infected by cercariae, which have been morphologically characterized as belonging to the megalurous group, genus philophthalmus. excysted metacercariae were used for successful experimental infection of gallus gallus domesticus, and adul ... | 2010 | 21225216 |
| ocurrence of philophthalmus gralli (trematoda: philophthalmidae) in farmed ostriches in brazil. | this paper reports the occurrence of parasitism by the oriental eye-fluke, philophthalmus gralli in ostriches reared in a commercial flock from the state of minas gerais state, southeastern brazil. the two affected birds presented lacrimation, inflammatory reaction and loss of body condition. after physical examination the birds revealed, 17 and 15 trematodes each, only in the right eyes. the economic impact of this parasite on brazilian ostrich industry is still undetermined, requiring further ... | 2009 | 19184508 |
| philophthalmus aweerensis n. sp. (trematoda: philophthalmidae) found in a rhea (rhea americana) in the united arab emirates. | philophthalmus aweerensis, a new eye fluke species, was discovered in the conjunctival cavities of a rhea in the uae. this fluke was described and differentiated from other eye flukes that had been found in birds in the middle east such as philophthalmus palpebrarum, philophthalmus nocturnus, philophthalmus gralli, philophthalmus lucipetus, philophthalmus distomatosa, and philophthalmus hegeneri. the new species lacks spination and is characterized by a long cirrus pouch extending behind the cau ... | 2011 | 21472402 |
| the effects of crowding on adults of philophthalmus gralli (trematoda) grown in chickens. | chickens were infected with six, 10, 30, 50, or 100 metacercariae of philophthalmus gralli per eye and the adults were harvested 9, 14, 21, 35, and 50 days later. the worms recovered were measured and assessed for maturity. significantly more adults from infections of six and 10 metacercariae per eye were recovered than from infections of 100 per eye. when metacercariae were placed in one eye, over one-fourth of the resulting adults were found in the opposite eye. worms recovered from groups of ... | 1983 | 6681840 |
| experimental life cycle of philophthalmus gralli (trematoda: philophthalmidae) in venezuela. | descriptions of the miracidium, mother redia, daughter redia, grandaughter redia, cercaria, metacercaria and adult stages of philophthalmus gralli mathis and leger, 1910 recovered from experimental infections are presented. the intermediate host, melanoides tuberculata, was collected from freshwater rivulets in aguasanta and yaguracual, sucre state, venezuela. chicken were orally infected with cercariae and metacercariae, and metacercariae were introduced directly into the eyes by pipette. both ... | 2002 | 12298291 |
| life cycle and identification of an eyefluke from israel transmitted by melanoides tuberculata (müller, 1774). | a philophthalmid species from israel using the freshwater snail melanoides tuberculata as intermediate host was studied. the biological and morphological characteristics of all developmental stages of the life cycle of this philophthalmid were described, and compared to those of philophthalmus lucipetus rudolphi, 1819 from israel, philophthalmus gralli mathis and leger, 1910 from jordan, philophthalmus palpebrarum looss, 1899, philophthalmus nocturnus looss, 1907, cercaria distomatosa looss 1896 ... | 2000 | 10958455 |
| first report of a field outbreak of the oriental eye-fluke, philophthalmus gralli (mathis & leger 1910), in commercially reared ostriches (struthio camelus) in zimbabwe. | a total of 17 commercially reared ostriches (struthio camelus) from msengi farm, chinhoyi, zimbabwe, observed with swollen eyes, severe conjunctivitis and constant lacrimation accompanied by a purulent exudate, were restrained for further clinical examination. some of the birds were semi-blind with severe loss of body condition. when examined, tiny organisms were observed attached to the nictitating membranes and the conjuctival sacs of both eyes. the organisms were identified as philophthalmus ... | 2005 | 16300188 |
| philophthalmus gralli: chemosensitivity of miracidia. | the responses of philophthalmus gralli miracidia to various chemicals stimulative to other miracidial species were tested by contact and return (cr) to agar blocks containing chemicals and aggregation near a point inoculum in phi-chambers. of a series of amino acids, glutamic and aspartic acid elicited the greatest responses in both tests, which were similar to that observed with snail-conditioned water. sialic, acetic, hydrochloric, and sulfuric acids gave high percent cr at all concentrations ... | 1981 | 7264838 |
| chemosensitivity of philophthalmus megalurus (trematoda) miracidia. | miracidia of the eyefluke philophthalmus megalurus were tested in phi-chambers to determine if they reacted similarly to chemicals found stimulative for miracidia of philophthalmus gralli, a closely related species. philophthalmus megalurus miracidia were less responsive than p. gralli to the dicarboxylic amino acids and showed a significantly positive response only to 10 mm glutamic acid. these p. megalurus miracidia were chemonegative to 10 mm hcl and h2so4, chemicals to which p. gralli miraci ... | 1990 | 2352075 |
| a comparative study of the regenerative processes in a trematode, philophthalmus gralli, and a planarian, dugesia dorotocephala. | adults of philophthalmus gralli, an eyefluke of birds, were laterally amputated mid-way between the anterior testis and the ventral sucker. worms were sampled at various short time intervals (30 min-6 h) after in vitro culture and long time intervals (1-8 days) after transplantation back to the host. specimens were fixed for scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy and compared to the planarian, dugesia dorotocephala, which was laterally transected in the pharyngeal region and maintaine ... | 1991 | 1917284 |
| a comparison of the surface features of philophthalmus megalurus and philophthalmus gralli rediae by scanning electron microscopy. | general features observed on the surface of philophthalmus megalurus and philophthalmus gralli rediae include 2 rounded ambulatory buds, a tapered tail, a slitlike birth pore, and an oral opening surrounded by uniciliate sensory receptors. the tegument is folded in a ribbed pattern and is covered with small microvilli. the sensory receptors are concentrated on the lip of the oral opening but are less dense inside the buccal cavity. both the birth pore and the buccal cavity are lined with a honey ... | 1992 | 1556652 |
| pathology and first report of natural eye infection with the trematode philophthalmus gralli (digenea, philophthalmidae) in tinamus major (tinamiformes, tinamidae), costa rica. | the eye-fluke philophthalmus gralli (philophthalmidae looss, 1899) was found in six birds known as great tinamous (tinamus major) reared in a wild animal shelter located in alajuela, costa rica. the birds presented conjunctival hyperemia, blepharitis, anorexia and weakness. some of them suffered from unilateral blindness and ocular loss. after morphometric analysis, the specimens showed characteristics compatible with the digenean trematode p. gralli. the clinical signs of infection were resolve ... | 2013 | 23993998 |
| focal philophthalmus gralli infection possibly persists in melanoides tuberculata over two years following the definitive hosts' removal. | philophthalmosis is a zoonotic disease associated largely with the spread of the invasive freshwater snail melanoides tuberculata, serving as an intermediate host. here we examined philophthalmus gralli focal fenced infection site reported recently as being associated with tinamus major and m. tuberculata in alajuela, costa rica. removal of the definitive hosts allowed us to address also the long-term survival strategy of the parasite. initially, the snail intermediate hosts displayed high preva ... | 2014 | 25102356 |
| outbreak of philophthalmus gralli in four greater rheas (rhea americana). | using slit-lamp biomicroscopy, conjunctival biopsy, and morphological identification, a flock of four greater rheas (rhea americana) in arizona were diagnosed with conjunctivitis secondary to philophthalmus gralli (p. gralli) infection. aquatic snails from the exhibit's water source were identified as melanoides tuberculatus, a known vector for p. gralli. comparison of partial sequences of dna regions from p. gralli adults removed from the rheas and metacercariae from the aquatic snails demonstr ... | 2013 | 22429741 |
| life cycle and developmental stages of philophthalmus gralli in the intermediate and final hosts. | | 1962 | 13860427 |
| thermal activation and inactivation of philophthalmus gralli metacercariae. | | 1967 | 6017230 |
| the responses of philophthalmus gralli and p. megalurus miracidia to light, gravity and magnetic fields. | | 1985 | 4066149 |