| rna interference targets arbovirus replication in culicoides cells. | arboviruses are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by biting arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, and midges. these viruses replicate in both arthropods and vertebrates and are thus exposed to different antiviral responses in these organisms. rna interference (rnai) is a sequence-specific rna degradation mechanism that has been shown to play a major role in the antiviral response against arboviruses in mosquitoes. culicoides midges are important vectors of arboviruses, known to transmit pat ... | 2012 | 23269795 |
| serologic screening for 13 infectious agents in roe deer (capreolus capreolus) in flanders. | in order to investigate the role of roe deer in the maintenance and transmission of infectious animal and human diseases in flanders, we conducted a serologic screening in 12 hunting areas. | 2015 | 26609692 |
| riems: a software pipeline for sensitive and comprehensive taxonomic classification of reads from metagenomics datasets. | fuelled by the advent and subsequent development of next generation sequencing technologies, metagenomics became a powerful tool for the analysis of microbial communities both scientifically and diagnostically. the biggest challenge is the extraction of relevant information from the huge sequence datasets generated for metagenomics studies. although a plethora of tools are available, data analysis is still a bottleneck. | 2015 | 25886935 |
| lack of evidence for zoonotic transmission of schmallenberg virus. | the emergence of schmallenberg virus (sbv), a novel orthobunyavirus, in ruminants in europe triggered a joint veterinary and public health response to address the possible consequences to human health. use of a risk profiling algorithm enabled the conclusion that the risk for zoonotic transmission of sbv could not be excluded completely. self-reported health problems were monitored, and a serologic study was initiated among persons living and/or working on sbv-affected farms. in the study set-up ... | 2012 | 23092696 |
| nonstructural protein nss of schmallenberg virus is targeted to the nucleolus and induces nucleolar disorganization. | schmallenberg virus (sbv) was discovered in germany in late 2011 and then spread rapidly to many european countries. sbv is an orthobunyavirus that causes abortion and congenital abnormalities in ruminants. a virus-encoded nonstructural protein, termed nss, is a major virulence factor of sbv, and it is known to promote the degradation of rpb1, a subunit of the rna polymerase ii (pol ii) complex, and therefore hampers global cellular transcription. in this study, we found that nss is mainly local ... | 2016 | 27795408 |
| transcriptome analysis reveals the host response to schmallenberg virus in bovine cells and antagonistic effects of the nss protein. | schmallenberg virus (sbv) is a member of the orthobunyavirus genus (bunyaviridae family) causing malformations and abortions in ruminants. although, as for other members of this family/genus, the non-structural protein nss has been shown to be an interferon antagonist, very little is known regarding the overall inhibitory effects and targets of orthobunyavirus nss proteins on host gene expression during infection. therefore, using rna-seq this study describes changes to the transcriptome of prim ... | 2015 | 25896169 |
| could drought conditions trigger schmallenberg virus and other arboviruses circulation? | in 2011, a new orthobunyavirus, named the schmallenberg virus (sbv), was discovered in europe. like the related shamonda virus, sbv is an arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus). after its discovery, the virus was detected in a wide area in north-western europe, an unexpected finding in a territory where climatic conditions would not seem ideal for arbovirus transmission. this sudden expansion suggests the effect of 2011 drought as a key factor that may have triggered sbv circulation. the possible inf ... | 2013 | 23409725 |
| testing of uk populations of culex pipiens l. for schmallenberg virus vector competence and their colonization. | schmallenberg virus (sbv), an arboviral pathogen of ruminants, emerged in northern europe during 2011 and has subsequently spread across a vast geographic area. while culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) have been identified as a biological transmission agent of sbv, the role of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) as potential vectors has not been defined beyond small-scale field collections in affected areas. culex pipiens l. are one of the most widespread mosquitoes in northern euro ... | 2015 | 26291533 |
| outdoor and indoor monitoring of livestock-associated culicoides spp. to assess vector-free periods and disease risks. | within the last few decades culicoides spp. (diptera: ceratopogonidae) emerged europe-wide as a major vector for epizootic viral diseases e.g. caused by bluetongue (bt) or schmallenberg virus. in accordance with the eu regulation 1266/2007, veterinary authorities are requested to determine vector-free periods for loosing trade and movement restrictions of susceptible livestock. additionally, the widely used basic reproduction number [formula: see text] is optionally applied for risk assessment o ... | 2016 | 27259473 |
| are bogs reservoirs for emerging disease vectors? evaluation of culicoides populations in the hautes fagnes nature reserve (belgium). | several species of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) biting midges serve as biological vectors for the bluetongue virus (btv) and the recently described schmallenberg virus (sbv) in northern europe. since their recent emergence in this part of the continent, these diseases have caused considerable economic losses to the sheep and cattle industries. much data is now available that describe the distribution, population dynamics, and feeding habits of these insects. however, little is known reg ... | 2013 | 23799137 |
| culicoides species communities associated with wild ruminant ecosystems in spain: tracking the way to determine potential bridge vectors for arboviruses. | the genus culicoides latreille 1809 is a well-known vector for protozoa, filarial worms and, above all, numerous viruses. the bluetongue virus (btv) and the recently emerged schmallenberg virus (sbv) are responsible for important infectious, non-contagious, insect-borne viral diseases found in domestic ruminants and transmitted by culicoides spp. both of these diseases have been detected in wild ruminants, but their role as reservoirs during the vector-free season still remains relatively unknow ... | 2015 | 26510136 |
| lack of evidence for the presence of schmallenberg virus in mosquitoes in germany, 2011. | in 2011, a novel orthobunyavirus of the simbu serogroup was discovered near the german-dutch border and named schmallenberg virus (sbv). so far, sbv genome has been detected in various field-collected culicoides species; however, other members of the simbu serogroup are also transmitted by mosquitoes. | 2014 | 25174354 |
| first detection of leishmania infantum (kinetoplastida: trypanosomatidae) in culicoides spp. (diptera: ceratopogonidae). | culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) species are known to be the vectors of bluetongue virus and african horses sickness virus (ahsv) in different areas of the world. nevertheless, other researchers have hypothesized that these arthropods could be involved in the transmission of other pathogens such as schmallenberg virus, plasmodium and leishmania parasites. identification of the culicoides' potential vector competence is crucial in understanding the worldwide culicoides/leishmania life cycle. | 2014 | 24460752 |
| characterizing the species composition of european culicoides vectors by means of the köppen-geiger climate classification. | biting midges of the genus culicoides spp. (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are vectors for the bluetongue virus, the african horse sickness virus and the recently emerged schmallenberg virus. here, species of the c. obsoletus complex, the c. pulicaris complex and c. imicola were considered. the objective was to compile a map of these culicoides species and their relation to the popular climate classification defined by wladimir köppen and rudolf geiger to provide a quick view on the species compositi ... | 2013 | 24267276 |
| identity and diversity of blood meal hosts of biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae: culicoides latreille) in denmark. | host preference studies in haematophagous insects e.g. culicoides biting midges are pivotal to assess transmission routes of vector-borne diseases and critical for the development of veterinary contingency plans to identify which species should be included due to their risk potential. species of culicoides have been found in almost all parts of the world and known to live in a variety of habitats. several parasites and viruses are transmitted by culicoides biting midges including bluetongue viru ... | 2012 | 22824422 |
| inferences about the transmission of schmallenberg virus within and between farms. | in the summer of 2011 schmallenberg virus (sbv), a culicoides-borne orthobunyavirus, emerged in germany and the netherlands and subsequently spread across much of europe. to draw inferences about the transmission of sbv we have developed two models to describe its spread within and between farms. the within-farm model was fitted to seroprevalence data for cattle and sheep farms in belgium and the netherlands, with parameters estimated using approximate bayesian computation. despite the short dur ... | 2014 | 24857371 |
| does covering of farm-associated culicoides larval habitat reduce adult populations in the united kingdom? | culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are the biological vectors of a range of internationally important arboviruses of livestock, including bluetongue virus (btv) and the recently emerging schmallenberg virus (sbv). culicoides species in the subgenus avaritia (in the uk: culicoides obsoletus meigen, culicoides scoticus downes & kettle, culicoides dewulfi goetghebuer and culicoides chiopterus meigen) have been implicated in btv transmission in northern europe and to a varying degre ... | 2013 | 24472769 |
| measurement of the infection and dissemination of bluetongue virus in culicoides biting midges using a semi-quantitative rt-pcr assay and isolation of infectious virus. | culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are the biological vectors of globally significant arboviruses of livestock including bluetongue virus (btv), african horse sickness virus (ahsv) and the recently emerging schmallenberg virus (sbv). from 2006-2009 outbreaks of btv in northern europe inflicted major disruption and economic losses to farmers and several attempts were made to implicate palaearctic culicoides species as vectors. results from these studies were difficult to interpre ... | 2013 | 23940643 |
| schmallenberg virus in germany 2011-2014: searching for the vectors. | following the emergence of schmallenberg virus (sbv) in 2011, 21,397 culicoid biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) from targeted and non-targeted sampling activities carried out during the summer months of 2011 to 2013 and in late 2014 in various regions in germany were analyzed for the virus by real-time rt-pcr. while no sbv was found in biting midges collected during 2011 and 2013, 2 out of 334 pools including 20 and 22 non-engorged females of the obsoletus complex sampled in 2012 tested p ... | 0 | 26462800 |
| culicoides (avaritia) gornostaevae mirzaeva, 1984 (diptera: ceratopogonidae)--a possible vector species of the obsoletus group new to the european fauna. | culicoides gornostaevae mirzaeva, 1984, known previously only from siberia, is a boreal species included into the obsoletus group of culicoides sg. avaritia. members of the subgenus can act as vectors of various diseases. in europe they are involved in the transmission of the schmallenberg virus and bluetongue virus. | 2014 | 25270724 |
| feeding behaviour of culicoides spp. (diptera: ceratopogonidae) on cattle and sheep in northeast germany. | culicoides spp. play an important role in the transmission of several vector-borne pathogens such as bluetongue and schmallenberg virus in europe. to better understand the biology of local culicoides species, a study divided into three parts was performed in northeast germany to elucidate the feeding activity patterns (study a), preferential landing and feeding sites (study b) and host feeding preferences (study c) of culicoides spp. using cattle and sheep as baits. | 2014 | 24438698 |
| evaluating the protective efficacy of a trivalent vaccine containing akabane virus, aino virus and chuzan virus against schmallenberg virus infection. | schmallenberg virus (sbv), an arthropod borne pathogen, spread rapidly throughout the majority of europe since 2011. it can cause a febrile disease, milk drop, diarrhea, and fetal malformation in ruminants. sbv, a member of the simbu serogroup within the genus orthobunyavirus, is closely related to akabane virus (akav) and aino virus (ainov) among others. in the present study, 4 holstein-friesian calves were immunized twice four weeks apart with a multivalent, inactivated vaccine against akav an ... | 2013 | 24313924 |
| the range of attraction for light traps catching culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae). | culicoides are vectors of e.g. bluetongue virus and schmallenberg virus in northern europe. light trapping is an important tool for detecting the presence and quantifying the abundance of vectors in the field. until now, few studies have investigated the range of attraction of light traps. | 2013 | 23497628 |
| schmallenberg virus in culicoides spp. biting midges, the netherlands, 2011. | to determine which species of culicoides biting midges carry schmallenberg virus (sbv), we assayed midges collected in the netherlands during autumn 2011. sbv rna was found in c. scoticus, c. obsoletus sensu stricto, and c. chiopterus. the high proportion of infected midges might explain the rapid spread of sbv throughout europe. | 0 | 23260040 |
| genetic characterization and molecular identification of the bloodmeal sources of the potential bluetongue vector culicoides obsoletus in the canary islands, spain. | culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) biting midges are vectors for a diversity of pathogens including bluetongue virus (btv) that generate important economic losses. btv has expanded its range in recent decades, probably due to the expansion of its main vector and the presence of other autochthonous competent vectors. although the canary islands are still free of bluetongue disease (btd), spain and europe have had to face up to a spread of bluetongue with disastrous consequences. therefore, it ... | 2012 | 22827913 |
| culicoids as vectors of schmallenberg virus. | | 0 | 22709978 |
| epidemiology, molecular virology and diagnostics of schmallenberg virus, an emerging orthobunyavirus in europe. | after the unexpected emergence of bluetongue virus serotype 8 (btv-8) in northern europe in 2006, another arbovirus, schmallenberg virus (sbv), emerged in europe in 2011 causing a new economically important disease in ruminants. the virus, belonging to the orthobunyavirus genus in the bunyaviridae family, was first detected in germany, in the netherlands and in belgium in 2011 and soon after in the united kingdom, france, italy, luxembourg, spain, denmark and switzerland. this review describes t ... | 2013 | 23675914 |
| emerging phleboviruses. | the bunyavidae family is the largest grouping of rna viruses and arguably the most diverse. bunyaviruses have a truly global distribution and can infect vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. the majority of bunyaviruses are vectored by arthropods and thus have the remarkable capability to replicate in hosts of disparate phylogeny. the family has provided many examples of emerging viruses including sin nombre and related viruses responsible for hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome in the americas ... | 2014 | 24607799 |
| establishment of a reverse genetics system for schmallenberg virus, a newly emerged orthobunyavirus in europe. | schmallenberg virus (sbv) is a newly emerged orthobunyavirus that has caused widespread disease in cattle, sheep and goats in europe. like other orthobunyaviruses, sbv is characterized by a tripartite negative-sense rna genome that encodes four structural and two non-structural proteins. this study showed that sbv has a wide in vitro host range, and that bhk-21 cells are a convenient host for both sbv propagation and assay by plaque titration. the sbv genome segments were cloned as cdna and a th ... | 2012 | 23255627 |
| schmallenberg virus challenge models in cattle: infectious serum or culture-grown virus? | schmallenberg virus (sbv), discovered in europe in 2011, causes mild transient disease in adult ruminants, but fetal infection can lead to severe malformation in cattle, sheep and goats.to elucidate the pathogenesis of this novel orthobunyavirus, considerable efforts are required. a reliable and standardized infection model is essential for in vivo studies. in the present study, two groups of four cattle were inoculated with either serum passaged in cattle only or cell culture-grown virus. the r ... | 2012 | 23231006 |
| schmallenberg virus infection of adult type i interferon receptor knock-out mice. | schmallenberg virus (sbv), a novel orthobunyavirus, was discovered in europe in late 2011. it causes mild and transient disease in adult ruminants, but fetal infection can lead to abortion or severe malformations. there is considerable demand for sbv research, but in vivo studies in large animals are complicated by their long gestation periods and the cost of high containment housing. the goal of this study was to investigate whether type i interferon receptor knock-out (ifnar(-/-)) mice are a s ... | 2012 | 22792298 |
| implicating culicoides biting midges as vectors of schmallenberg virus using semi-quantitative rt-pcr. | the recent unprecedented emergence of arboviruses transmitted by culicoides biting midges in northern europe has necessitated the development of techniques to differentiate competent vector species. at present these techniques are entirely reliant upon interpretation of semi-quantitative rt-pcr (sqpcr) data in the form of cq values used to infer the presence of viral rna in samples. | 2013 | 23520481 |
| virus-induced congenital malformations in cattle. | diagnosing the cause of bovine congenital malformations (bcms) is challenging for bovine veterinary practitioners and laboratory diagnosticians as many known as well as a large number of not-yet reported syndromes exist. foetal infection with certain viruses, including bovine virus diarrhea virus (bvdv), schmallenberg virus (sbv), blue tongue virus (btv), akabane virus (akav), or aino virus (av), is associated with a range of congenital malformations. it is tempting for veterinary practitioners ... | 2015 | 26399846 |
| non-structural proteins of arthropod-borne bunyaviruses: roles and functions. | viruses within the bunyaviridae family are tri-segmented, negative-stranded rna viruses. the family includes several emerging and re-emerging viruses of humans, animals and plants, such as rift valley fever virus, crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus, la crosse virus, schmallenberg virus and tomato spotted wilt virus. many bunyaviruses are arthropod-borne, so-called arboviruses. depending on the genus, bunyaviruses encode, in addition to the rna-dependent rna polymerase and the different struct ... | 2013 | 24100888 |
| transmission of schmallenberg virus in a housed dairy herd in the uk. | | 2013 | 24197435 |
| a broad spectrum screening of schmallenberg virus antibodies in wildlife animals in germany. | to identify native wildlife species possibly susceptible to infection with schmallenberg virus (sbv), a midge-transmitted orthobunyavirus that predominantly infects domestic ruminants, samples from various free-living ruminants, but also carnivores, small mammals and wild boar were analyzed serologically. before 2011, no sbv-specific antibodies were detectable in any of the tested species, thereafter, a large proportion of the ruminant population became seropositive, while every sample taken fro ... | 2015 | 26394618 |
| schmallenberg virus in zoo ruminants, france and the netherlands. | | 0 | 27869605 |
| exposure of asian elephants and other exotic ungulates to schmallenberg virus. | schmallenberg virus (sbv) is an emerging orthobunyavirus, first described in 2011 in cattle in germany and subsequently spread throughout europe, affecting mainly ruminant livestock through the induction of foetal malformations. to gain a better understanding of the spectrum of susceptible species and to assess the value of current sbv serological assays, screening of serum samples from exotic artiodactyls and perissodactyls collected at the living collections from the zoological society of lond ... | 2015 | 26274399 |
| schmallenberg virus circulation in high mountain ecosystem, spain. | | 0 | 24857166 |
| cross-sectional study of schmallenberg virus seroprevalence in wild ruminants in poland at the end of the vector season of 2013. | in view of recurrent schmallenberg virus (sbv) infections all over europe between 2011 and 2013, a lively scientific debate over the importance of the sylvatic transmission cycle of the virus has emerged. the study presents results of serosurvey which included wild ruminants representing species of red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), european bison (bison bonasus), fallow deer (dama dama), mouflon (ovis orientalis musimon) hunted or immobilized at 34 different locations of ... | 2014 | 25528665 |
| evaluation of in vitro methods for assessment of infection of australian culicoides spp. with bluetongue viruses. | biting midges from the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are the vectors of several globally important arboviruses that affect livestock. these include orbiviruses from the bluetongue virus (btv) and african horse sickness virus (ahsv) groups and members of the simbu serogroup of orthobunyaviruses, such as the recently emerged schmallenberg virus. in this article, the authors evaluate several methods for feeding wild‑caught australian culicoides on btv infected preparations of blood an ... | 2016 | 26741248 |
| what can akabane disease teach us about other arboviral diseases. | viruses of the simbu serogroup cause lesions to foetuses that are seen at birth and that correlate with the stage of pregnancy at which the dam first contracts the virus. the simbu serogroup comprises arboviruses known to cause outbreaks of abnormal parturitions in domestic ruminants; these abnormalities include abortion, stillbirth, and congenitally deformed neonates. simbu serogroup members include: akabane virus (akav), aino virus, cache valley virus, and schmallenberg virus. lately, dairy he ... | 2016 | 27723047 |
| circulation of a simbu serogroup virus, causing schmallenberg virus-like clinical signs in northern jordan. | schmallenberg virus (sbv)-like clinical cases of abortions in northern jordan in early 2013, together with the emergence of sbv in europe in 2011, its rapid spread within the following years and the detection of this virus in turkey, raised questions about the distribution of sbv or related orthobunyaviruses. to evaluate the occurrence of sbv or related members of the simbu serogroup of orthobunyaviruses in jordan, bulk milk (cattle) and serum samples (cattle, sheep and goat) collected in northe ... | 2015 | 26715241 |
| detection and differentiation of schmallenberg, akabane and aino viruses by one-step multiplex reverse-transcriptase quantitative pcr assay. | schmallenberg virus (sbv), akabane virus (akav) and aino virus (ainv) are members of the simbu serogroup within the genus orthobunyavirus, family bunyaviridae, which can cause reproductive disorders including abortion, stillbirth and congenital malformation in ruminants. because, the clinical signs are similar, confirmatory diagnosis requires viral detection to differentiate infection between these three viruses. | 2015 | 26497392 |
| the n-terminal domain of schmallenberg virus envelope protein gc is highly immunogenic and can provide protection from infection. | schmallenberg virus (sbv) is transmitted by insect vectors, and therefore vaccination is one of the most important tools of disease control. in our study, novel subunit vaccines on the basis of an amino-terminal domain of sbv gc of 234 amino acids ("gc amino") first were tested and selected using a lethal small animal challenge model and then the best performing formulations also were tested in cattle. we could show that neither e. coli expressed nor the reduced form of "gc amino" protected from ... | 2017 | 28211908 |
| seroprevalence of infectious diseases in saiga antelope (saiga tatarica tatarica) in kazakhstan 2012-2014. | 286 serum samples were collected from three sub-populations of saiga in kazakhstan (betpakdala, ustyurt and volga-ural) between 2012 and 2014, and were tested for the presence of antibodies to brucella spp., bluetongue virus, peste des petits ruminants (ppr) virus, akabane virus, schmallenberg virus, chlamydophila, toxoplasma, mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and coxiella burnetii (q fever). seropositives to coxiella burnetii of saiga were detected and the adjusted seroprevalence ... | 2016 | 27094147 |
| reconstruction of the schmallenberg virus epidemic in belgium: complementary use of disease surveillance approaches. | schmallenberg virus (sbv) emerged across europe in 2011 and belgium was among the first countries affected. in this study, published findings are combined with new data from veterinary surveillance networks and the belgian reference laboratory for sbv at the veterinary and agrochemical research centre (coda-cerva) to reconstruct the epidemic in belgium. first retrospective cases of sbv were reported by veterinarians that observed decreased milk yield and fever in dairy cattle in may 2011. the nu ... | 2016 | 26790935 |
| time-dependent selection pressure on two arthropod-borne rna viruses in the same serogroup. | understanding the genetic basis of viral adaptation to taxonomically diverse groups of host species inhabiting different eco-climatic zones is crucial for the discovery of factors underpinning the successful establishment of these infectious pathogens in new hosts/environments. to gain insights into the dynamics of nonsynonymous (dn) and synonymous substitutions (ds) and the ratio between the two (ω=dn/ds), we analyzed the complete nucleotide coding sequence data of the m segment, which encodes ... | 2015 | 25801608 |
| skeletal muscle hypoplasia represents the only significant lesion in peripheral organs of ruminants infected with schmallenberg virus during gestation. | schmallenberg virus (sbv), an arbovirus within the family bunyaviridae, represents a ruminant pathogen that has caused epidemic abortion and birth of malformed or stillborn animals in many european countries since august 2011. histological and immunohistochemical analysis of peripheral tissues of sbv-infected animals, including lymphoid tissues, endocrine organs and tissues of the gastrointestinal, urogenital and respiratory system, were analyzed in order to elucidate the occurrence of sbv-assoc ... | 2014 | 24975894 |
| experimental schmallenberg virus infection of pigs. | schmallenberg virus (sbv) is a newly emerged virus responsible for an acute non-specific syndrome in adult cattle including high fever, decrease in milk production and severe diarrhea. it also causes reproductive problems in cattle, sheep and goat including abortions, stillbirths and malformations. the role of pigs in the epidemiology of sbv has not yet been evaluated while this could be interesting seen their suggested role in the epidemiology of the closely related akabane virus. to address th ... | 2014 | 24679959 |
| detection and partial sequencing of schmallenberg virus in cattle and sheep in turkey. | to investigate the schmallenberg virus (sbv) in turkey, 116 aborted fetuses from sheep (60), goats (12), and cattle (44) collected from different regions of turkey were analyzed by real-time pcr. sbv rna was detected in aborted fetuses of sheep and cattle from the marmara region, which borders the european union. in contrast, samples were found to be negative for akabane virus by real-time pcr. the partial sequencing of the s gene of sbv confirmed the first detection of sbv in turkey. | 2014 | 24576303 |
| first detection of schmallenberg virus rna in bovine semen, germany, 2012. | in analogy to the related akabane virus, transmission of schmallenberg virus (sbv) by contaminated semen has primarily been considered negligible. however, the potential economic consequences for stock-bull breeders prompted the investigation of reliable diagnostic methods for sbv-rna detection in bovine semen. twelve extraction methods were compared using a dilution series of sbv-spiked semen as well as serum and medium samples for control. the most promising methods were subsequently used with ... | 2013 | 24100006 |
| evidence of schmallenberg virus circulation in ruminants in greece. | during march 2013, we investigated the presence and the levels of schmallenberg virus (sbv) circulation in three dairy cow herds and three sheep flocks in central macedonia, greece. in two cow herds, a high number of abortions had been observed during the winter. six bulk-tank milk samples and 147 individual sera were screened for sbv-specific antibodies by elisa. positive reactions were obtained from 5 out of 6 bulk-tank milk samples, 58 out of 90 sera from the 3 cow herds, and 2 sera from 2 of ... | 2014 | 23868549 |
| schmallenberg virus--is it present in south africa? | in july 2006, a case of two out of three lambs born to one ewe in a flock of 45 had signs that, in retrospect, were possibly consistent with schmallenberg virus infection. this occurred in the onderstepoort area (gauteng province) but a definitive diagnosis was not made. then, in may 2008, a farmer in the delmas area (mpumalanga province) reported that deformed lambs had been born to several ewes in the flock. six of the approximately 50 mated ewes gave birth to lambs showing varying degrees of ... | 2013 | 23718876 |
| 'schmallenberg virus'--a novel orthobunyavirus emerging in europe. | in 2011, a novel orthobunyavirus of the simbu serogroup, the schmallenberg virus (sbv), was discovered using a metagenomic approach. sbv caused a large epidemic in europe in ruminants. as with related viruses such as akabane virus, it appears to be transmitted by biting midges. transplacental infection often results in the birth of malformed calves, lambs and goat kids. in more than 5000 farms in germany, the netherlands, belgium, france, uk, italy, spain, luxembourg, denmark and switzerland acu ... | 2013 | 23046921 |
| salient lesions in domestic ruminants infected with the emerging so-called schmallenberg virus in germany. | the so-called schmallenberg virus (sbv), first detected in a german town of the same name in october 2011, is a novel emerging orthobunyavirus in europe causing malformations and severe economic loss in ruminants. this report describes lesions in 40 sheep, 2 goats, and 16 cattle naturally infected with sbv as determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. the most common macroscopic changes were arthrogryposis, vertebral malformations, brachygnathia inferio ... | 2012 | 22610033 |
| quantifying the roles of host movement and vector dispersal in the transmission of vector-borne diseases of livestock. | the role of host movement in the spread of vector-borne diseases of livestock has been little studied. here we develop a mathematical framework that allows us to disentangle and quantify the roles of vector dispersal and livestock movement in transmission between farms. we apply this framework to outbreaks of bluetongue virus (btv) and schmallenberg virus (sbv) in great britain, both of which are spread by culicoides biting midges and have recently emerged in northern europe. for btv we estimate ... | 2017 | 28369082 |
| activity of culicoides spp. (diptera: ceratopogonidae) inside and outside of livestock stables in late winter and spring. | culicoides latreille, 1809 midge species are the putative vectors of bluetongue virus (btv) and schmallenberg virus (sbv) in europe. to gain a better understanding of the epidemiology of the diseases, basic knowledge about the overwintering of the vectors is needed. therefore, we investigated culicoid activity in relation to air temperature at livestock stables during late winter and spring season. ceratopogonids were captured weekly indoors and outdoors on three cattle farms, three horse farms ... | 2017 | 28054179 |
| a freedom from disease study: schmallenberg virus in the south of england in 2015. | in 2011-2012, northern european livestock faced a threat from a newly emerged virus, schmallenberg virus (sbv), only a few years after a major outbreak of bluetongue serotype 8 (btv-8). like btv-8, sbv is transmitted by culicoides biting midges to ruminants and spread throughout europe. sbv, however, spread faster, reaching the uk within three months of initial discovery. adult ruminants show only mild, if any, clinical signs; however, infection of naive ruminants by sbv during the vulnerable pe ... | 2016 | 27729590 |
| serological study of exposure to selected arthropod-borne pathogens in european bison (bison bonasus) in poland. | bison bonasus is an indigenous species of central and eastern europe with the largest wild population inhabiting białowieża primeval forest; however, free-living and captive european bison are reared in many countries around the world. despite that the european bison was rescued from the extinction after the first world war, it remains as endangered species. changing environment as well as human activity may have contributed to the observed increase of the risk of the emergence and re-emergence ... | 2016 | 27291825 |
| application of syndromic surveillance on routinely collected cattle reproduction and milk production data for the early detection of outbreaks of bluetongue and schmallenberg viruses. | this study aimed to evaluate the use of routinely collected reproductive and milk production data for the early detection of emerging vector-borne diseases in cattle in the netherlands and the flanders region of belgium (i.e., the northern part of belgium). prospective space-time cluster analyses on residuals from a model on milk production were carried out to detect clusters of reduced milk yield. a cusum algorithm was used to detect temporal aberrations in model residuals of reproductive perfo ... | 2016 | 26732291 |
| progress and knowledge gaps in culicoides ecology and control. | the bluetongue and schmallenberg virus outbreaks in europe between 1999 and 2013 stimulated progress in culicoides field ecology and control. in responding to these outbreaks, however, the deficit of broadly trained entomologists became evident. culicoides research has been uneven, and critical gaps remain in our knowledge of vector ecology. certain aspects of adult midge biology have gotten more attention (biting rates and relationship to trap collections, seasonal activity and survey, taxonomy ... | 2016 | 26344660 |
| exposure of wildlife to the schmallenberg virus in france (2011-2014): higher, faster, stronger (than bluetongue)! | the schmallenberg virus (sbv) has recently emerged in europe, causing losses to the domestic livestock. a retrospective analysis of serodata was conducted in france for estimating seroprevalence of sbv among six wildlife species from 2011-2012 to 2013-2014, that is during the three vector seasons after the emergence of the sbv in france. our objective was to quantify the exposure of wildlife to sbv and the potential protective effect of elevation such as previously observed for bluetongue. we al ... | 2017 | 25958882 |
| pathways for entry of livestock arboviruses into great britain: assessing the strength of evidence. | the emergence of bluetongue virus and schmallenberg virus in great britain (gb) during the last decade has highlighted the need for understanding the relative importance of the various pathways of the entry of livestock arboviruses so as to help focus surveillance and mitigation. this study summarizes what is known for the main routes of entry and assesses the strength of the current evidence for and against. entry through infected arthropod vectors is considered at the level of each life cycle ... | 2015 | 25580655 |
| from risk analysis to risk governance - adapting to an ever more complex future. | risk analysis is now widely accepted amongst veterinary authorities and other stakeholders around the world as a conceptual framework for integrating scientific evidence into animal health decision making. the resulting risk management for most diseases primarily involves linking epidemiological understanding with diagnostics and/or vaccines. recent disease outbreaks such as nipah virus, sars, avian influenza h5n1, bluetongue serotype 8 and schmallenberg virus have led to realising that we need ... | 2014 | 25273958 |
| impact of temperature, feeding preference and vaccination on schmallenberg virus transmission in scotland. | first identified in 2011, schmallenberg virus (sbv) is principally transmitted by culicoides midges and affects ruminants. clinical presentation is typified by foetal abnormalities, but despite very high infection rates, relatively few animals present with clinical signs. in this paper we further develop a previously published stochastic mathematical model of sbv spread to investigate the optimal deployment of a vaccine for sbv in scotland, a country that has experienced only sporadic and isolat ... | 2014 | 25034464 |
| impact of flooding on the immature stages of dung-breeding culicoides in northern europe. | in northern europe, dung-breeding culicoides (e.g., culicoides chiopterus (meigen 1830) and culicoides dewulfi (goetghebuer 1936)) are considered to be important vectors of the bluetongue virus and schmallenberg virus. the interpretation of their distribution is difficult due to the lack of knowledge about their ecology. previously, soil moisture and especially flooding were identified as important factors that influence the development of several biting-midge species. therefore, this experiment ... | 2014 | 24986464 |
| serosurveillance of schmallenberg virus in switzerland using bulk tank milk samples. | infections with schmallenberg virus (sbv), a novel orthobunyavirus transmitted by biting midges, can cause abortions and malformations of newborns and severe symptoms in adults of domestic and wild ruminants. understanding the temporal and spatial distribution of the virus in a certain territory is important for the control and prevention of the disease. in this study, seroprevalence of antibodies against sbv and the spatial spread of the virus was investigated in swiss dairy cattle applying a m ... | 2014 | 24794645 |
| the emergence of schmallenberg virus across culicoides communities and ecosystems in europe. | schmallenberg virus (sbv), a novel arboviral pathogen, has emerged and spread across europe since 2011 inflicting congenital deformities in the offspring of infected adult ruminants. several species of culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae) have been implicated in the transmission of sbv through studies conducted in northern europe. in this study culicoides from sbv outbreak areas of mainland france and italy (sardinia) were screened for viral rna. the role of both c. obsoletus and ... | 2014 | 24698329 |
| bluetongue, schmallenberg - what is next? culicoides-borne viral diseases in the 21st century. | in the past decade, two pathogens transmitted by culicoides biting midges (diptera: ceratopogonidae), bluetongue virus and schmallenberg virus, have caused serious economic losses to the european livestock industry, most notably affecting sheep and cattle. these outbreaks of arboviral disease have highlighted large knowledge gaps on the biology and ecology of indigenous culicoides species. with these research gaps in mind, and as a means of assessing what potential disease outbreaks to expect in ... | 2014 | 24685104 |
| the schmallenberg virus epidemic in europe-2011-2013. | during the schmallenberg virus (sbv) epidemic, the european food safety authority (efsa) collected data on sbv occurrence across europe in order to provide an assessment of spread and impact. by may 2013, twenty-nine countries were reporting to efsa and twenty-two countries had reported cases of sbv. the total number of sbv herds reported was 13,846 and the number of sbv laboratory confirmed herds was 8730. the surveillance activities were based on the detection of sbv clinical cases (either adu ... | 2014 | 24656341 |
| bluetongue, schmallenberg virus... african horse sickness? | | 2014 | 24652847 |
| characterization of two cryptic species, culicoides stigma and c.parroti (diptera: ceratopogonidae), based on barcode regions and morphology. | biting midges of the genus culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) are insect vectors of economically important veterinary diseases such as african horse sickness, bluetongue, and schmallenberg virus. the identification of culicoides based on morphological features can be difficult. three species of biting midges, culicoides nubeculosus, c. stigma, and c. parroti have emerged in the laboratory from mud collected around watering troughs on a farm in northern france. emerging culicoides were charact ... | 2013 | 24581354 |
| assessment of an immunomarking technique for the study of dispersal of culicoides biting midges. | capture-mark-recapture techniques are used to determine the dispersal and survival of arthropods, including vector groups such as culicoides. an assumption of these studies is that capture and the subsequent marking process does not impact of the survival and behaviour of the marked individual. the small size of culicoides means that a significant mortality and disruption of normal behaviour such as host-location can be caused by the process of collection. here we evaluate a technique, novel to ... | 2014 | 24480050 |
| schmallenberg virus circulation in culicoides in belgium in 2012: field validation of a real time rt-pcr approach to assess virus replication and dissemination in midges. | indigenous culicoides biting midges are suggested to be putative vectors for the recently emerged schmallenberg virus (sbv) based on sbv rna detection in field-caught midges. furthermore, sbv replication and dissemination has been evidenced in c. sonorensis under laboratory conditions. after sbv had been detected in culicoides biting midges from belgium in august 2011, it spread all over the country by the end of 2011, as evidenced by very high between-herd seroprevalence rates in sheep and catt ... | 2014 | 24466312 |
| impact of mechanical disturbance on the emergence of culicoides from cowpats. | the outbreaks of bluetongue virus and schmallenberg virus between 2006 and 2012 highlighted the need for control methods for north-western palaearctic biting midge species. there is especially a demand for alternative control methods without application of insecticides. therefore, the objective of this paper was to evaluate the impact of mechanical disturbance as a control method for culicoides biting midges in cowpats. we used a trash rake to destroy the compact structure of cowpats and spread ... | 2014 | 24452917 |
| the influence of the wind in the schmallenberg virus outbreak in europe. | a model previously developed for the wind-borne spread by midges of bluetongue virus in nw europe in 2006 is here modified and applied to the spread of schmallenberg virus in 2011. the model estimates that pregnant animals were infected 113 days before producing malformed young, the commonest symptom of reported infection, and explains the spatial and temporal pattern of infection in 70% of the 3,487 affected farms, most of which were infected by midges arriving through downwind movement (62% of ... | 2013 | 24285292 |
| culicoides biting midges, arboviruses and public health in europe. | the emergence of multiple strains of bluetongue virus (btv) and the recent discovery of schmallenberg virus (sbv) in europe have highlighted the fact that exotic culicoides-borne arboviruses from remote geographic areas can enter and spread rapidly in this region. this review considers the potential for this phenomenon to impact on human health in europe, by examining evidence of the role of culicoides biting midges in the zoonotic transmission and person-to-person spread of arboviruses worldwid ... | 2013 | 23933421 |
| record of two species of culicoides (diptera, ceratopogonidae) new for madagascar and molecular study showing the paraphylies of the subgenus oecacta and the schultzei group. | culicoides are vectors of diseases of veterinary medicine importance (bluetongue, african horse sickness, schmallenberg virus) all over the world. in the present study, we report two species new for madagascar: c. nevilli and c. enderleini. they belong to the schultzei group which is sometimes classified in the subgenus oecacta and sometimes in the subgenus remmia, depending on authors. consequently, we carried out a molecular cladistics of these groups based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit i mt ... | 2013 | 23893801 |
| schmallenberg virus in italy: a retrospective survey in culicoides stored during the bluetongue italian surveillance program. | following the first case of schmallenberg (sbv) in northern italy in february 2012, virus detection was conducted on midges collected during the national entomological surveillance program for bluetongue (bt). six cattle farms, within a radius of 50 km from the sbv case, were selected for a 12 month study, aiming to determine when the virus entered the area, if it was capable of overwintering, and the possible role played by each species of the obsoletus complex in disseminating the infection. a ... | 2013 | 23791122 |
| spatial abundance and clustering of culicoides (diptera: ceratopogonidae) on a local scale. | biting midges, culicoides, of the obsoletus group and the pulicaris group have been involved in recent outbreaks of bluetongue virus and the former was also involved in the schmallenberg virus outbreak in northern europe. | 2013 | 23433251 |
| pcr identification of culicoid biting midges (diptera, ceratopogonidae) of the obsoletus complex including putative vectors of bluetongue and schmallenberg viruses. | biting midges of the obsoletus species complex of the ceratopogonid genus culicoides were assumed to be the major vectors of bluetongue virus (btv) in northern and central europe during the 2006 outbreak of bluetongue disease (bt). most recently, field specimens of the same group of species have also been shown to be infected with the newly emerged schmallenberg virus (sbv) in europe. a reliable identification of the cryptic species of this group is fundamental for both understanding the epidemi ... | 2012 | 23013614 |
| bluetongue serotype 2 and 9 modified live vaccine viruses as causative agents of abortion in livestock: a retrospective analysis in italy. | the recent outbreak caused by schmallenberg virus, which affected sheep, goats and cattle in europe, highlighted the importance of having a robust surveillance plan capable of monitoring abortions and malformations in the livestock offspring. in this context, bluetongue viruses (btvs) represented and represent one of the major threats to the european livestock industry. aiming to improve the understanding on btv cross placental transmission and serotype involvement, in this retrospective study f ... | 2014 | 22937914 |
| epizootic of ovine congenital malformations associated with schmallenberg virus infection. | epizootic outbreaks of congenital malformations in sheep are rare and have, to the best of our knowledge, never been reported before in europe. this paper describes relevant preliminary findings from the first epizootic outbreak of ovine congenital malformations in the netherlands. between 25 november and 20 december 2011, congenital malformations in newborn lambs on sheep farms throughout the country were reported to the animal health service in deventer. subsequently, small ruminant veterinary ... | 2012 | 22393844 |
| neospora caninum infection as a cause of reproductive failure in a sheep flock. | neospora caninum has been detected only sporadically in cases of ovine abortion, and it has therefore traditionally been considered as an unimportant parasite in small ruminants. this study was carried out with the aim of identifying the pathogen causing serious reproductive problems on a commercial sheep farm. sera from all rams and ewes tested negative for antibodies against border disease virus, schmallenberg virus and coxiella burnetii, and infections by these agents were therefore ruled out ... | 2014 | 25158756 |
| serosurvey on schmallenberg virus and selected ovine reproductive pathogens in culled ewes from southern spain. | after the first case of schmallenberg virus (sbv) was reported in southern spain (march 2012), a retrospective serological study was carried out in extensive sheep flocks from nearby areas to assess the history of exposure to sbv and other selected ovine reproductive pathogens (chlamydophila abortus, coxiella burnetii, border disease virus 'bdv', toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum). secondly, the presence of antibodies was investigated in meat juice samples against selected pathogens to vali ... | 2014 | 24219149 |
| development and validation of rapid magnetic particle based extraction protocols. | in order to control and eradicate transboundary animal diseases, early diagnosis and reaction is essential for the implementation of control activities. thus, mobile diagnostic units which allow analytical testing close to the site of occurrence could provide valuable support for centralized laboratories. consequently, the availability of diagnostic tests using mobile amplification and detection technologies has been increasing over the past years. however, methods enabling rapid and simple nucl ... | 2014 | 25086594 |
| rapid genome detection of schmallenberg virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus by use of isothermal amplification methods and high-speed real-time reverse transcriptase pcr. | over the past few years, there has been an increasing demand for rapid and simple diagnostic tools that can be applied outside centralized laboratories by using transportable devices. in veterinary medicine, such mobile test systems would circumvent barriers associated with the transportation of samples and significantly reduce the time to diagnose important infectious animal diseases. among a wide range of available technologies, high-speed real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative pcr (rt-q ... | 2014 | 24648561 |
| modulation of potassium channels inhibits bunyavirus infection. | bunyaviruses are considered to be emerging pathogens facilitated by the segmented nature of their genome that allows reassortment between different species to generate novel viruses with altered pathogenicity. bunyaviruses are transmitted via a diverse range of arthropod vectors, as well as rodents, and have established a global disease range with massive importance in healthcare, animal welfare, and economics. there are no vaccines or anti-viral therapies available to treat human bunyavirus inf ... | 2016 | 26677217 |
| probing bunyavirus n protein oligomerisation using mass spectrometry. | bunyaviruses have become a major threat to both humans and livestock in europe and the americas. the nucleocapsid (n) protein of these viruses is key to the replication cycle and knowledge of the n oligomerisation state is central to understanding the viral lifecycle and for development of therapeutic strategies. | 2014 | 24573811 |
| development of a pan-simbu real-time reverse transcriptase pcr for the detection of simbu serogroup viruses and comparison with sbv diagnostic pcr systems. | schmallenberg virus (sbv), a novel orthobunyavirus of the simbu serogroup, was first identified in october 2011 in dairy cattle in germany, where it caused fever, diarrhea and a drop in milk yield. since then, sbv additionally has been detected in adult sheep and goats. although symptoms of acute infection were not observed, infection during a vulnerable phase of pregnancy caused congenital malformations and stillbirths. in view of the current situation and the possible emergence of further simb ... | 2013 | 24188175 |
| nucleocapsid protein structures from orthobunyaviruses reveal insight into ribonucleoprotein architecture and rna polymerization. | all orthobunyaviruses possess three genome segments of single-stranded negative sense rna that are encapsidated with the virus-encoded nucleocapsid (n) protein to form a ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex, which is uncharacterized at high resolution. we report the crystal structure of both the bunyamwera virus (bunv) n-rna complex and the unbound schmallenberg virus (sbv) n protein, at resolutions of 3.20 and 2.75 å, respectively. both n proteins crystallized as ring-like tetramers and exhibit a hi ... | 2013 | 23595147 |
| culicoides sonorensis (diptera: ceratopogonidae) is not a competent vector of cache valley virus (family bunyaviridae, genus orthobunyavirus). | we investigated the susceptibility of culicoides sonorensis to cache valley virus (cvv) (family bunyaviridae, genus orthobunyavirus) infection and the potential that it could be a vector or site of virus reassortment. cvv is native to the new world and causes disease in livestock. infected blood meals were fed to both a competent vector, anopheles quadrimaculatus, and culicoides sonorensis. all anopheles mosquitoes were infected as expected, but only 21 % of the c. sonorensis insects were suscep ... | 2013 | 23636406 |
| [preparation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against the nucleocapsid protein of schmallenberg virus]. | the present study was conducted to prepare and characterize a monoclonal antibody (mab) against the nucleocapsid (n) protein of schmallenberg virus (sbv). | 2014 | 24606749 |
| expression and purification of the nucleocapsid protein of schmallenberg virus, and preparation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against this protein. | schmallenberg virus (sbv) is a novel orthobunyavirus that primarily infects ruminants such as cattle, sheep and goats. the nucleocapsid (n) protein of sbv has been shown to be an ideal target antigen for serological detection. to prepare a monoclonal antibody (mab) against the n protein, the full-length coding sequence of the sbv n gene was cloned into pet-28a-c(+) and pmal-c5x vectors to generate two recombinant plasmids, which were expressed in escherichia coli bl21 as histidine (his)-tagged ( ... | 2013 | 23988909 |
| the arbo‑zoonet information system. | the arbo‑zoonet information system has been developed as part of the 'international network for capacity building for the control of emerging viral vector borne zoonotic diseases (arbo‑zoonet)' project. the project aims to create common knowledge, sharing data, expertise, experiences, and scientific information on west nile disease (wnd), crimean‑congo haemorrhagic fever (cchf), and rift valley fever (rvf). these arthropod‑borne diseases of domestic and wild animals can affect humans, posing gre ... | 2016 | 27393878 |
| saliva as an alternative specimen for detection of schmallenberg virus-specific antibodies in bovines. | schmallenberg virus (sbv), discovered in continental europe in late 2011, causes mild clinical signs in adult ruminants, including diarrhoea and reduced milk yield. however, fetal infection can lead to severe malformation in newborn offspring. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) are commercially available for detection of sbv-specific antibodies in bovine sera and milk. here we describe the development and evaluation of an indirect elisa based on a yeast derived recombinant sbv nucleocaps ... | 2015 | 26370849 |
| generation of recombinant schmallenberg virus nucleocapsid protein in yeast and development of virus-specific monoclonal antibodies. | schmallenberg virus (sbv), discovered in continental europe in late 2011, causes mild clinical signs in adult ruminants, including diarrhoea and reduced milk yield. however, fetal infection can lead to severe malformation in newborn offspring. to develop improved reagents for sbv serology, a high-level yeast expression system was employed to produce recombinant sbv nucleocapsid (n) protein. recombinant sbv n protein was investigated as an antigen in sbv-specific igg enzyme immunoassay and used f ... | 2014 | 24982920 |
| schmallenberg disease in sheep or goats: past, present and future. | schmallenberg disease has emerged in north-western europe in 2011 and has since spread widely, even across the european borders. it has the potency to infect many, mainly ruminant, species, but seems to lack zoonotic potential. horizontal transmission occurs through various culicoides biting midges and subsequent trans-placental transmission causes teratogenic effects. in some small ruminants, clinical signs, including fever, decreased milk production and diarrhea occur during the viraemic phase ... | 2015 | 26441013 |
| schmallenberg virus as possible ancestor of shamonda virus. | schmallenberg virus (sbv), an orthobunyavirus of the simbu serogroup, recently emerged in europe and has been suggested to be a shamonda/sathuperi virus reassortant. results of full-genome and serologic investigations indicate that sbv belongs to the species sathuperi virus and is a possible ancestor of the reassortant shamonda virus. | 2012 | 23017842 |