| origin of the west nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern united states. | in late summer 1999, an outbreak of human encephalitis occurred in the northeastern united states that was concurrent with extensive mortality in crows (corvus species) as well as the deaths of several exotic birds at a zoological park in the same area. complete genome sequencing of a flavivirus isolated from the brain of a dead chilean flamingo (phoenicopterus chilensis), together with partial sequence analysis of envelope glycoprotein (e-glycoprotein) genes amplified from several other species ... | 1999 | 10600742 |
| west nile virus infection in reindeer (rangifer tarandus). | west nile virus (wnv) infection in 4 reindeer (rangifer tarandus) resulted in lymphohistiocytic encephalomyelitis within the medulla oblongata and cervical spinal cord. immunohistochemistry revealed wnv antigen within neurons and among mononuclear cell infiltrates. these represent the first known cases of clinical wnv infection in cervidae. clinical signs and lesions were similar to those described in horses. nucleotide sequence of a 768-bp region of the wnv e-glycoprotein gene revealed 1 nucleo ... | 2004 | 15152836 |
| [west nile fever]. | west nile virus was first detected in north america in 1999 and has spread throughout the united states and canada and into mexico and the caribbean. the cases of encephalitis in new york were diagnosed as saint louis encephalitis which was endemic in the north america. however, dead crows and dead flamingo were found around the same time in new york. american birds seldom die by saint louis encephalitis virus infection. according to viral isolation and sequencing of the genome, the causative ag ... | 2005 | 16363684 |
| west nile virus in the british virgin islands. | west nile virus (wnv) first emerged in the us in 1999 and has since spread across the americas. here, we report the continued expansion of wnv to the british virgin islands following its emergence in a flock of free-roaming flamingos. histologic review of a single chick revealed lesions consistent with wnv infection, subsequently confirmed with pcr, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. full genome analysis revealed 99% sequence homology to strains circulating in the us over the past d ... | 2014 | 24504904 |
| absence of humoral response in flamingos and red-tailed hawks to experimental vaccination with a killed west nile virus vaccine. | sixteen chilean flamingos, phoenicopterus chiles, and 10 red-tailed hawks, buteo jamacensis, were vaccinated in the pectoral muscle with 0.2 ml of a commercially produced killed west nile virus vaccine intended for use in horses. half the birds of each species received a booster vaccination 3 weeks after the first injection. three weeks after the booster vaccination, none of 13 birds surveyed had detectable antibody to west nile virus. | 2003 | 14562907 |
| introduction of west nile virus in the middle east by migrating white storks. | west nile virus (wnv) was isolated in a flock of 1,200 migrating white storks that landed in eilat, a town in southern israel, on august 26, 1998. strong, hot westerly winds had forced the storks to fly under considerable physical stress before reaching the agricultural land surrounding the town. most of the flock were fledglings, <1 year old, which had hatched in europe. thirteen dead or dying storks were collected 2 days after arrival and submitted to the laboratory for examination. four wnv i ... | 2002 | 11971773 |
| west nile fever in israel 1999-2000: from geese to humans. | west nile virus (wnv) caused disease outbreaks in israel in the 1950s and the late 1970s. in 1998 an outbreak of wnv in goose farms and evidence of infection in dead migratory birds were reported. consequently, human diagnostic services for wnv were resumed, including virus isolation, serology, and rt-pcr. risk factors for infection were assessed by a serological survey in 1999, which revealed a seroprevalence of (a) 86% in people who had close contact with sick geese, (b) 28% in people in areas ... | 2001 | 11797770 |
| a snapshot avian surveillance reveals west nile virus and evidence of wild birds participating in toscana virus circulation. | birds are involved in the epidemiology of several vector-borne viruses, as amplification hosts for viruses, dissemination vehicles for the vectors, and sources of emerging strains in cross-species transmission. turkey provides diverse habitats for a variety of wild birds and is located along major bird migration routes. this study was undertaken to provide a cross-sectional screening of avian specimens for a spectrum of vector-borne viruses. | 2017 | 28832259 |
| passive transfer of maternal antibodies to west nile virus in flamingo chicks (phoenicopterus chilensis and phoenicopterus ruber ruber). | passive transfer of maternal antibodies against west nile virus (wnv) was studied in a captive population of chilean (phoenicopterus chilensis) and caribbean flamingos (phoenicopterus ruber ruber). transfer of wnv antibodies from hens to chicks was documented and measured by plaque-reduction neutralization test. hen titers were significantly correlated to chick titers. mean half-life of maternal wnv antibodies was 13.4 days in chicks for which half-life was measurable. | 2007 | 17679521 |
| antibody response of five bird species after vaccination with a killed west nile virus vaccine. | west nile virus has been associated with numerous bird mortalities in the united states since 1999. five avian species at three zoological parks were selected to assess the antibody response to vaccination for west nile virus: black-footed penguins (spheniscus demersus), little blue penguins (eudyptula minor), american flamingos (phoenicopterus ruber), chilean flamingos (phoenicopterus chilensis), and attwater's prairie chickens (tympanuchus cupido attwateri). all birds were vaccinated intramusc ... | 2007 | 17679507 |