| concentrations of a koi herpesvirus (khv) in tissues of experimentally infected cyprinus carpio koi as assessed by real-time taqman pcr. | the koi herpesvirus (khv) is a herpes-like virus now recognized as a worldwide cause of mortality among populations of koi cyprinus carpio koi and common carp cyprinus carpio carpio. temperature is a key factor influencing virus replication both in cell culture and in the tissues of experimentally infected fish. genomic dna sequences were used to optimize a rapid real-time taqman pcr assay to detect and quantify khv dna as found in the tissues of virus-exposed fish. the assay allowed analytical ... | 2004 | 15521316 |
| koi herpesvirus represents a third cyprinid herpesvirus (cyhv-3) in the family herpesviridae. | the sequences of four complete genes were analysed in order to determine the relatedness of koi herpesvirus (khv) to three fish viruses in the family herpesviridae: carp pox herpesvirus (cyprinid herpesvirus 1, cyhv-1), haematopoietic necrosis herpesvirus of goldfish (cyprinid herpesvirus 2, cyhv-2) and channel catfish virus (ictalurid herpesvirus 1, ichv-1). the genes were predicted to encode a helicase, an intercapsomeric triplex protein, the dna polymerase and the major capsid protein. the re ... | 2005 | 15914843 |
| detection of carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus in fish droppings. | carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus (cngv) is an unclassified large dna virus that morphologically resembles members of the herpesviridae but contains a large (ca. approximately 280-kbp) linear double-stranded dna. this virus has also been named koi herpesvirus, koi herpes-like virus, and cyprinid herpesvirus 3. cngv is the cause of a lethal disease that afflicts common carp and koi. by using immunohistochemistry, molecular analysis, and electron microscopy we previously demonstr ... | 2005 | 16269770 |
| detection of the herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease agent (cyprinid herpesvirus 2) in moribund and healthy goldfish: validation of a quantitative pcr diagnostic method. | cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is a pathogen of goldfish carassius auratus auratus l. that causes herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) disease. the disease is associated with necrosis of hematopoietic tissues and anemia with high mortality. we have developed a real time 5'-nuclease pcr method (taqman) that quantitatively detects cyhv-2 with a linear response over 8 logs of target concentration. the coefficient of variability on replicate samples tested on different days was 13% and the cal ... | 2006 | 16724557 |
| persistence of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in infected cultured carp cells. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), previously designated carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus or koi herpesvirus, is the cause of a worldwide mortal disease of koi and carp. morphologically, the virus resembles herpesviruses, yet it bears a genome of 277 to 295 kbp, which is divergent from most of the genomic sequences available in genbank. the disease afflicts fish in the transient seasons, when the water temperature is 18 to 28 degrees c, conditions which permit virus propagation ... | 2007 | 17301126 |
| susceptibility of cyprinid cultured cells to cyprinid herpesvirus 3. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 is a highly contagious and lethal virus that affects ornamental koi and common carp worldwide. however, it is not yet known whether other cyprinids are infected and/or harbor the virus. here, we report that cultured cells derived from common carp, koi, silver carp and goldfish allow cyhv-3 propagation, while cyprinid cells derived from fathead minnow and non-cyprinid cells derived from the channel catfish ovary are resistant to cyhv-3 infection. interestingly, the epitheli ... | 2007 | 17497237 |
| isolation of a cyprinid herpesvirus 2 from goldfish, carassius auratus (l.), in the uk. | haematopoietic necrosis virus [cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2)] was isolated during disease outbreaks in goldfish, carassius auratus, at an ornamental fish retail site in southern england in 2004. signs of disease included lethargy and inappetence and were first seen after water temperatures increased from 14-15 to 19-21 degrees c. external gross pathology included pale patches on the gills and skin and internally the spleen was enlarged, often with distinctive white nodules. the most prominent ... | 2007 | 17958608 |
| morphogenesis of koi herpesvirus observed by electron microscopy. | koi herpesvirus (khv or cyprinid herpesvirus 3) was inoculated onto three fish cell lines derived from carp, cyprinus carpio l., and the process of virion formation observed with electron microscopy. essentially, similar features of virus particles were observed in all three cell lines. the nucleus of infected cells was characterized by margination of chromatin and often contained many capsids of about 110 nm in diameter with varying morphology. the morphological variation of the capsids was ver ... | 2007 | 18034678 |
| detection of cyprinid herpesvirus type 3 in goldfish cohabiting with cyhv-3-infected koi carp (cyprinus carpio koi). | | 2007 | 18065817 |
| detection of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) dna in infected fish tissues by nested polymerase chain reaction. | diagnostic tests with high analytical sensitivity are required to detect cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) in carriers that have been implicated in the dissemination of this important disease of koi and common carp cyprinus carpio. a nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) test was developed to detect cyhv-3 dna in tissues of infected fish. the 2-round pcr amplified 529 and 379 bp segments of the cyhv-3 gene coding for the major capsid protein using specific external and internal primers, respectiv ... | 2007 | 18159669 |
| antibody response and resistance of cyprinus carpio immunized with cyprinid herpes virus 3 (cyhv-3). | cyhv-3 (cyprinid herpesvirus-3) is a large dna virus that causes a fatal disease in koi and common carp. infection with wild type or attenuated virus induces an immune response that renders the fish resistant to further virus challenges. the kinetics and affinity of the antibody response in immune fish depend on the temperature of the water. virus-inoculated fish produce anti-cyhv-3 antibodies, which gradually decrease during 280 days post infection to a level slightly above that of naïve fish. ... | 2008 | 18534721 |
| detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 dna in river water during and after an outbreak. | the disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) brings catastrophic damages to cultivated carp and koi and to natural carp populations; however, the dynamics of the virus in environmental waters are unclear. in july 2007, cyhv-3 dna was detected in a dead common carp collected from the yura river in kyoto prefecture, japan, and this was followed by mass mortality. we collected water samples at eight sites along the yura river for 3 months immediately after confirmation of the disease outbr ... | 2009 | 19013729 |
| the order herpesvirales. | the taxonomy of herpesviruses has been updated by the international committee on taxonomy of viruses (ictv). the former family herpesviridae has been split into three families, which have been incorporated into the new order herpesvirales. the revised family herpesviridae retains the mammal, bird and reptile viruses, the new family alloherpesviridae incorporates the fish and frog viruses, and the new family malacoherpesviridae contains a bivalve virus. three new genera have been created in the f ... | 2009 | 19066710 |
| the major portal of entry of koi herpesvirus in cyprinus carpio is the skin. | koi herpesvirus (khv), recently designated cyprinid herpesvirus 3, is the causative agent of a lethal disease in koi and common carp. in the present study, we investigated the portal of entry of khv in carp by using bioluminescence imaging. taking advantage of the recent cloning of the khv genome as a bacterial artificial chromosome (bac), we produced a recombinant plasmid encoding a firefly luciferase (luc) expression cassette inserted in the intergenic region between open reading frame (orf) 1 ... | 2009 | 19153228 |
| herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis virus (cyhv-2) infection: case studies from commercial goldfish farms. | herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis is a disease of goldfish, carassius auratus, caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (cyhv-2) infection. quantitative pcr was carried out on tissue homogenates from healthy goldfish fingerlings, broodfish, eggs and fry directly sampled from commercial farms, from moribund fish submitted to our laboratory for disease diagnosis, and on naturally-infected cyhv-2 carriers subjected to experimental stress treatments. healthy fish from 14 of 18 farms were positive with cop ... | 2009 | 19309419 |
| resistance of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) to cyprinid herpesvirus-3 is influenced by major histocompatibility (mh) class ii b gene polymorphism. | the role of mh class ii b (cyca-dab1-like) genes in resistance of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) to cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (khv) was analysed. the material consisted of 934 fish from six carp crosses. fish were challenged with cyhv-3 at an age of 7 and 10 months. during challenge experiments the peak of mortality caused by cyhv-3 was observed at days 8-12 p.i. and the overall cumulative mortality reached 79.9%. among six cyca-dab1-like genotypes, reveale ... | 2009 | 19328856 |
| differentiation between cyprinid herpesvirus type-3 lineages using duplex pcr. | to date, all the isolates of cyprinid herpesvirus type-3 (cyhv3) responsible for serious outbreaks in carps cyprinus carpio have been found to be very similar or identical on the basis of dna sequences of a few reference genes. however, two genetic lineages (u/i and j) are distinguished by full-length genome sequencing. two molecular markers presenting genetic variations were targeted for developing a duplex pcr assay able to distinguish cyhv3-u/i from cyhv3-j while avoiding dna sequencing. the ... | 2009 | 19428569 |
| development of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in goldfish. | cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv2) has been associated with epidemic mortality among cultured populations of goldfish carassius auratus. as the principal target tissues are hematopoietic cells in the kidney and spleen, the disease is designated herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis (hvhn). originally described from japan, the virus is present in at least five other countries and probably has a global distribution in goldfish. preventing the further spread of the virus via control programs that exploit ... | 2009 | 19485127 |
| distribution of the introduced cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in a wild population of common carp, cyprinus carpio l. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), which causes a lethal disease in common carp, cyprinus carpio l., and koi, c. carpio koi, first occurred in lake biwa, japan in 2004. to elucidate distribution of cyhv-3 in a wild common carp population, we conducted a pcr survey of cyhv-3 among such fish in lake biwa in 2006. only 6% (1/18) of the common carp smaller than 300 mm were positive with pcr, whereas 31% (18/58) of fish larger than 300 mm were positive. to evaluate their past exposure to cyhv-3 infecti ... | 2009 | 19500210 |
| the genome of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 encodes 40 proteins incorporated in mature virions. | koi herpesvirus, also known as cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), is the aetiological agent of an emerging and mortal disease in common and koi carp. cyhv-3 virions present the characteristic morphology of other members of the order herpesvirales, being composed of an envelope, a capsid containing the genome and a tegument. this study identified cyhv-3 structural proteins and the corresponding encoding genes using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches. in additi ... | 2010 | 19846671 |
| quantification of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in environmental water by using an external standard virus. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), a lethal dna virus that spreads in natural lakes and rivers, infects common carp and koi. we established a quantification method for cyhv-3 that includes a viral concentration method and quantitative pcr combined with an external standard virus. viral concentration methods were compared using the cation-coated filter and ultrafiltration methods. the recovery of virus-like particles was similar for the two methods (cation-coated filter method, 44%+/-19%, n=3; ultr ... | 2010 | 19915032 |
| snp discovery and development of genetic markers for mapping innate immune response genes in common carp (cyprinus carpio). | single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in immune response genes have been reported as markers for susceptibility to infectious diseases in human and livestock. a disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is highly contagious and virulent in common carp (cyprinus carpio). with the aim to develop molecular tools for breeding cyhv-3-resistant carp, we have amplified and sequenced 11 candidate genes for viral disease resistance including tlr2, tlr3, tlr4ba, tlr7, tlr9, tlr21, tlr22, myd88, t ... | 2010 | 20420915 |
| detection of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 dna in lake plankton. | the disease caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) severely impacts the natural freshwater ecosystem and damages carp and koi farming, however, the pathway of cyhv-3 transmission remains unclear. it is possible that the virus adheres to plankton, which then facilitate viral movement and transmission, and therefore, it is hypothesised that plankton are involved in the disease dynamics. in this study, plankton were collected at eight sites in the iba-naiko lagoon; we detected and quantified cyh ... | 2011 | 20692005 |
| transmission of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) from goldfish to naïve common carp by cohabitation. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) has spread worldwide and has had a major impact on koi and common carp production. previous studies on the host range of the cyhv-3 found that fish species other than koi and common carp are fully resistant to natural virus exposure. recently, cyhv-3 was detected in goldfish (carassius auratus auratus) that were in contact with cyhv-3 infected koi. in the present study, a specific rt-pcr product was amplified from the viral thymidine kinase gene in gills, intestin ... | 2011 | 20723951 |
| transmission dynamics of an emerging infectious disease in wildlife through host reproductive cycles. | emerging infectious diseases are major threats to wildlife populations. to enhance our understanding of the dynamics of these diseases, we investigated how host reproductive behavior and seasonal temperature variation drive transmission of infections among wild hosts, using the model system of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) disease in common carp. our main findings were as follows: (1) a seroprevalence survey showed that cyhv-3 infection occurred mostly in adult hosts, (2) a quantitative assay ... | 2011 | 20740025 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3. | the recently designated cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is an emerging agent that causes fatal disease in common and koi carp. since its emergence in the late 1990s, this highly contagious pathogen has caused severe financial losses in common and koi carp culture industries worldwide. in addition to its economic role, recent studies suggest that cyhv-3 may have a role in fundamental research. cyhv-3 has the largest genome among viruses in the order herpesvirales and serves as a model for mutagen ... | 2010 | 21122210 |
| investigation of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 genetic diversity by a multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3), or koi herpesvirus (khv), is responsible for high mortalities in aquaculture of both common carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi carp (cyprinus carpio koi) worldwide. the complete genomes of three cyhv-3 isolates showed more than 99% of dna sequence identity, with the majority of differences located in short tandem repeats, also called vntr (variable number of tandem repeats). by targeting these variations, eight loci were selected for genotyping cyhv-3 by multi ... | 2011 | 21392536 |
| skin mucus of cyprinus carpio inhibits cyprinid herpesvirus 3 binding to epidermal cells. | abstract: cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the aetiological agent of a mortal and highly contagious disease in common and koi carp. the skin is the major portal of entry of cyhv-3 in carp after immersion in water containing the virus. in the present study, we used in vivo bioluminescence imaging to investigate the effect of skin mucus removal and skin epidermis lesion on cyhv-3 entry. physical treatments inducing removal of the mucus up to complete erosion of the epidermis were applied on a de ... | 2011 | 21816061 |
| nationwide cyprinid herpesvirus 3 contamination in natural rivers of japan. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) disease is a significant threat for common and koi carp cultivators and for freshwater ecosystems. to determine the prevalence of cyhv-3 in japanese rivers, a nationwide survey of all national class-a rivers was undertaken in the summer of 2008. the virus was concentrated from river water samples using the cation-coated filter method. cyhv-3 dna was detected in 90 rivers, representing 90% of 103 successfully analysed rivers. more than 100,000 copies of cyhv-3 dna ... | 2011 | 21723573 |
| characterization of a new cell line from caudal fin of koi, cyprinus carpio koi, and first isolation of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in china. | a new continuous cell line (kcf-1) from caudal fin of koi, cyprinus carpio koi, was developed and sub-cultured more than 100 passages since the present study was initiated in march 2006. kcf-1 predominantly consisted of short fibroblast-like cells and grew well in dulbecco's modified eagle medium (dmem) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (fbs). chromosome analysis revealed that 56% of the kcf-1 cells maintained normal diploid chromosome number (2n=100) at passage 82. using the kcf-1 cell l ... | 2011 | 21839788 |
| reservoirs of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) dna in sediments of natural lakes and ponds. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is a lethal dna virus that infects common carp and koi. it has caused outbreak of the disease within both aquaculture and natural environmental ecosystems. however, there is not enough understanding of the distribution of cyhv-3 in the natural environments, partly because there is no suitable quantification method. in this study, we tested cyhv-3 extraction methods from sediment and then compared its abundance between sediment and water using real-time pcr. sedime ... | 2011 | 21983526 |
| The alloherpesviral counterparts of interleukin 10 in European eel and common carp. | Viral interleukin 10 (IL-10) like open reading frames have been identified in several pox- and herpesviruses, including the fish herpesviruses Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) and Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3). European eel (Anguilla anguilla) IL-10 was sequenced, in order to compare European eel and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) IL-10 with their alloherpesviral counterparts. Homology between the virus and host IL-10 amino acid sequences is low, which is confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Ho ... | 2011 | 21907290 |
| gene expression analysis of common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) lines during cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection yields insights into differential immune responses. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (khv), is the etiological agent of a virulent and lethal disease in common and koi carp. this study aimed to determine the genetic basis underlying the common carp immune response to the cyhv-3 virus. two common carp lines (r3 and k) were infected with cyhv-3 by immersion. the r3 line presented a 20% higher survival rate compared to the k line and significantly lower viral loads as measured at day 3 post infection (p.i.). microarray ... | 2011 | 22212509 |
| comparative genomics of carp herpesviruses. | three alloherpesviruses are known to cause disease in cyprinid fish: cyprinid herpesviruses 1 and 3 (cyhv1 and cyhv3) in common carp and koi and cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv2) in goldfish. we have determined the genome sequences of cyhv1 and cyhv2 and compared them with the published cyhv3 sequence. the cyhv1 and cyhv2 genomes are 291,144 and 290,304 bp, respectively, in size, and thus the cyhv3 genome, at 295,146 bp, remains the largest recorded among the herpesviruses. each of the three genome ... | 2012 | 23269803 |
| the il-10 homologue encoded by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 is essential neither for viral replication in vitro nor for virulence in vivo. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), a member of the family alloherpesviridae, is the causative agent of a lethal disease in common and koi carp. cyhv-3 orf134 encodes an interleukin-10 (il-10) homologue. the present study was devoted to this orf. transcriptomic analyses revealed that orf134 is expressed as a spliced gene belonging to the early-late class. proteomic analyses of cyhv-3 infected cell supernatant demonstrated that the orf134 expression product is one of the most abundant proteins of th ... | 2013 | 23865540 |
| detection of goldfish haematopoietic necrosis herpes virus (cyprinid herpesvirus-2) with multi-drug resistant aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish: first evidence of any viral disease outbreak in ornamental freshwater aquaculture farms in india. | this outbreak report details of a mortality event where cyprinid herpes virus-2 (cyhv-2) was detected in association with multidrug-resistant aeromonas hydrophila infection in goldfish, carassius auratus, from commercial farms. the goldfish exhibited large scale haemorrhages on the body, fins and gills, lepidorthosis, necrosed gills, protruded anus and shrunken eyes. white nodular necrotic foci in spleen and kidneys were noticed, along with necrosis and fusion of gill lamellae. transmission elec ... | 2016 | 27172876 |
| characterization of myeloid-specific peroxidase, keratin 8, and dual specificity phosphatase 1 as innate immune genes involved in the resistance of crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection. | myeloid-specific peroxidase (mpo), keratin 8 (krt-8), and dual specificity phosphatase 1 (dusp-1) are believed to play essential roles in innate immunity. through suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) analysis, we previously identified mpo, krt-8, and dusp-1 as the three genes that were the most significantly upregulated in crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) that survived cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) infection. here, we have further characterized these three genes and their respon ... | 2014 | 25312688 |
| different expression profiles of interleukin 11 (il-11), intelectin (itln) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase 5a (pnp 5a) in crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) in response to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 and aeromonas hydrophila. | interleukin 11 (il-11), intelectin (itln) and purine nucleoside phosphorylase 5a (pnp5a) play important roles in innate immunity. in a previous study to identify differentially expressed immune-related genes, suppression subtractive hybridization (ssh) assay was used to characterize differentially expressed genes in crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) infected with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) in which il-11, itln and pnp5a were identified to be the three most significantly up-regulated ... | 2014 | 24636855 |
| detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in association with an aeromonas sobria infection of carassius carassius (l.), in italy. | sixteen specimens of female crucian carp, carassius carassius (l.), during the breeding season, were investigated for post-mortem and full diagnostic examination during a mortality outbreak in a tributary stream of the arno river in tuscany in 2011. necropsy highlighted the presence of a swollen anus and widespread haemorrhages in the body, fins, gills and eyes. haemorrhages in internal organs and spleen granulomas were also observed. bacteria isolated from the brain, kidney and spleen of affect ... | 2013 | 23488630 |
| companion animals as a source of viruses for human beings and food production animals. | companion animals comprise a wide variety of species, including dogs, cats, horses, ferrets, guinea pigs, reptiles, birds and ornamental fish, as well as food production animal species, such as domestic pigs, kept as companion animals. despite their prominent place in human society, little is known about the role of companion animals as sources of viruses for people and food production animals. therefore, we reviewed the literature for accounts of infections of companion animals by zoonotic viru ... | 2016 | 27522300 |
| development of a pcr assay to detect cyprinid herpesvirus 1 in koi and common carp. | cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (cyhv1) infects all scaled and color varieties of common carp cyprinus carpio, including koi. while it is most often associated with unsightly growths known as 'carp pox,' the underlying lesion (epidermal hyperplasia) can arise from a variety of disease processes. cyhv1-induced epidermal hyperplasia may occur transiently in response to water temperature, and thus histopathology cannot be used in isolation to assess cyhv1 infection status. to address this problem, here we d ... | 2017 | 28177290 |
| new detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in mass mortality event of carassius carassius (l.), in italy. | | 2016 | 27307189 |
| hematological and histological changes in prussian carp carassius gibelio infected with cyprinid herpesvirus 2. | outbreaks of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) disease, also known as herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis, among cultured prussian carp carassius gibelio has occurred each year in jiangsu province, china, since 2009. in autumn 2014, hematological, blood biochemical, and histological changes in naturally infected moribund prussian carp were investigated after cyhv-2 was confirmed as the sole etiologic agent by etiological analyses. total erythrocyte count, total leukocyte count, hemoglobin concentra ... | 2016 | 27484729 |
| susceptibility of isogeneic ginbuna carassius auratus langsdorfii temminck et schlegel to cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (cyhv-2) as a model species. | herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn), caused by cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (cyhv-2), has affected the commercial production of the goldfish carassius auratus and gibelio carp carassius auratus gibelio. high water temperature treatments are reported to reduce the mortality rate of infected goldfish and elicit immunity in the survivors. to define the mechanism by which this intervention induces resistance, clonal ginbuna carassius auratus langsdorfii, which is closely related to both species and ... | 2017 | 27150547 |
| identification and characterization of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) encoded micrornas. | micrornas (mirnas) are a class of small non-coding rnas involved in post-transcriptional gene regulation. some viruses encode their own mirnas and these are increasingly being recognized as important modulators of viral and host gene expression. cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is a highly pathogenic agent that causes acute mass mortalities in carp (cyprinus carpio carpio) and koi (cyprinus carpio koi) worldwide. here, bioinformatic analyses of the cyhv-3 genome suggested the presence of non-cons ... | 2015 | 25928140 |
| establishment of a novel and highly permissive cell line for the efficient replication of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2). | haematopoietic necrosis of gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio) is caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) and has caused huge economic losses in aquaculture worldwide. currently the isolation and propagation of cyhv-2 in vitro is very difficult due to the lack of permissive cell lines. studies on the pathogenesis of cyhv-2 have been hampered because the virus has not been extensively characterized. in this study, a novel cell line from the brain of gibel carp, denoted gicb, has been establi ... | 2015 | 25912023 |
| molecular characterisation and prevalence of a new genotype of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in mainland china. | cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2, species cyprinid herpesvirus 2) has been confirmed as a causative agent of the acute haematopoietic necrosis disease outbreak in farmed goldfish (carassius auratus l.) and gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio bloch). in this study, we present the genomic characteristics of a variant cyhv-2 strain (sy-c1) isolated from farmed gibel carp in mainland china and its comparative genomics analysis with the cyhv-2 reference strain st-j1. overall, the full-length genome o ... | 2015 | 25900131 |
| identification and rapid diagnosis of the pathogen responsible for haemorrhagic disease of the gill of allogynogenetic crucian carp. | in recent years, an epizootic causing severe mortality among allogynogenetic crucian carp (acc), designated as haemorrhagic disease of acc gill, occurred in yancheng city of jiangsu province of china. obvious haemorrhage in the gills of moribund fish and a mortality rate of 100% were observed when accs were artificially infected with liver homogenate from diseased fish. a herpes-like virus, with enveloped virions ranged from 170 to 220 nm in diameter, could be observed in the tissues of challeng ... | 2015 | 25839411 |
| molecular detection of a putatively novel cyprinid herpesvirus in sichel (pelecus cultratus) during a mass mortality event in hungary. | in the early summer of 2014, mass mortality of sichel (pelecus cultratus) was observed in lake balaton, hungary. histological examination revealed degenerative changes within the tubular epithelium, mainly in the distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidneys and multifocal vacuolisation in the brain stem and cerebellum. routine molecular investigations showed the presence of the dna of an unknown alloherpesvirus in some specimens. subsequently, three genes of the putative herpesviral genome ... | 2015 | 25643818 |
| detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in peripheral blood cells of silver crucian carp, carassius auratus gibelio (bloch), suggests its potential in viral diagnosis. | epidemics caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) in domestic cyprinid species have been reported in both european and asian countries. although the mechanisms remain unknown, acute cyhv-2 infections generally result in high mortality, and the surviving carps become chronic carriers displaying no external clinical signs. in this study, in situ hybridization analysis showed that cyhv-2 tended to infect peripheral blood cells during either acute or chronic infections in silver crucian carp, cara ... | 2016 | 25630360 |
| effect of booster shot and investigation of vaccination efficacy period against herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) in goldfish carassius auratus. | in this study, the efficacy period of an intraperitoneal vaccination and effect of a booster shot of vaccine against herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) in goldfish carassius auratus were investigated. cell culture supernatant of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2), causative agent of hvhn, propagated in goldfish fin (gff) cells was inactivated with formalin (0.1%, v/v) for 2 days at 4 °c. three groups of the variety ryukin were individually intraperitoneally injected with the vaccine and eac ... | 2015 | 25434995 |
| histopathological characterization and fluorescence in situ hybridization of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in cultured prussian carp, carassius auratus gibelio in china. | cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is an emerging pathogen in the commercially exploited fish, prussian carp (carassius auratus gibelio), which has caused huge economic loss in china and appears to be spreading worldwide. in this article, cyhv-2 infection of prussian carp was confirmed for the first time by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), which gave positive results from the tissue samples dissected from moribund fish including kidney, spleen, liver, and gill. histological examination showed syste ... | 2014 | 24877901 |
| comparative analysis of differential gene expression in kidney tissues of moribund and surviving crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) in response to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection. | cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) has recently been associated with high mortality of cultured crucian carp (carassius auratus gibelio) in eastern china. in this study, we established a real-time pcr method to confirm viral infection of crucian carp and to quantify cyhv-2 particles obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation from diseased fish. virus-free crucian carp were artificially infected with cyhv-2 using an injection method, which resulted in a dose-dependent death rate. in situ hybridizat ... | 2014 | 24585042 |
| coordinated and sequential transcription of the cyprinid herpesvirus-3 annotated genes. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) is the cause of a fatal disease in carp and koi fish. the disease is seasonal and appears when water temperatures range from 18 to 28°c. cyhv-3 is a member of the alloherpesviridae, a family in the herpesvirales order that encompasses mammalian, avian and reptilian viruses. cyhv-3 is a large double-stranded dna (dsdna) herpesvirus with a genome of approximately 295kbp, divergent from other mammalian, avian and reptilian herpesviruses, but bearing several genes sim ... | 2012 | 22841491 |
| diagnostic validation of three test methods for detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3). | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the aetiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease in koi and common carp. the disease is notifiable to the world organisation for animal health. three tests-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr), conventional pcr (cpcr) and virus isolation by cell culture (vi)-were validated to assess their fitness as diagnostic tools for detection of cyhv-3. test performance metrics of diagnostic accuracy were sensitivity (dse) and specificity (dsp). repeatability and ... | 2017 | 28262633 |
| conserved fever pathways across vertebrates: a herpesvirus expressed decoy tnf-α receptor delays behavioral fever in fish. | both endotherms and ectotherms (e.g., fish) increase their body temperature to limit pathogen infection. ectotherms do so by moving to warmer places, hence the term "behavioral fever." we studied the manifestation of behavioral fever in the common carp infected by cyprinid herpesvirus 3, a native carp pathogen. carp maintained at 24°c died from the infection, whereas those housed in multi-chamber tanks encompassing a 24°c-32°c gradient migrated transiently to the warmest compartment and survived ... | 2017 | 28182952 |
| transcriptomic analysis of common carp anterior kidney during cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection: immunoglobulin repertoire and homologue functional divergence. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) infects koi and common carp and causes widespread mortalities. while the virus is a significant concern for aquaculture operations in many countries, in australia the virus may be a useful biocontrol agent for pest carp. however, carp immune responses to cyhv-3, and the molecular mechanisms underpinning resistance, are not well understood. here we used rna-seq on carp during different phases of cyhv-3 infection to detect the gene expression dynamics of both host a ... | 2017 | 28148967 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3 as a potential biological control agent for carp (cyprinus carpio) in australia: susceptibility of non-target species. | carp (cyprinus carpio l.) is a pest species in australian waterways, and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is being considered as a potential biological control (biocontrol) agent. an important consideration for any such agent is its target specificity. in this study, the susceptibility to cyhv-3 of a range of non-target species (nts) was tested. the nts were as follows: 13 native australian, and one introduced, fish species; a lamprey species; a crustacean; two native amphibian species (tadpole a ... | 2016 | 28026008 |
| ultrastructural analysis of sequential cyprinid herpesvirus 3 morphogenesis in vitro. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is an alloherpesvirus, and it is the aetiological agent of koi herpesvirus disease. although the complex morphogenic stages of the replication cycle of cyhv-3 were shown to resemble that of other members of the herpesvirales, detailed analysis of the sequence and timing of these events was not definitively determined. this study describes these features through a time course using cyprinid cell cultures (kf-1 and ccb) infected with cyhv-3 (khv isolate, h361) and a ... | 2016 | 28025825 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3 and its evolutionary future as a biological control agent for carp in australia. | biological invasions are a major threat to global biodiversity. australia has experienced many invasive species, with the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) a prominent example. cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) has been proposed as a biological control (biocontrol) agent for invasive carp in australia. safety and efficacy are critical factors in assessing the suitability of biocontrol agents, and extensive host-specificity testing suggests that cyhv-3 is safe. efficacy depends on the relationship b ... | 2016 | 27931224 |
| emergence of carp edema virus in cultured ornamental koi carp, cyprinus carpio koi, in india. | a disease outbreak was reported in adult koi, cyprinus carpio koi, from a fish farm in kerala, india, during june 2015. the clinical signs were observed only in recently introduced adult koi, and an existing population of fish did not show any clinical signs or mortality. microscopic examination of wet mounts from the gills of affected koi revealed minor infestation of dactylogyrus sp. in a few koi. in bacteriological studies, only opportunistic bacteria were isolated from the gills of affected ... | 2016 | 27902384 |
| validation of a serum neutralization test for detection of antibodies specific to cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in infected common and koi carp (cyprinus carpio). | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the aetiological agent of a serious infective, notifiable disease affecting common carp and varieties. in survivors, infection is generally characterized by a subclinical latency phase with restricted viral replication. the cyhv-3 genome is difficult to detect in such carrier fish that represent a potential source of dissemination if viral reactivation occurs. in this study, the analytical and diagnostic performance of an alternative serum neutralization (sn) m ... | 2016 | 27716953 |
| targeted genomic enrichment and sequencing of cyhv-3 from carp tissues confirms low nucleotide diversity and mixed genotype infections. | koi herpesvirus disease (khvd) is an emerging disease that causes mass mortality in koi and common carp, cyprinus carpio l. its causative agent is cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (khv). although data on the pathogenesis of this deadly virus is relatively abundant in the literature, still little is known about its genomic diversity and about the molecular mechanisms that lead to such a high virulence. in this context, we developed a new strategy for sequencing full- ... | 2016 | 27703859 |
| draining and liming of ponds as an effective measure for containment of cyhv-3 in carp farms. | infections of common carp cyprinus carpio and koi, its coloured morphotypes, with the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) can induce severe clinical signs and increased mortality in affected stocks. this may significantly challenge the economic basis of carp farming in central europe. to limit virus spread in carp farms, effective disinfection measures for ponds stocked with infected populations are required. in the traditional european pond aquaculture of carp, draining and liming of ponds with qui ... | 2016 | 27503923 |
| rapid detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in latently infected koi by recombinase polymerase amplification. | since the emergence of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), outbreaks have been devastating to common carp cyprinus carpio and koi (a variant of common carp), leading to high economic losses. current diagnostics for detecting cyhv-3 are limited in sensitivity and are further complicated by latency. here we describe the detection of cyhv-3 by recombinase polymerase amplification (rpa). the rpa assay can detect as low as 10 copies of the cyhv-3 genome by an isothermal reaction and yields results in ap ... | 2016 | 27485254 |
| identification and expression analysis of cellular and viral micrornas in cyhv3-infected kcf-1 cells. | micrornas (mirnas) are small non-coding rnas with approximately 22 nucleotides (nt) that are encoded by a diverse range of metazoan eukaryotes, plants and viruses. cyhv-3 (cyprinid herpesvirus-3) is a member of the alloherpesviridae virus family and has caused severe economic losses for the common carp and koi carp fishery industries. in this study, a total of 15,987,652 clean reads were generated from a cdna library of cyhv-3-infected kcf-1 (koi caudal fin) cells using high-throughput sequencin ... | 2016 | 27476971 |
| the amino-terminal domain of orf149 of koi herpesvirus is preferentially targeted by igm from carp populations surviving infection. | recombinantly expressed fragments of the protein encoded by orf149 (porf149), a structural protein from the common- and koi-carp-infecting cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) that was previously shown to be antigenic, were used to obtain evidence that its amino-terminal part contains immunodominant epitopes in fish populations that survived the infection. to obtain such evidence, nonspecific binding of carp serum tetrameric igm had to be overcome by a novel elisa protocol (rec2-elisa). rec2-elisa in ... | 2016 | 27383208 |
| [research advances in cyprinid herpesvirus 3]. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the causative agent of an extremely contagious and aggressive disease afflicting common corp cyprinus carpio l. termed koi herpesvirus disease (khvd). since it was first reported in 1997, the virus has spread worldwide rapidly, leading to enormous financial losses in industries based on common carp and koi carp. this review summarizes recent advances in cyhv-3 research on the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and control of khvd. | 2016 | 27295892 |
| concentration of carp edema virus (cev) dna in koi tissues affected by koi sleepy disease (ksd). | carp edema virus (cev), the causative agent of 'koi sleepy disease' (ksd), appears to be spreading worldwide and to be responsible for losses in koi, ornamental varieties of the common carp cyprinus carpio. clinical signs of ksd include lethargic behaviour, swollen gills, sunken eyes and skin alterations and can easily be mistaken for other diseases, such as infection with cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3). to improve the future diagnosis of cev infection and to provide a tool to better explore th ... | 2016 | 27225208 |
| expression of immunogenic structural proteins of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 in vitro assessed using immunofluorescence. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3), also called koi herpesvirus (khv), is the aetiological agent of a fatal disease in carp and koi (cyprinus carpio l.), referred to as koi herpesvirus disease. the virus contains at least 40 structural proteins, of which few have been characterised with respect to their immunogenicity. indirect immunofluorescence assays (ifas) using two epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were used to examine the expression kinetics of two potentially immunogenic and diag ... | 2016 | 26742989 |
| inhibiting cyprinid herpesvirus-3 replication with crispr/cas9. | the potential of crispr/cas9 gene editing to repress cyhv-3 was tested in vitro. | 2016 | 26712370 |
| transcriptomic analysis of koi (cyprinus carpio) spleen tissue upon cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv3) infection using next generation sequencing. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) can infect and specifically cause a huge economic loss in both common carp (cyprinus carpio) and its ornamental koi variety. the molecular mechanisms underlying cyhv-3 infection are not well understood. in this study, koi spleen tissues of both mock and cyhv-3 infection groups were collected, and high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (degs) at the transcriptome level. a total of 105,356,188 clean reads from tw ... | 2016 | 26690666 |
| the structure of the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 orf112-zα·z-dna complex reveals a mechanism of nucleic acids recognition conserved with e3l, a poxvirus inhibitor of interferon response. | in vertebrate species, the innate immune system down-regulates protein translation in response to viral infection through the action of the double-stranded rna (dsrna)-activated protein kinase (pkr). in some teleost species another protein kinase, z-dna-dependent protein kinase (pkz), plays a similar role but instead of dsrna binding domains, pkz has zα domains. these domains recognize the left-handed conformer of dsdna and dsrna known as z-dna/z-rna. cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infects common and ko ... | 2015 | 26559969 |
| proteomic analysis of cytoskeleton proteins in fish. | in this chapter, we describe laboratory protocols for rearing fish and a simple and efficient method of extracting and identifying pathogen and host proteins that may be involved in entry and replication of commercially important fish viruses. we have used the common carp (cyprinus carpio l.) and goldfish (cyprinus auratus) as a model system for studies of proteins involved in viral entry and replication. the chapter describes detailed protocols for maintenance of carp, cell culture, antibody pu ... | 2016 | 26498797 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3 il10 inhibits inflammatory activities of carp macrophages and promotes proliferation of igm+ b cells and memory t cells in a manner similar to carp il10. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is the causative agent of a lethal disease of carp and encodes for an il10 homolog (orf134). our previous studies with a recombinant orf134-deleted strain and the derived revertant strain suggested that cyprinid herpesvirus 3 il10 (cyhv-3 il10 [cyhv3il10]) is not essential for viral replication in vitro, or virulence in vivo. in apparent contrast, cyhv3il10 is one of the most abundant proteins of the cyhv-3 secretome and is structurally very similar to carp il10 a ... | 2015 | 26371255 |
| transmission of cyprinid herpesvirus 3 by wild fish species--results from infection experiments. | | 2016 | 26172923 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 3: an archetype of fish alloherpesviruses. | the order herpesvirales encompasses viruses that share structural, genetic, and biological properties. however, members of this order infect hosts ranging from molluscs to humans. it is currently divided into three phylogenetically related families. the alloherpesviridae family contains viruses infecting fish and amphibians. there are 12 alloherpesviruses described to date, 10 of which infect fish. over the last decade, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) infecting common and koi carp has emerged as ... | 2015 | 26111587 |
| application of a nanoflare probe specific to a latency associated transcript for isolation of khv latently infected cells. | one of the unique features of herpesvirus infection is latent infection following an initial exposure, which is characterized by viral genome persistence in a small fraction of cells within the latently infected tissue. investigation of the mechanisms of herpesvirus latency has been very challenging in tissues with only a small fraction of cells that are latently infected. cyprinid herpesvirus 3, also known as koi herpesvirus (khv), is an important and deadly pathogen of koi and common carp, cyp ... | 2015 | 26087404 |
| cholesterol-rich lipid rafts play an important role in the cyprinid herpesvirus 3 replication cycle. | the cyprinus herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) is a member of the new alloherpesviridae virus family in the herpesvirales order. cyhv-3 has been implicated in a large number of disease outbreaks in carp populations causing up to 100% mortality. the aim of this study was to investigate the requirement of cholesterol-rich lipid rafts in cyhv-3 entry and replication in carp cells. plasma membrane cholesterol was depleted from common carp brain (ccb) cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (mβcd). treated and non-tre ... | 2015 | 26059657 |
| functional characterization of viral tumor necrosis factor receptors encoded by cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv3) genome. | cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv3) is a large double-stranded dna virus of alloherpesviridae family in the order herpesvirales. it causes significant morbidity and mortality in common carp and its ornamental koi variety, and threatens the aquaculture industries worldwide. mimicry of cytokines and cytokine receptors is a particular strategy for large dna viruses in modulating the host immune response. here, we report the identification and characterization of two novel viral homologues of tumor necro ... | 2015 | 26052019 |
| another potential carp killer?: carp edema virus disease in germany. | infections with carp edema virus, a pox virus, are known from japanese koi populations since 1974. a characteristic clinical sign associated with this infection is lethargy and therefore the disease is called "koi sleepy disease". diseased koi also show swollen gills, enophthalmus, and skin lesions. mortality rates up to 80 % are described. for a long period of time, disease outbreaks seemed to be restricted to japan. however, during the last years clinical outbreaks of koi sleepy disease also o ... | 2015 | 25976542 |
| correction: rational development of an attenuated recombinant cyprinid herpesvirus 3 vaccine using prokaryotic mutagenesis and in vivo bioluminescent imaging. | | 2015 | 25901737 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) disturbs osmotic balance in carp (cyprinus carpio l.)--a potential cause of mortality. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) causes a fatal disease in carp (cyprinus carpio) and its ornamental koi varieties which seriously affects production and trade of this fish species globally. up to now, the pathophysiology of this disease remains unclear. affected individuals develop most prominent lesions in gills, skin and kidney, in tissues which are involved in the osmotic regulation of freshwater teleosts. therefore, here serum and urine electrolyte levels were examined during the course of a ... | 2015 | 25888311 |
| expression of immune-related genes of common carp during cyprinid herpesvirus 3 infection. | fish herpesviruses and their hosts may have coevolved for 400 to 450 million yr. during this coexistence, the hosts have equipped themselves with an elaborate immune system to defend themselves from invading viruses, whereas the viruses have developed strategies to evade host immunity, including the expression of cytokine genes that have been captured from the host. taking advantage of our experimental model for cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (cyhv-3) persistence in carp, we studied the gene expression ... | 2015 | 25751855 |
| rapid detection of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) using a gold nanoparticle-based hybridization assay. | cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (cyhv-3) is a highly infectious pathogen that causes fatal disease in common and koi carp cyprinus carpio l. cyhv-3 detection is usually based on virus propagation or amplification of the viral dna using the pcr or lamp techniques. however, due to the limited susceptibility of cells used for propagation, it is not always possible to successfully isolate cyhv-3 even from tissue samples that have high virus titres. all previously described detection methods including pcr-bas ... | 2015 | 25738211 |
| haematopoietic necrosis of cultured prussian carp, carassius gibelio (bloch), associated with cyprinid herpesvirus 2. | | 2013 | 23617723 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus 2 infection emerged in cultured gibel carp, carassius auratus gibelio in china. | an epizootic with severe mortality has emerged in cultured gibel carp, carassius auratus gibelio, in china since 2009, and caused huge economic loss. the signs and epidemiology background of the disease were investigated. parasite examination, bacteria and virus isolation were carried out for pathogen isolation. the causative pathogen was obtained and identified as cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) by experimental infection, electron microscopy, cell culture, pcr assay and sequence alignment, desi ... | 2013 | 23850442 |
| growth of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) in cell culture and experimental infection of goldfish carassius auratus. | herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis has caused great economic damage to goldfish carassius auratus aquaculture in japan. the existence of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2), the causative agent, has also been reported from several other countries. to prevent spread to other areas, basic virological information such as viral kinetics in infected fish is essential. experimental infection trials using reliably prepared cyhv-2 for defining viral kinetics are difficult to carry out because successful an ... | 2013 | 23999703 |
| development and evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis of cyprinid herpesvirus 2. | goldfish haematopoietic necrosis caused by cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is a severe fish disease with high level of mortality. this is the first study on detection of this disease by loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp). a set of six primers targeting terminase gene (accession no. eu349285.1) was determined after a serial of tests. detection limit was 1.09 × 10(-4)μg/μl, which was superior to conventional pcr and real-time pcr. no cross reaction with 28 other viruses or bacteria comm ... | 2013 | 24012968 |
| susceptibility of japanese cyprininae fish species to cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2). | cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is known as the causative agent of herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) of goldfish (carassius auratus). recently, the virus has also been detected from prussian carp (c. gibelio) and crucian carp (c. carassius) from european and asian countries. to analyze the risk of spreading to new host species, the susceptibility of other fish species to the virus is essential. in this study experimental infections of indigenous cyprininae species in japan were performe ... | 2014 | 24480585 |
| cyprinid herpesvirus-2 causing mass mortality in goldfish: applying electron microscopy to histological samples for diagnostic virology. | in june 2013, a major fish kill of adult goldfish carassius auratus occurred in runnemede lake, new jersey, usa: an estimated 3000 to 5000 fish died within ~5 d. necropsy of 4 moribund fish revealed severely pale gills, and histopathology showed type i and ii fusion of the gills, diffuse necrosis of hematopoietic tissue in anterior and posterior kidney, and multifocal necrosis of the spleen. within necrotic areas, pyknosis and enlarged nuclei with marginalized chromatin were observed. cyprinid h ... | 2014 | 24492049 |
| a loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in gibel carp (carassius auratus gibelio). | a rapid and sensitive loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay for cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) detection in gibel carp was developed. following cloning and sequencing of the putative dna helicase gene of cyhv-2 isolate from china, a set of four specific primers was designed based on the sequence. the mgcl2 concentration and the reaction temperature were optimized to 6 mm, 64°c, respectively. lamp products were detected by visual inspection of a color change due to addition of sybr ... | 2014 | 24574914 |
| development of a rapid cyprinid herpesvirus 2 detection method by loop-mediated isothermal amplification. | cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv2) is a pathogen that causes severe disease and high mortality in goldfish and prussian carp. we developed a six primer loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay targeting the intercapsomeric triplex protein gene. cyhv-2 dna was 10-fold serially diluted (10(8)-10(0) copies μl(-1)) and was used as the template to determine primer sensitivity. lamp assays were performed with dna templates from other pathogens to determine specificity. the lamp assay had an une ... | 2014 | 24935791 |
| effects of experimentally induced infections of goldfish carassius auratus with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) at various water temperatures. | in this study, we examined the influence of water temperature on the development of herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis (hvhn) in goldfish carassius auratus after experimentally induced infection with cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2). in expt 1, ryukin goldfish were infected with cyhv-2 by intraperitoneal injection and maintained at 4 different water temperatures. cumulative mortalities of the 15, 20, 25 and 30°c groups were 10, 90, 90 and 60%, respectively. therefore, the temperature range of 20 ... | 2014 | 25114043 |
| cyhv-2 orf104 activates the p38 mapk pathway. | cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) is the pathogen responsible for herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis disease, which causes huge losses on aquaculture. so far the studies of cyhv-2 mainly focus on the identification and detection of this virus, but little is known about the role of specific cyhv-2 genes in the infection process. based on the genomic information, cyhv-2 orf104 encodes a kinase-like protein, which is highly conserved among the three cyhvs. our study was initiated to investigate the r ... | 2015 | 26072141 |
| first detection of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) in goldfish (carassius auratus) in france. | massive mortalities of carassius auratus (l.) occurred in a farm in france during summer 2014. fish presented anorexia, loss of scales and large amounts of mucus on the gills. necrosis of the distal tip of the filament and the lamellae, combined with fusion of the lamellae, was observed, as well as necrosis in the hematopoietic organs and in the digestive tract. the histological examination led to hypothesize the implication of a virus in the mortality. the presence of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cy ... | 2016 | 26173014 |
| in vitro characteristics of cyprinid herpesvirus 2: effect of kidney extract supplementation on growth. | herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis caused by goldfish hematopoietic necrosis virus (now identified as cyprinid herpesvirus 2, cyhv-2) has contributed to economic losses in goldfish carassius auratus culture and is becoming a major obstacle in prussian carp c. gibelio aquaculture in china. several reports have described difficulties in culturing the virus, with the total loss of infectivity within several passages in cell culture. we succeeded in propagating cyhv-2 with a high infectious titer in ... | 2015 | 26290507 |
| establishment from the snout and kidney of goldfish, carassius auratus, of two new cell lines and their susceptibility to infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. | goldfish carassius auratus are commonly used in scientific research and have a significant economic value in the pet trade. in this study, two cell lines were established from the snout and kidney tissue of goldfish, in order to create a biological monitoring tool for viral diseases. cell lines were optimally maintained at 25 °c in m199 medium supplemented with 15-20 % fetal bovine serum. chromosomal analysis indicated that both cell lines remained diploid, with a mean chromosomal count of 100. ... | 2016 | 26419476 |
| herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis in goldfish in switzerland: early lesions in clinically normal goldfish (carassius auratus). | cyprinid herpesvirus 2 is a pathogen of goldfish, inducing a disease referred to as herpesviral hematopoietic necrosis. the disease is described so far in japan, north america, taiwan, australia, the united kingdom, and recently also italy. here the authors describe histologic lesions in clinically affected fish in comparison with clinically normal but virus dna-positive goldfish in switzerland. while necrosis or enhanced single-cell necrosis in the hematopoietic tissue in the pronephros or meso ... | 2016 | 26553521 |
| protective immunity in gibel carp, carassius gibelio of the truncated proteins of cyprinid herpesvirus 2 expressed in pichia pastoris. | cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (cyhv-2) infection is a newly emerged infectious disease of farmed gibel carp (carassius gibelio) in china and causes huge economic losses to the aquaculture industry. in this study, the three membrane proteins encoded by genes orf25, orf25c, and orf25d of cyhv-2 were truncated and expressed in yeast, pichia pastoris. screening of the recombinant yeasts was done by detecting the truncated proteins using western blot. through immunogold labeling, it was shown that proteins ... | 2015 | 26564473 |