| a glycoprotein i- and glycoprotein e-deficient mutant of infectious laryngotracheitis virus exhibits impaired cell-to-cell spread in cultured cells. | in alphaherpesviruses, glycoprotein i (gi) and glycoprotein e (ge) form a heterodimer that functions in cell-to-cell spread of the virus. generally, alphaherpesvirus mutants that lack these glycoproteins are replication competent in cell culture but show a reduced capacity for cell-to-cell spread and hence smaller plaque sizes. infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv), or gallid herpesvirus 1, is an alphaherpesvirus that causes respiratory disease in chickens. the roles of gi and ge in iltv hav ... | 2006 | 16502283 |
| glycoprotein g is a virulence factor in infectious laryngotracheitis virus. | infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv; gallid herpesvirus 1) is an alphaherpesvirus that causes acute respiratory disease in chickens. the role of glycoprotein g (gg) in vitro has been investigated in a number of alphaherpesviruses, but the relevance of gg in vivo in the pathogenicity of iltv or in other alphaherpesviruses is unknown. in this study, gg-deficient mutants of iltv were generated and inoculated into specific-pathogen-free chickens to assess the role of gg in pathogenicity. in chi ... | 2006 | 16963741 |
| phylogeny and recombination history of gallid herpesvirus 2 (marek's disease virus) genomes. | phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated amino acid sequences from orthologous loci from eight genomes of alpha herpesviruses infecting birds provided strong support for the following hypotheses: (1) gallid hv3 is a sister taxon to gallid hv2 but gallid hv1 is not closely related to the other two chicken herpesviruses; (2) meleagrid hv1 is closer to both gallid hv2 and gallid hv3 than is gallid hv1; (3) within gallid hv2, the virulent ga genome forms an outgroup to both the avirulent cvi988 g ... | 2007 | 17566585 |
| clustering of mutations within the inverted repeat regions of a serially passaged attenuated gallid herpesvirus type 2 strain. | marek's disease (md) is the leading cause of losses in chicken production in the world. over the past 40 years significant progress has been made in the control of md through the use of vaccines which reduce or delay tumor formation in vaccinated flocks. however, these vaccines fail to induce an immune response that protects against infection and virus shedding. little is known about the genetic changes that lead to attenuation and are necessary for the generation of vaccine strains. previous re ... | 2008 | 18516669 |
| inhibition of marek's disease virus replication by retroviral vector-based rna interference. | rna interference (rnai) is a promising antiviral methodology. we recently demonstrated that retroviral vectors expressing short-hairpin rnas (shrna-mirs) in the context of a modified endogenous micro-rna (mirna) can be effective in reducing replication of other retroviruses in chicken cells. in this study, similar rnai vectors are shown to inhibit replication of the avian herpesvirus, marek's disease virus (mdv, also known as gallid herpesvirus type 2), and its close relative, herpesvirus of tur ... | 2008 | 18570965 |
| development and validation of nested-pcr for the diagnosis of clinical and subclinical infectious laryngotracheitis. | a standardised nested-pcr method that amplifies a region of the glycoprotein e gene of avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv) has been developed for the diagnosis of infection by gallid herpesvirus 1. the two sets of primers employed produced the expected amplification products of 524 bp (external primers) and 219 bp (internal primers) in the presence of iltv dna, whereas no such amplicons were obtained with other avian respiratory pathogens or with dna extracted from the cells of uninf ... | 2008 | 18584884 |
| protection of chickens against h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection by live vaccination with infectious laryngotracheitis virus recombinants expressing h5 hemagglutinin and n1 neuraminidase. | attenuated vaccine strains of the alphaherpesvirus causing infectious laryngotracheitis of chickens (iltv, gallid herpesvirus 1) can be used for mass application. previously, we showed that live virus vaccination with recombinant iltv expressing hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaiv) protected chickens against ilt and fowl plague caused by hpaiv carrying the corresponding hemagglutinin subtypes [lüschow d, werner o, mettenleiter tc, fuchs w. protection of chickens fro ... | 2009 | 19041677 |
| protection of chickens from infectious laryngotracheitis with a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing glycoprotein b of infectious laryngotracheitis virus. | infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an economically important disease of chickens caused by a type i gallid herpesvirus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv). the vaccines currently available are modified live viruses, which are effective in preventing disease outbreaks. however, they have often been associated with a variety of adverse effects including spread of vaccine virus to non-vaccinates, inadequate attenuation, production of latently infected carriers, and increased virulence as ... | 2001 | 19184888 |
| in vitro characterization of the meq proteins of marek's disease virus vaccine strain cvi988. | gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), commonly known as marek's disease virus serotype-1 (mdv-1), causes t cell lymphomas in chickens. vaccines prepared from the attenuated cvi988/rispens mdv-1 strain currently offer the best protection. although attenuated cvi988/rispens is non-oncogenic, it codes for at least two forms of the mdv oncoprotein meq, and these proteins (cvi-meq and cvi-lmeq) have not been fully characterized. here, we report that both cvi-meq proteins, like the meq protein of md5 (a very ... | 2009 | 19189855 |
| live vaccination with an h5-hemagglutinin-expressing infectious laryngotracheitis virus recombinant protects chickens against different highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the h5 subtype. | recently, we described an infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv, gallid herpesvirus 1) recombinant, which had been attenuated by deletion of the viral dutpase gene ul50, and abundantly expressed the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a h5n1 type highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) of vietnamese origin. in the present study, efficacy of this vectored vaccine (iltv-deltaul50ih5v) against different h5 hpaiv was evaluated in 6-week-old chickens. after a single ocular immunization all animals ... | 2009 | 19573638 |
| bg1 has a major role in mhc-linked resistance to malignant lymphoma in the chicken. | pathogen selection is postulated to drive mhc allelic diversity at loci for antigen presentation. however, readily apparent mhc infectious disease associations are rare in most species. the strong link between mhc-b haplotype and the occurrence of virally induced tumors in the chicken provides a means for defining the relationship between pathogen selection and mhc polymorphism. here, we verified a significant difference in resistance to gallid herpesvirus-2 (gahv-2)-induced lymphomas (marek's d ... | 2009 | 19805366 |
| in vitro and in vivo characterization of glycoprotein c-deleted infectious laryngotracheitis virus. | infectious laryngotracheitis is an important respiratory disease of chickens that is caused by an alphaherpesvirus [infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv); gallid herpesvirus 1]. as herpesvirus envelope glycoproteins are main targets of the humoral host immune response, they are of particular interest for development of vaccines, as well as of diagnostic tools. the conserved, n-glycosylated envelope protein gc has been identified as a major surface antigen of iltv. to study the function of gc ... | 2010 | 19940061 |
| both homo and heterodimers of marek's disease virus encoded meq protein contribute to transformation of lymphocytes in chickens. | marek' disease virus serotype-1, also know as gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), elicits t-cell lymphomas in chickens. the gahv-2 genome encodes an oncoprotein, meq, with similarity to the jun/fos family of proteins. we have previously shown that meq homodimers are not sufficient to induce lymphomas in chickens. in this study, we investigated the role of meq heterodimers in the pathogenicity of gahv-2 by generating a chimeric meq gene, which contains the leucine zipper region of fos (meqfos). a reco ... | 2010 | 20137800 |
| marek's disease viruses lacking either r-lorf10 or lorf4 have altered virulence in chickens. | the marek's disease virus (mdv, gallid herpesvirus 2) genome encodes approximately 110 open reading frames (orfs). many of these orfs are annotated based purely on homology to other herpesvirus genes, thus, direct experiments are needed to verify the gene products, especially the hypothetical or mdv-specific orfs, and characterize their biological function, particularly with respect to pathogenicity in chickens. previously, a comprehensive two-hybrid assay screen revealed nine specific chicken-m ... | 2010 | 20229182 |
| diagnosis of a naturally occurring dual infection of layer chickens with fowlpox virus and gallid herpesvirus 1 (infectious laryngotracheitis virus). | an outbreak of acute respiratory disease in layers was diagnosed as being of dual nature due to fowlpox and infectious laryngotracheitis using a multidisciplinary approach including virus isolation, histopathology, electron microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the diagnosis was based on virus isolation of gallid herpesvirus 1 (gahv-1) in chicken kidney cells and fowlpox virus (fwpv) in 9-day-old chicken embryonated eggs inoculated via the chorioallantoic membrane. the histopathology o ... | 2010 | 20390533 |
| detection and quantitation of gallid herpesvirus 1 in avian samples by 5' taq nuclease assay utilizing minor groove binder technology. | a 5' taq nuclease assay utilizing minor groove binder technology and targeting the thymidine kinase gene of gallid herpesvirus 1 (gahv-1) was designed and optimized for use in diagnosing avian infectious laryngotracheitis. the assay was specific for gahv-1 in that it did not react with other avian viral or bacterial pathogens. the detection limit was 1.0x10(-2) median tissue culture infectious dose per reaction or 90 target copies per reaction. fifteen out of 41 diagnostic samples from sick bird ... | 2010 | 20390536 |
| transcriptional profiling of host gene expression in chicken embryo lung cells infected with laryngotracheitis virus. | infection by infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv; gallid herpesvirus 1) causes acute respiratory diseases in chickens often with high mortality. to better understand host-iltv interactions at the host transcriptional level, a microarray analysis was performed using 4 x 44 k agilent chicken custom oligo microarrays. | 2010 | 20663125 |
| comparative genomic sequence analysis of the marek's disease vaccine strain sb-1. | marek's disease virus (mdv), an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus, induces a rapid onset t-cell lymphoma and demyelinating disease in chickens. since the 1970s the disease has been controlled through mass vaccination with herpesvirus of turkeys [meleagrid herpesvirus type 1 (mehv-1)]. over time this vaccine's efficacy decreased, and in the 1980s a bivalent vaccine consisting of mehv-1 and a non-oncogenic gallid herpesvirus type 3 (gahv-3) strain known as sb-1 was introduced. the complete dna sequence ( ... | 2011 | 21336949 |
| comparative full genome analysis of four infectious laryngotracheitis virus (gallid herpesvirus-1) virulent isolates from the united states. | gallid herpesvirus-1 (gahv-1), commonly named infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) virus, causes the respiratory disease in chickens known as ilt. the molecular determinants associated with differences in pathogenicity of gahv-1 strains are not completely understood, and a comparison of genomic sequences of isolates that belong to different genotypes could help identify genes involved in virulence. dideoxy sequencing, 454 pyrosequencing and illumina sequencing-by-synthesis were used to determine t ... | 2011 | 22173980 |
| marek's disease virus late protein expression in feather follicle epithelial cells as early as 8 days postinfection. | marek's disease virus (mdv) or gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) is a lymphotropic alphaherpesvirus and causes marek's disease. former studies have demonstrated that mdv is spread from chicken to chicken about 2 wk postexposure as infectious dander shed from infected chickens. more recent reports, using highly sensitive quantitative pcr analyses of dander from infected chickens, suggested that mdv replicates and is shed from the chicken much earlier (5-7 days). however, detection of viral dna in chi ... | 2012 | 23397845 |
| genome-wide host responses against infectious laryngotracheitis virus vaccine infection in chicken embryo lung cells. | infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv; gallid herpesvirus 1) infection causes high mortality and huge economic losses in the poultry industry. to protect chickens against iltv infection, chicken-embryo origin (ceo) and tissue-culture origin (tco) vaccines have been used. however, the transmission of vaccine iltv from vaccinated- to unvaccinated chickens can cause severe respiratory disease. previously, host cell responses against virulent iltv infections were determined by microarray analysis ... | 2012 | 22530940 |
| spontaneous spinal plexiform perineurioma in a juvenile chicken ( gallus domesticus). | a 2-mo-old pet chicken ( gallus domesticus) was presented because of lameness and a hind limb mass of 1 mo duration. radiographs revealed a soft tissue mass extending from the mid-femur into the body wall. cytology of a sample obtained from a fine-needle aspirate was unremarkable. the bird was prepared for surgical investigation of the mass but died acutely at the time of pre-medication. autopsy revealed an extradural mesenchymal neoplasm that focally compressed the lumbar spinal cord, extended ... | 2017 | 28381111 |
| understanding the molecular basis of disease is crucial to improving the design and construction of herpesviral vectors for veterinary vaccines. | viral infections are associated with production losses in many animal production industries. important examples of this are marek's disease (md) and bovine respiratory disease (brd) which are significant issues in the chicken and cattle industries, respectively. viruses play key roles in md and brd development and consequently have also been utilised in vaccination strategies to control these diseases. despite the widespread availability and use of vaccines to control these diseases both are sti ... | 2015 | 26387436 |
| current and future vaccines and vaccination strategies against infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) respiratory disease of poultry. | infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an economically important respiratory disease of poultry that affects the industry worldwide. vaccination is the principal tool in the control of the disease. two types of vaccines, live attenuated and recombinant viral vector, are commercially available. the first generation of gahv-1 vaccines available since the early 1960's are live viruses, attenuated by continuous passages in cell culture or embryos. these vaccines significantly reduce mortalities and, ... | 2016 | 28057380 |
| evaluation of the transcriptional status of host cytokines and viral genes in the trachea of vaccinated and non-vaccinated chickens after challenge with the infectious laryngotracheitis virus. | infectious laryngotracheitis is a highly contagious disease of chickens responsible for significant economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. the disease is caused by gallid herpesvirus-1 (gahv-1) commonly known as the infectious laryngotracheitis virus. although characterized by their potential to regain virulence, chicken embryo origin (ceo) vaccines are the most effective vaccines against laryngotracheitis as they significantly reduce the replication of challenge virus in the trache ... | 2016 | 26926298 |
| characterization of field strains of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in china by restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequence analysis. | nineteen strains of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv; gallid herpesvirus 1) were isolated from dead or diseased birds in chicken flocks from different areas of china between 2010 and 2014 and used to investigate iltv epidemiology. these strains were characterized using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) patterns and sequence analysis of the thymidine kinase (tk) gene. pcr-rflp analysis showed that the tk gene generated 2 patterns when digested w ... | 2016 | 26699520 |
| infection of broilers with two virulent strains of infectious laryngotracheitis virus: criteria for evaluation of experimental infections. | infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is a highly contagious disease of chickens and is responsible for significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide; it is caused by gallid herpesvirus-1 (gahv-1), commonly known as infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv). experimental evaluation of iltv strains is fundamental to identify changes in virulence that can contribute to the severity and spread of outbreaks and consequently influence the efficacy of vaccination. several criteria had bee ... | 2015 | 26478158 |
| molecular detection and characterization of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (gallid herpesvirus-1) from clinical samples of commercial poultry flocks in india. | although the existence of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv) in india was first reported in 1964, no reports are available regarding its molecular detection and characterization. the present study was aimed to detect and characterize iltv from recent respiratory disease complex (rdc) outbreaks of commercial poultry flocks in different parts of the country by using envelope glycoprotein g gene (us4 gene) based pcr and sequencing. a total of thirty two flocks with a history of rdc were inve ... | 2014 | 25674602 |
| molecular characterization of infectious laryngotracheitis virus in naturally infected egg layer chickens in a multi-age flock in brazil. | the virus responsible for an outbreak of infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) in a multi-age flock of egg layer chickens under quarantine in brazil was characterized. layer chickens from this area with circulating gallid herpesvirus 1 (gahv 1) were evaluated using histopathology and molecular characterization techniques based on sequences of infected-cell polypeptide 4 (icp4) and thymidine kinase (tk) genes. the infected chickens that were analyzed were pcr-positive for gahv-1 in the trachea and n ... | 2015 | 25385176 |
| infectious laryngotracheitis virus in chickens. | infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is an important respiratory disease of chickens and annually causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry world-wide. ilt virus (iltv) belongs to alphaherpesvirinae and the gallid herpesvirus 1 species. the transmission of iltv is via respiratory and ocular routes. clinical and post-mortem signs of ilt can be separated into two forms according to its virulence. the characteristic of the severe form is bloody mucus in the trachea with high mortalit ... | 2012 | 24175219 |
| identification and functional analysis of membrane proteins gd, ge, gi, and pus9 of infectious laryngotracheitis virus. | herpesvirus envelope proteins are of particular interest for development of attenuated live, marker, and subunit vaccines, as well as development of diagnostic tools. the unique short genome region of the chicken pathogen infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv, gallid herpesvirus 1) contains a cluster of six conserved alphaherpesvirus genes encoding membrane proteins, of which up to now only glycoproteins gg and gj have been analyzed in detail. we have now prepared monospecific rabbit antisera ... | 2013 | 23901755 |
| genome sequence comparison of two united states live attenuated vaccines of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv). | this study was conducted to identify unique nucleotide differences in two u.s. chicken embryo origin (ceo) vaccines [lt blen (genbank accession: jq083493) designated as vaccine 1; laryngo-vac(®) (genbank accession: jq083494) designated as vaccine 2] of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv) genomes compared to an australian serva vaccine reference iltv genome sequence [gallid herpesvirus 1 (gahv-1); genbank accession number: hq630064]. genomes of the two vaccine iltv strains were sequenced us ... | 2012 | 22382591 |
| characterization of a gallid herpesvirus 2 strain with novel reticuloendotheliosis virus long terminal repeat inserts. | a bacterial artificial chromosome clone, designated lcy, was constructed from a gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) isolate from a gahv-2 and reticuloendotheliosis virus co-infected clinical sample. the lcy gahv-2 insert was sequenced and found to consist of 175,319 nucleotides. lcy gahv-2 open reading frames (orfs) had a high sequence identity to those of reference strains. the major difference was that two rev long terminal repeats (ltrs), in the same direction, were inserted at the internal repeat ... | 2017 | 28194622 |
| expression of marek's disease virus oncoprotein meq during infection in the natural host. | gallid herpesvirus 2 (marek's disease virus, mdv) causes lymphoproliferative marek's disease (md), and is unique among alphaherpesviruses as the viral genome encodes an oncoprotein, meq. to elucidate the temporal relationship between meq expression and the development of md lymphomas in infected chickens, we generated a virulent recombinant mdv that expresses gfp simultaneously with meq. by using this virus, we monitored the dynamics of meq expression in vivo throughout the course of infection. ... | 2017 | 28160668 |
| isolation and purification of gallid herpesvirus 2 strains currently distributed in japan. | gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) causes malignant lymphomas in chickens (marek's disease, md). although md is controlled through vaccination efforts, field isolates of gahv-2 have increased in virulence worldwide and even cause md in vaccinated chickens. gahv-2 strains are classified into four categories (mild, virulent, very virulent and very virulent +) based on the virulence exhibited in experimental infection in unvaccinated or md-vaccinated susceptible chickens. although md cases are sporadica ... | 2017 | 27725354 |
| hyperediting by adar1 of a new herpesvirus lncrna during the lytic phase of the oncogenic marek's disease virus. | marek's disease virus, or gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), is an avian alphaherpesvirus that induces t-cell lymphoma in chickens. during transcriptomic studies of the rl region of the genome, we characterized the 7.5 kbp gene of the erl lncrna (edited repeat-long, long non-coding rna), which may act as a natural antisense transcript (nat) of the major gahv-2 oncogene meq and of two of the three mirna clusters. during infections in vivo and in vitro, we detected hyperediting of the erl lncrna that ... | 2016 | 27655063 |
| genetic evolution of gallid herpesvirus 2 isolated in china. | gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), which causes marek's disease in chickens and has caused extensive economic losses, has recently evolved increased virulence in china. to better understand the genetic basis of the pathogenic characteristics changed and increased virulence, we sequenced the genomes of six new gahv-2 strains (lcc, lts, wc/1203, jl/1404, cc/1409, and hs/1412) isolated from chickens with failed immunisation as well as one previously isolated chinese gahv-2 strain, j-1. based on a multi ... | 2016 | 27112385 |
| molecular and pathogenicity characterization of gallid herpesvirus 2 newly isolated in china from 2009 to 2013. | during the course of our continuous surveillance of gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), 44 isolates were obtained from gahv-2-positive chickens of different flocks in china from 2009 to 2013. the meq gene, considered as a major gahv-2 oncogene, was sequenced and was found to contain an open reading frame of 1020 nucleotides encoding a 339 amino acid (aa) polypeptide in all isolates. compared with the gahv-2 ga strain, the meq genes in 15.9 % (7/44) of the isolates analyzed in this study contained an ... | 2016 | 26611441 |
| marek's disease: genetic regulation of gallid herpesvirus 2 infection and latency. | gallid herpesvirus-2 (gahv-2) is an oncogenic α-herpesvirus that causes marek's disease (md), a t cell lymphosarcoma (lymphoma) of domestic fowl (chickens). the gahv-2 genome integrates by homologous recombination into the host genome and, by modulating expression of viral and cellular genes, induces transformation of latently infected cells. md is a unique model of viral oncogenesis. mechanisms implicated in the regulation of viral and cellular genes during gahv-2 infection operate at transcrip ... | 2015 | 26067852 |
| common occurrence of gallid herpesvirus-2 with reticuloendotheliosis virus in chickens caused by possible contamination of vaccine stocks. | the aim of this study was to investigate the common occurrence of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev) among gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) infected chickens. the possible cause of this co-occurrence may be linked to contaminated vaccine stocks, which were also examined. | 2015 | 25641090 |
| vaccine and oncogenic strains of gallid herpesvirus 2 contain specific subtype variations in the 5' region of the latency-associated transcript that evolve in vitro and in vivo. | gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) is the alphaherpesvirus responsible for marek's disease (md), a t-cell lymphoma of chickens. the virulence of the gahv-2 field strain is steadily increasing, but md is still controlled by the cvi988/rispens vaccine. we tried to determine distinguishing traits of the cvi988/rispens vaccine by focusing on the 5' end region of the latency-associated transcript (5'lat). it includes a variable number of 60-bp tandem repeats depending on the gahv-2 strain. by analyzing si ... | 2015 | 25298182 |
| efficient marek's disease virus (mdv) and herpesvirus of turkey infection of the qm7 cell line that does not contain latent mdv genome. | marek's disease virus (mdv; also known as gallid herpesvirus 2, mdv-1) causes oncogenic disease in chickens producing clinical signs that include lymphomas, visceral tumours, nerve lesions, and immunosuppression. mdv vaccines are widely used and mostly produced using primary cells: chicken embryo fibroblast cells, duck embryo fibroblast cells, chicken embryo kidney cells or chicken kidney cells. an immortalized cell line that can be used to manufacture the virus has long been desired. in this re ... | 2014 | 25204414 |
| characterizing the molecular basis of attenuation of marek's disease virus via in vitro serial passage identifies de novo mutations in the helicase-primase subunit gene ul5 and other candidates associated with reduced virulence. | marek's disease (md) is a lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by the oncogenic gallid herpesvirus 2, commonly known as marek's disease virus (mdv). md vaccines, the primary control method, are often generated by repeated in vitro serial passage of this highly cell-associated virus to attenuate virulent mdv strains. to understand the genetic basis of attenuation, we used experimental evolution by serially passing three virulent mdv replicates generated from an infectious bacterial arti ... | 2014 | 24648463 |
| expression analysis of programmed death ligand 2 in tumors caused by the avian oncovirus marek's disease virus. | pd-l2 is a ligand of the immunoinhibitory receptor pd-1. here, we report functional and expression analyses of pd-l2 in tumor lesions and spleens from chickens infected with gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2, marek's disease virus), which induces malignant lymphomas in chickens. we show that the expression of ifn-γ protein was decreased in pbmcs and splenocytes co-cultured with pd-l2-expressing cells and that the expression of pd-l2 mrna was significantly higher in the spleens of infected chickens in ... | 2014 | 24623086 |
| proteomics applied to avian herpesviruses. | proteomics is the application of rapidly evolving high-throughput technologies that enable analysis of proteins on a large scale. recent advances in instrumentation have allowed detection, identification, and quantification of proteins with unparalleled precision and reproducibility, and this, in combination with novel bioinformatics tools, has helped to move proteomics from the simple cataloging of expressed proteins toward discovery of operating mechanisms in the biological systems. proteomics ... | 2013 | 23901746 |
| microsatellite instability in chicken lymphoma induced by gallid herpesvirus 2. | microsatellite instability (msi) has been found in a range of human tumors, and little is known of the links between msi and herpesvirus. in order to investigate the relationship between msi and gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2)-induced lymphoma, fifteen marek's disease (md) lymphomas were analyzed through using 46 microsatellite markers, which were amplified by pcr from dna specimens of lymphoma and normal muscular tissues from the same chicken. pcr products were evaluated by denaturing polyacrylam ... | 2013 | 23844155 |
| a dna vaccine expressing env and gag offers partial protection against reticuloendotheliosis virus in the prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido). | recurring infection of reticuloendotheliosis virus (rev), an avian oncogenic gammaretrovirus, has been a major obstacle in attempts to breed and release the endangered attwater's prairie chicken (tympanicus cupido attwateri). the aim of this study was to develop a dna vaccine that protects the birds against rev infection. a plasmid was constructed expressing fusion proteins of rev envelope (env) and vp22 of gallid herpesvirus 2 or rev gag and vp22. birds vaccinated with these recombinant plasmid ... | 2013 | 23805542 |
| the oncogenic microrna oncomir-21 overexpressed during marek's disease lymphomagenesis is transactivated by the viral oncoprotein meq. | gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that causes t lymphoma in chicken. gahv-2 encodes a basic leucine zipper (bzip) protein of the ap-1 family, meq. upon formation of homo- or heterodimers with c-jun, meq may modulate the expression of viral and cellular genes involved in lymphomagenesis. gahv-2 also encodes viral micrornas (mirnas) involved in latency and apoptosis escape. however, little is known about cellular mirna deregulation during the development of gahv-2-associate ... | 2013 | 23055556 |
| nuclear factor kappa b is central to marek's disease herpesvirus induced neoplastic transformation of cd30 expressing lymphocytes in-vivo. | marek's disease (md) is a hyperproliferative, lymphomatous, neoplastic disease of chickens caused by the oncogenic gallid herpesvirus type 2 (gahv-2; mdv). like several human lymphomas the neoplastic md lymphoma cells overexpress the cd30 antigen (cd30(hi)) and are in minority, while the non-neoplastic cells (cd30(lo)) form the majority of population. md is a unique natural in-vivo model of human cd30(hi) lymphomas with both natural cd30(hi) lymphomagenesis and spontaneous regression. the exact ... | 2012 | 22979947 |
| dynamic equilibrium of marek's disease genomes during in vitro serial passage. | attenuation of gallid herpesvirus-2 (gahv-2), the causative agent of marek's disease, can occur through serial passage of a virulent field isolate in avian embryo fibroblasts. in order to gain a better understanding of the genes involved in attenuation and associate observed changes in phenotype with specific genetic variations, the genomic dna sequence of a single gahv-2 virulent strain (648a) was determined at defined passage intervals. biological characterization of these "interval-isolates" ... | 2012 | 22923089 |
| dual infection and superinfection inhibition of epithelial skin cells by two alphaherpesviruses co-occur in the natural host. | hosts can be infected with multiple herpesviruses, known as superinfection; however, superinfection of cells is rare due to the phenomenon known as superinfection inhibition. it is believed that dual infection of cells occurs in nature, based on studies examining genetic exchange between homologous alphaherpesviruses in the host, but to date, this has not been directly shown in a natural model. in this report, gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2), better known as marek's disease virus (mdv), was used i ... | 2012 | 22629393 |
| marek's disease virus expresses multiple ul44 (gc) variants through mrna splicing that are all required for efficient horizontal transmission. | marek's disease (md) is a devastating oncogenic viral disease of chickens caused by gallid herpesvirus 2, or md virus (mdv). mdv glycoprotein c (gc) is encoded by the alphaherpesvirus ul44 homolog and is essential for the horizontal transmission of mdv (k. w. jarosinski and n. osterrieder, j. virol. 84:7911-7916, 2010). alphaherpesvirus gc proteins are type 1 membrane proteins and are generally anchored in cellular membranes and the virion envelope by a short transmembrane domain. however, the m ... | 2012 | 22593168 |
| genome sequence determination and analysis of a chinese virulent strain, lms, of gallid herpesvirus type 2. | marek's disease (md) is a neoplastic and neurodegenerative disease of chickens, which is caused by the gallid herpesvirus type 2 (gahv-2). although vaccination has been used widely in china, md still occurs frequently. some molecular epidemiologic studies have shown that chinese gahv-2 isolates seem to constitute a separate clade from strains isolated from other regions. however, more of a genomic background of the chinese strains is necessary. in 2007, a virulent gahv-2 field strain, named lms, ... | 2012 | 22476905 |
| esophagitis and pharyngitis associated with avian infectious laryngotracheitis in backyard chickens: two cases. | infectious laryngotracheitis (ilt) is a contagious viral respiratory disease of great economic importance for the global poultry industry caused by gallid herpesvirus 1 (gahv-1). lesions of the upper digestive tract caused by this virus have not been reported before. two small flocks of backyard chickens experienced an outbreak of ilt, one in 2006 and the other in 2014. these birds had typical ilt lesions, characterized by a necrohemorrhagic laryngitis and tracheitis but were also affected by a ... | 2017 | 28665721 |
| recombinant gallid herpesvirus 2 with interrupted meq genes confers safe and efficacious protection against virulent field strains. | gallid herpesvirus 2 (gahv-2) continuously evolves, which reduces the effectiveness of existing vaccines. to construct new gahv-2 candidate vaccines, lms, which is a virulent gahv-2 field strain isolated from diseased chicken flocks in southwest china in 2007, was modified such that both copies of its meq oncogene were partially deleted. the resulting virus, i.e., rmsδmeq, was characterized using pcr and sequencing. to evaluate the safety and protective efficacy of rmsδmeq, specific pathogen-fre ... | 2017 | 28754487 |
| genetic diversity of infectious laryngotracheitis virus duringin vivocoinfection parallels viral replication and arises from recombination hot spots within the genome. | recombination is a feature of many alphaherpesviruses that infect people and animals. infectious laryngotracheitis virus (iltv;gallid alphaherpesvirus 1) causes respiratory disease in chickens, resulting in significant production losses in poultry industries worldwide. natural (field) iltv recombination is widespread, particularly recombination between attenuated iltv vaccine strains to create virulent viruses. these virulent recombinants have had a major impact on animal health. recently, the d ... | 2017 | 28939604 |