| isolation of pure babesia equi and babesia caballi organisms in splenectomized horses from endemic areas in south africa. | both babesia equi and babesia caballi are endemic in large parts of south africa. attempts were made to obtain pure local isolates of both b. equi and b. caballi for the purpose of developing serological tests to study the epidemiology of equine babesiosis in this country. the indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to screen horses for b. equi and b. caballi in an endemic area. seven horses and 3 donkeys between 3 and 36 months of age that tested negative were subsequently splenectomized. t ... | 1988 | 3353098 |
| the transstadial transmission of babesia caballi by rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi. | rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi larvae were fed on the ears of rabbits. seven days after larval infestation, unfed, newly moulted nymphae were manually removed to infest a splenectomized donkey showing a patent babesia caballi infection. engorged nymphae were collected from the donkey and the ensuing adult ticks were placed on a susceptible horse. the horse contracted a b. caballi infection showing a prepatent period of 19 days after tick infestation. a very low parasitaemia, (highest score 2), wh ... | 1987 | 3444624 |
| standardisation and comparison of serial dilution and single dilution enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) using different antigenic preparations of the babesia (theileria) equi parasite. | serial dilution and single dilution enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) were standardised and their sensitivity and specificity were compared for serodiagnosis of babesia equi infection. the antibody titres of 24 donkey sera of known identity were determined separately by serial dilution elisa using three different b. equi antigens namely whole merozoite (wm), cell membrane (cm) and high speed supernatant (hss). the ratios of the optical density (od) of known positive and known negative s ... | 2003 | 12588685 |
| seroepidemiological evidence for the possible presence of babesia (theileria) equi and babesia caballi infections in donkeys in western xinjiang, china. | the prevalence of babesia (theileria) equi and b. caballi infections in donkeys in western xinjiang china was investigated. in total, 93 serum samples were randomly taken from donkeys in the kashi and ili areas, and examined for b. equi and b. caballi infections by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays using recombinant antigens. of the 93 samples, 9 (9.6%) and 36 (38.7%) samples were positive for b. equi infection and b. caballi infection, respectively. in addition, 2 (2.2%) samples were positive ... | 2006 | 16891793 |
| seroprevalence of equine babesiosis in the black sea region of turkey. | the prevalence of theileria equi and babesia caballi was determined in equid blood samples in five provinces of the black sea region of turkey by using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat). of 153 samples, 53 (34.6%) and 33 (21.5%) were seropositive to b. caballi and t. equi, respectively. in addition, 8 (5.2%) of samples were seropositive to both t. equi and b. caballi. anti t. equi and b. caballi antibodies were detected in all five regions. the prevalence of b. caballi was higher tha ... | 2008 | 18234550 |
| a perspective on theileria equi infections in donkeys. | the donkey population has remained unchanged in the last two decades despite a decrease in the overall population of equids, emphasizing the usefulness of the donkey as a draught and pack animal. piroplasmosis in donkeys, caused by theileria equi and babesia caballi, has been recognized as a serious problem of major economic importance as the affected animals manifest decreased working capacity, loss of appetite, etc. in tropical countries, t. equi infections are more wide-spread and pathogenic ... | 2009 | 19358444 |
| [an indirect elisa for the detection of babesia caballi in equine animals]. | to clone and express bc48 gene of babesia caballi, and to establish an indirect elisa for the diagnosis of b. caballi in equine animals. | 2010 | 20806504 |
| genetic diversity of the class ii major histocompatibility dra locus in european, asiatic and african domestic donkeys. | the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) genes coding for antigen presenting molecules are the most polymorphic genes in vertebrate genome. the mhc class ii dra gene shows only small variation in many mammalian species, but it exhibits relatively high level of polymorphism in equidae, especially in donkeys. this extraordinary degree of polymorphism together with signatures of selection in specific amino acids sites makes the donkey dra gene a suitable model for population diversity studies. th ... | 2011 | 21515411 |
| molecular and serological detection of theileria equi and babesia caballi in donkeys (equus asinus) in brazil. | piroplasmosis in donkeys has been recognized as a serious problem of major economic importance, since the affected animals manifest loss of appetite and decreased working capacity. the present work is aimed at detecting infection or exposure of donkeys in são paulo, brazil to theileria (t.) equi and babesia (b.) caballi using molecular and serological approaches. edta-blood and serum samples were collected from 88 donkeys (equus asinus). from 88 sampled donkeys, 65 (73.86%; 95% confidence interv ... | 2011 | 22186194 |
| assessment of theileria equi and babesia caballi infections in equine populations in egypt by molecular, serological and hematological approaches. | equine piroplasmosis (ep) caused by theileria equi, babesia caballi, or both, contributes to significant economic loss in the equine industry and remains uncontrolled in egypt. this study focuses on surveying t. equi and b. caballi infections and hematological disorders in equine populations in egypt. | 2016 | 27146413 |
| molecular and serological detection of tick-borne pathogens in donkeys (equus asinus) in italy. | donkeys, owing to the frequent outdoor activity, are exposed to a high risk of infection with tick-borne pathogens. this work aimed to detect exposure to theileria equi, babesia caballi, anaplasma phagocytophilum and borrelia burgdorferi s.l. of donkeys reared in central italy. for this purpose 122 adult donkeys were selected within 11 herds and submitted to blood collection. igg antibodies to t. equi, b. caballi, a. phagocytophilum and b. burgdorferi s.l. were detected by ifat. conventional pcr ... | 2014 | 25213231 |
| molecular detection of equine piroplasms in donkeys (equus asinus) in north khorasan province, iran. | equine piroplasmosis is a tickborne disease of equids with worldwide distribution, caused by theileria equi and babesia caballi. the aim of this study was molecular detection of t. equi and b. caballi in donkeys in northeastern iran and investigate the association between positivity of piroplasm infection and host-related factors. in the present study, blood samples were collected from 106 apparently healthy donkeys (equus asinus) in north khorasan province, iran. blood smears were prepared and ... | 2015 | 27175176 |
| theileria equi and babesia caballi infection of equids in punjab, india: a serological and molecular survey. | a cross-sectional study was conducted in submountain undulating, undulating plain, western and western plain agro-climatic zones of punjab province, india, to determine the prevalence, agreement between diagnostic tests and associated related risk factors of theileria equi and babesia caballi infection in equids (horses, donkey, mules). an overall prevalence of 14.14 and 0.0% of t. equi and b. caballi was recorded by multiplex polymerase chain reaction targeting 18s ribosomal rna (rrna) for both ... | 2016 | 26387094 |
| a field survey for the seroprevalence of theileria equi and babesia caballi in donkeys from nuu division, kenya. | equine piroplasmosis is one of the most significant tick-borne disease of equids. the prevalence of this disease in donkeys of semi-arid kenya remains largely unexplored. the primary objective of this study was to demonstrate the extent to which donkeys in nuu division, kenya have been exposed to the haemoprotozoans babesia caballi and theileria equi, the causative agents of equine piroplasmosis. the study also assessed the effect of age and sex on seroprevalence. a stratified sampling approach ... | 2015 | 26072000 |
| clinical investigation on theileria equi and babesia caballi infections in italian donkeys. | interest in the welfare and diseases of donkeys is constantly increasing in several countries. despite this, clinical research into donkeys needs to be in continual development since they show different reactions compared to horses in many conditions, including infectious diseases, and need specific clinical and therapeutic approaches. no reports are currently available on clinical and clinical pathology data regarding donkeys with natural piroplasms infection. | 2015 | 25927984 |
| vector ecology of equine piroplasmosis. | equine piroplasmosis is a disease of equidae, including horses, donkeys, mules, and zebras, caused by either of two protozoan parasites, theileria equi or babesia caballi. these parasites are biologically transmitted between hosts via tick vectors, and although they have inherent differences they are categorized together because they cause similar pathology and have similar morphologies, life cycles, and vector relationships. to complete their life cycle, these parasites must undergo a complex s ... | 2015 | 25564746 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors associated with babesia caballi and theileria equi infections in donkeys from southern italy. | equine piroplasmosis (ep) has been frequently described in donkeys in subtropical and tropical regions, but published data reflecting large scale surveys are very limited in europe. the seroprevalence of babesia caballi and theileria equi was determined in a donkey population from campania region in southern italy using a commercial indirect fluorescent antibody test (ifat), and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of the infection were assessed. of 203 samples, the overall seropreval ... | 2014 | 25457263 |
| prevalence of theileria equi and babesia caballi as well as the identification of associated ticks in sympatric grevy's zebras (equus grevyi) and donkeys (equus africanus asinus) in northern kenya. | the role of equine piroplasmosis as a factor in the population decline of the grevy's zebra is not known. we determined the prevalence of babesia caballi and theileria equi in cograzing grevy's zebras (equus grevyi) and donkeys (equus africanus asinus) in northern kenya and identified the associated tick vectors. blood samples were taken from 71 donkeys and 16 grevy's zebras from march to may 2011. a nested pcr reaction using 18s ribosomal (r)rna primers on 87 blood spots showed 72% (51/71; 95% ... | 2015 | 25380362 |
| seroprevalence of babesia caballi and theileria equi in five draught equine populated metropolises of punjab, pakistan. | equine piroplasmosis (ep) caused by intraerythrocytic parasites (theileria equi and babesia caballi) is an emerging equine disease of world-wide distribution. in pakistan, the prevalence and incidence of ep are unknown. in order to obtain the first insights into the prevalence of the disease, a total of 430 equids, including 33 mules, 65 horses and 332 donkeys, aging from ≤ 5 to ≥ 10 years of either sex, from five metropolises of punjab, pakistan, were serologically tested for the presence of an ... | 2014 | 24582524 |
| current status of equine piroplasmosis in the sudan. | this is a cross-sectional molecular epidemiological study on equine piroplasmosis (ep) affecting horses and donkeys in the sudan. the study evaluated 499 samples from geographically distinct regions in eastern, central and western parts of the country. pcr amplification of the 18s rrna gene of both thelieria equi and babesia caballi was carried out. horses from all sampled areas were found positive to t. equi dna but no b. caballi was detected. absence of b. caballi infection was confirmed by an ... | 2013 | 23485745 |
| seroprevalence and risk factors associated with babesia caballi and theileria equi infection in equids. | a cross-sectional study was carried out on equids (horses, mules and donkeys) in andalusia, southern spain, to assess the level of exposure to equine piroplasmosis and to investigate risk factors associated with these infections. at least one animal seropositive for theileria equi and/or babesia caballi was detected in 222/380 (58.4%) herds sampled by competitive inhibition elisas. the seroprevalences for b. caballi and t. equi were 13.2% and 56.1%, respectively; there was serological evidence o ... | 2013 | 22784418 |
| a molecular and haematological study of theileria equi in balkan donkeys. | equine piroplasmosis in donkeys has been recognised as a serious problem of major economic importance. the present molecular study is the first investigation of the presence of theileria equi and babesia caballi in balkan donkeys and of the possible haematological alterations related to it. a total of 70 apparently healthy donkeys from serbia were included in this study. the overall prevalence of t. equi infection in donkeys tested with multiplex pcr was 50%. there was no b. caballi-positive sam ... | 2017 | 28605963 |