| use of rk39 for diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in nepal. | a recently developed nitrocellulose-based dipstick test, rk39, has been widely used for the diagnosis of kala-azar. in this study, we evaluated its use for the diagnosis of post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl). we also investigated the time taken by patients to develop pkdl after apparent cure of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis, vl) and the time taken by patients to come to the hospital after the appearance of symptoms of pkdl. a majority of patients developed the disease within three ye ... | 2007 | 17882997 |
| vector control by insecticide-treated nets in the fight against visceral leishmaniasis in the indian subcontinent, what is the evidence? | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a deadly vector-borne disease that causes an estimated 500 000 new cases a year. in india, nepal and bangladesh, vl is caused by leishmania donovani, which is transmitted from man to man by the sandfly phlebotomus argentipes. in 2005, these three countries signed a memorandum of understanding to eliminate vl from the region. integrated vector management is one of the pillars of this elimination strategy, alongside early case detection and treatment. we reviewed the ... | 2008 | 18564350 |
| phlebotomus argentipes seasonal patterns in india and nepal. | the current control of phebotomus argentipes (annandale and brunetti), the vector of leishmania donovani (laveran and mesnil), on the indian subcontinent is base on indoor residual spraying. the efficacy of this method depends, among other factors, on the timing and number of spraying rounds, which depend on the p. argentipes seasonality. to describe p. argentipes' seasonal patterns, six visceral leishmaniasis (vl) endemic villages, three in muzaffarpur and three in sunsari districts in india an ... | 2010 | 20380311 |
| epidemiology of leishmania donovani infection in high-transmission foci in nepal. | nepal reports a visceral leishmaniasis (vl) incidence of 5 per 10 000 per year on the basis of notification by health facilities, but little community-based epidemiological information exists. we report data on prevalence rates of leishmania donovani infection in ten communities in east nepal. | 2010 | 20487421 |
| insecticide susceptibility of phlebotomus argentipes in visceral leishmaniasis endemic districts in india and nepal. | to investigate the ddt and deltamethrin susceptibility of phlebotomus argentipes, the vector of leishmania donovani, responsible for visceral leishmaniasis (vl), in two countries (india and nepal) with different histories of insecticide exposure. | 2010 | 21049013 |
| longlasting insecticidal nets for prevention of leishmania donovani infection in india and nepal: paired cluster randomised trial. | to test the effectiveness of large scale distribution of longlasting nets treated with insecticide in reducing the incidence of visceral leishmaniasis in india and nepal. | 2010 | 21190965 |
| Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infections in high-endemic foci in India and Nepal: a prospective study. | Incidence of Leishmania donovani infection and Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) was assessed in a prospective study in Indian and Nepalese high-endemic villages. DAT-seroconversion was used as marker of incident infection in 3 yearly surveys. The study population was followed up to month 30 to identify incident clinical cases. In a cohort of 9034 DAT-negative individuals with neither active signs nor history of VL at baseline, 42 VL cases and 375 asymptomatic seroconversions were recorded in the firs ... | 2011 | 21991397 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in the indian subcontinent: modelling epidemiology and control. | in the indian subcontinent, about 200 million people are at risk of developing visceral leishmaniasis (vl). in 2005, the governments of india, nepal and bangladesh started the first regional vl elimination program with the aim to reduce the annual incidence to less than 1 per 10,000 by 2015. a mathematical model was developed to support this elimination program with basic quantifications of transmission, disease and intervention parameters. this model was used to predict the effects of different ... | 2011 | 22140589 |
| Serological markers of sand fly exposure to evaluate insecticidal nets against visceral leishmaniasis in India and Nepal: a cluster-randomized trial. | Visceral leishmaniasis is the world' second largest vector-borne parasitic killer and a neglected tropical disease, prevalent in poor communities. Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LNs) are a low cost proven vector intervention method for malaria control; however, their effectiveness against visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is unknown. This study quantified the effect of LNs on exposure to the sand fly vector of VL in India and Nepal during a two year community intervention trial. | 2011 | 21931871 |
| risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis and asymptomatic leishmania donovani infection in india and nepal. | there is increasing interest in the role of asymptomatic infection in transmission of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). we studied the individual, household and environmental factors associated with asymptomatic leishmania donovani infected individuals and vl. 7,538 individuals living in vl endemic villages in india and nepal were divided into three mutually exclusive groups based on their vl history and direct agglutination test (dat) results in yearly serosurveys over a two-year period. the groups ... | 2014 | 24498159 |
| an outbreak investigation of visceral leishmaniasis among residents of dharan town, eastern nepal, evidence for urban transmission of leishmania donovani. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a predominantly rural disease, common in the low lands of eastern nepal. since 1997 vl cases have also been reported among residents of the city of dharan. our main research objective was to find out whether there had been local transmission of vl inside the city. | 2013 | 23327548 |
| evolutionary genomics of epidemic visceral leishmaniasis in the indian subcontinent. | leishmania donovani causes visceral leishmaniasis (vl), the second most deadly vector-borne parasitic disease. a recent epidemic in the indian subcontinent (isc) caused up to 80% of global vl and over 30,000 deaths per year. resistance against antimonial drugs has probably been a contributing factor in the persistence of this epidemic. here we use whole genome sequences from 204 clinical isolates to track the evolution and epidemiology of l. donovani from the isc. we identify independent radiati ... | 2016 | 27003289 |
| lack of correlation between the promastigote back-transformation assay and miltefosine treatment outcome. | widespread antimony resistance in the indian subcontinent has enforced a therapy shift in visceral leishmaniasis treatment primarily towards miltefosine and secondarily also towards paromomycin. in vitro selection of miltefosine resistance in leishmania donovani turned out to be quite challenging. although no increase in ic50 was detected in the standard intracellular amastigote susceptibility assay, promastigote back-transformation remained positive at high miltefosine concentrations, suggestin ... | 2015 | 26253089 |
| strong association between serological status and probability of progression to clinical visceral leishmaniasis in prospective cohort studies in india and nepal. | asymptomatic persons infected with the parasites causing visceral leishmaniasis (vl) usually outnumber clinically apparent cases by a ratio of 4-10 to 1. we assessed the risk of progression from infection to disease as a function of dat and rk39 serological titers. | 2014 | 24466361 |
| transmission of leishmania donovani in the hills of eastern nepal, an outbreak investigation in okhaldhunga and bhojpur districts. | in the indian subcontinent, visceral leishmaniasis is endemic in a geographical area coinciding with the lower gangetic plain, at low altitude. vl occurring in residents of hill districts is therefore often considered the result of leishmania donovani infection during travel. early 2014 we conducted an outbreak investigation in okhaldhunga and bhojpur districts in the nepal hills where increasing number of vl cases have been reported. | 2015 | 26252494 |
| serological markers for leishmania donovani infection in nepal: agreement between direct agglutination test and rk39 elisa. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is an important vector-borne disease caused by leishmania donovani in the indian subcontinent. the actual incidence and role of asymptomatic infections in the region are not wellknown. we used the direct agglutination test (dat) and the rk39 elisa as l. donovani infection markers in 10 vl endemic villages in nepal. dat titre distribution showed two subgroups in the population (infected and non-infected individuals), while rk39 did not. the agreement between both tests ... | 2010 | 21998875 |
| spatial analysis of leishmania donovani exposure in humans and domestic animals in a recent kala azar focus in nepal. | summary: visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a major public health problem in the indian subcontinent where the leishmania donovani transmission cycle is described as anthroponotic. however, the role of animals (in particular domestic animals) in the persistence and expansion of vl is still a matter of debate. we combined direct agglutination test (dat) results in humans and domestic animals with geographic information system technology (i.e. extraction maps and scan statistic) to evaluate the exposu ... | 2010 | 20459877 |
| development and evaluation of different pcr-based typing methods for discrimination of leishmania donovani isolates from nepal. | leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the indian subcontinent, has been reported to be genetically homogeneous. in order to support ongoing initiatives to eliminate the disease, highly discriminative tools are required for documenting the parasite population and dynamics. | 2010 | 20109247 |
| relapse of visceral leishmaniasis after miltefosine treatment in a nepalese patient. | we report the first case of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) relapse in a healthy individual after complete miltefosine treatment. the patient attended hospital with a history of fever for 2 months, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and weight loss. the case was confirmed as vl by microscopical detection of leishmania parasites in a bone marrow specimen and by a positive result for the immunochromatography-based test targeting the leishmania donovani rk39 antibody. a polymerase chain reaction (pcr) specifi ... | 2009 | 19346379 |
| characterization of leishmania isolates from nepalese patients with visceral leishmaniasis. | in nepal, visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is endemic in 13 districts of the central and eastern regions. a total of 166 bone-marrow aspirates were obtained from patients with suspected vl. ninety-seven were identified as positive by microscopy, and 29 of those were successfully isolated and cultured. we characterized these isolates by molecular analysis and by their ability to infect mice. pcr-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the mini-exon and the cysteine proteinase b gene showe ... | 2007 | 17310397 |
| first case of cutanous leishmaniasis in nepalese patient. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) is a serious disease caused by leishmania donovani (ld) complex and prevalent in the temperate and tropical zones of the earth. vl, endemic in the southern plains of the 14 districts in the terai region of nepal, is considered a major public health problem. cutanous leishmaniasis (cl) is prevalent mainly in the tropics and subtropics, affects nearly 1.5 million people worldwide. no reported cases of cl have been identified in nepal until now. we report the first case ... | 2006 | 17203834 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in southeastern nepal: a cross-sectional survey on leishmania donovani infection and its risk factors. | to document the frequency of leishmania donovani infection at community level in a highly endemic region in southeastern nepal, and to assess socioeconomic and environmental risk factors. | 2006 | 17176343 |
| epidemiological dynamics of antimonial resistance in leishmania donovani: genotyping reveals a polyclonal population structure among naturally-resistant clinical isolates from nepal. | pentavalent antimonials (sbv) are the first line drug against leishmaniasis worldwide, but drug resistance is increasingly reported, particularly in the indian sub-continent, where it represents a major threat for the control of anthroponotic visceral leishmaniasis (vl). in order to understand the epidemiological dynamics of antimonial resistance in anthroponotic vl, we analysed here the population structure of 24 leishmania donovani stocks isolated from anthroponotic vl-patients from eastern ne ... | 2007 | 17010679 |
| evaluation of a urinary antigen-based latex agglutination test in the diagnosis of kala-azar in eastern nepal. | we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy as well as the reproducibility of the urine latex agglutination test 'katex' in the diagnosis of kala-azar in patients recruited at a tertiary care centre in dharan, nepal, between november 2000 and january 2002. | 2004 | 15189464 |
| epidemiological study of kala-azar by direct agglutination test in two rural communities of eastern nepal. | we conducted a sero-epidemiological study of kala-azar in two endemic communities (kasaini and gidhaniya) situated in the terai (plain) of eastern nepal. direct agglutination test (dat) was used as a serological test for screening. capillary blood samples were collected by filter paper method from 601 (96%) people of a total population of 628 in kasaini and from 482 (94%) people of 515 in gidhaniya. positive dat titres (1:2000) were found in 66 (6.09%) of 1083 sera tested. the male-female sero-p ... | 2004 | 15078273 |
| post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl): a first case report from nepal. | post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) is a non-ulcerative lesion of the skin caused by leishmania donovani, which is usually seen after completion of treatment of the kala-azar. the condition is yet to be reported from nepal. we document and report for the first time a case of pkdl in nepal. | 2003 | 15022913 |
| post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl): the first case report from nepal. | post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) is condition characterized by non-ulcerative lesions of the skin caused by leishmania donovani that is usually seen after the completion of treatment of kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis). we document the first case report of pkdl in nepal. | 2003 | 12971510 |
| lymphatic leishmaniasis--first case report from nepal. | we report a case of exclusive involvement of lymph node in leishmaniasis presenting as generalized lymphadenopathy. the diagnosis of lymphatic leishmaniasis was confirmed by the presence of leishmania donovani body in fine needle aspiration cytology, positive direct agglutination test and anti-rk39 antibodies. the bone marrow aspiration was negative for leishmania donovani body. this is the first case of lymphatic leishmaniasis reported from nepal. | 2001 | 12041549 |
| in vitro selection of miltefosine resistance in promastigotes of leishmania donovani from nepal: genomic and metabolomic characterization. | in this study, we followed the genomic, lipidomic and metabolomic changes associated with the selection of miltefosine (mil) resistance in two clinically derived leishmania donovani strains with different inherent resistance to antimonial drugs (antimony sensitive strain sb-s; and antimony resistant sb-r). mil-r was easily induced in both strains using the promastigote-stage, but a significant increase in mil-r in the intracellular amastigote compared to the corresponding wild-type did not occur ... | 2016 | 26713880 |
| visceral leishmaniasis in nepal during 1980-2006. | visceral leishmaniasis (vl) or kala-azar is a potentially fatal vector-borne zoonotic disease caused by a protozoan parasite, leishmania donovani. nepal, together with india, bangladesh, brazil and sudan constitutes the five countries of the world where more than 90% of vl occurs. in nepal, the disease affects eastern terai region which lies adjacent to the bihar state of india. although leishmaniasis is regarded as a significant health problem in nepal by the ministry of health, there is no act ... | 2006 | 17370676 |
| clinical and laboratory study of kala-azar in children in nepal. | reports are scanty regarding kala-azar in children in nepal. in this communication we document 20 children diagnosed to have kala-azar who were admitted and treated at b. p. koirala institute of health sciences, dharan, nepal. the children were between 2 and 14 years old. the duration of illness varied between 12 days and 24 months with a majority (65 per cent) of children being ill for less than 6 months. hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were seen in 95 and 90 per cent of cases respectively. splen ... | 1999 | 10341503 |