| population dynamics of some pakistan mosquitoes: changes in adult relative abundance over time and space. | time series and spatial changes in the relative abundance of 14 mosquito species were described from weekly or biweekly collections at nine localities in punjab province, pakistan, from january 1976 to june 1980. comparisons between indoor aspirator catches and outdoor mechanical sweeper collections enabled mosquito resting habits to be classified as: (1) endophilic (anopheles culicifacies, an. fluviatilis, an. stephensi, an. subpictus); (2) partially exophilic (an. annularis, an. pulcherrimus, ... | 1986 | 2873798 |
| potential vectors of west nile virus following an equine disease outbreak in italy. | in the late summer of 1998, an outbreak of equine encephalomyelitis due to west nile virus (wnv) occurred in the tuscany region of central italy. the disease was detected in 14 race horses from nine localities in four provinces: firenze, lucca, pisa and pistoia. the outbreak area included fucecchio wetlands (1800 ha), the largest inland marsh in italy, and the adjacent hilly cerbaie woodlands with farms breeding horses. to detect potential vectors of wnv, entomological surveys of fucecchio and c ... | 2004 | 15009441 |
| potential transmission of west nile virus in the british isles: an ecological review of candidate mosquito bridge vectors. | west nile virus (wnv) transmitted by mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) infects various vertebrates, being pathogenic for birds, horses and humans. after its discovery in tropical africa, sporadic outbreaks of wnv occurred during recent decades in eurasia, but not the british isles. wnv reached new york in 1999 and spread to california by 2003, causing widespread outbreaks of west nile encephalitis across north america, transmitted by many species of mosquitoes, mainly culex spp. the periodic reapp ... | 2005 | 15752172 |
| evaluation of potential west nile virus vectors in volgograd region, russia, 2003 (diptera: culicidae): species composition, bloodmeal host utilization, and virus infection rates of mosquitoes. | potential west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) vectors were assessed during 2003 at indoor and outdoor collection sites in urban volgograd, russia, and in three nearby towns and surrounding rural areas. in total, 9,182 female mosquitoes comprising 13 species in six genera were collected. relative abundance and bloodmeal host utilization differed temporarily and spatially. during june and july in volgograd, aedes vexans (meigen) (85.4%) and culex p. pipiens l. (7.6%) were ... | 2006 | 16739415 |
| horse-, bird-, and human-seeking behavior and seasonal abundance of mosquitoes in a west nile virus focus of southern france. | after 35 yr of disease absence, west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv) circulation has been regularly detected in the camargue region (southern france) since 2000. wnv was isolated from culex modestus ficalbi, which was considered the main vector in southern france after horse outbreaks in the 1960s. recent wnv transmissions outside of the cx. modestus distribution suggested the existence of other vectors. to study potential wnv vectors, horse- and bird-baited traps and hum ... | 2006 | 17017231 |
| population dynamics of pest mosquitoes and potential malaria and west nile virus vectors in relation to climatic factors and human activities in the camargue, france. | the camargue is an extensive wetland in the southeast of france, which is highly influenced by human activities. large ponds, marshes and irrigated fields provide abundant potential breeding sites for mosquitoes. mosquitoes, which are important in terms of the nuisance they cause to people and animals, the limitations they impose on tourism and their potential threat to human health. several of the mosquito species present are potential vectors of malaria and west nile virus. therefore, the popu ... | 2007 | 18092973 |
| west nile virus studies in the sanliurfa province of turkey. | we attempted to isolate west nile virus from mosquitoes collected in the field for the first time in turkey. a total of 6,457 mosquito specimens from culex pipiens linnaeus, ochlerotatus caspius (pallas) and aedes spp. species were included in this study. culex pipiens samples made up 56% of the total species, o. caspius 24% and aedes spp 20%. there were no positive results after studying mosquito samples using real-time pcr, vectest, and vero cell culture. in serological tests of 181 human seru ... | 2007 | 18260509 |
| vector competence of some french culex and aedes mosquitoes for west nile virus. | to identify the mosquito species able to sustain the transmission of west nile virus (wnv) in the camargue region (the main wnv focus of southern france), we assessed the vector competence of culex modestus and culex pipiens, the most abundant bird-feeders, and aedes caspius, the most abundant mammophilic species occasionally found engorged with avian blood. female mosquitoes were exposed to the infectious meal (10(10.3) plaque forming units (pfu)/ml) by membrane feeding, and hold at 26 degrees ... | 2008 | 18447623 |
| potential mosquito vectors of arboviruses in portugal: species, distribution, abundance and west nile infection. | circulation of west nile virus in portugal was demonstrated by serological surveys, and the virus was isolated in 1969 from anopheles maculipennis s.l. a survey of the whole country was carried out (2001-2004) to assess the abundance of mosquito species and to screen them for arbovirus infection. a total of 770 collections yielded 32460 mosquitoes of 15 species. the regions with the highest abundance of mosquitoes were the coastal and estuarine districts of santarém, setúbal and faro. culex pipi ... | 2008 | 18455742 |
| mosquito vectors of west nile fever in israel. | west nile fever (wnf) is endemic in israel. in 1999, country-wide adult mosquito surveys were initiated and intensified after the 2000 country-wide outbreak of wnf in humans. in 8 consecutive yr, groups of male and female specimens of different species and from different locations were tested for infection with west nile virus (wnv). three species made up >87% of the total catch: culex pipiens l. (52%), with an infection rate (ir) of 0.5; cx. perexiguus theobald (20%), with an ir of 2.7; and aed ... | 2008 | 18826039 |
| arboviral survey of mosquitoes in two northern italian regions in 2007 and 2008. | recently, italy-particularly the emilia-romagna region-was the location of consecutive outbreaks of human diseases caused by the arboviruses chikungunya virus and west nile virus. the two outbreaks, spread by different species of mosquitoes, were not related, but pointed out the lack of an arboviral surveillance program in this region. beginning in 2007 entomological surveillance was initiated in the emilia-romagna region, and in 2008 the program was improved and extended at lombardia region. us ... | 2010 | 20370434 |
| first report on entomological field activities for the surveillance of west nile disease in italy. | west nile virus (wnv) is neuropathogenic for birds, horses and humans and is maintained in natural cycles between birds and mosquitoes, particularly the culex genus; horses and humans are considered to be incidental hosts. a surveillance plan was implemented in italy in 1998, following a limited outbreak of wnv equine encephalomyelitis and a wnv outbreak in france very close to the italian border. this plan to assess the risks of the virus being introduced again included entomological surveillan ... | 2008 | 20405446 |
| [current status and eco-epidemiology of mosquito-borne arboviruses (diptera: culicidae) in spain]. | in this manuscript we analize the possible emergence and/or re-emergence in spain of some of the mosquito-borne arboviruses (diptera: culicidae) with highest incidence in recent years. the faunistic, bioecological and distributional data of the culicids in our country allow to differentiate between species with ability to maintain the enzootic cycles of arboviruses from others that can act as bridge vectors to the human population. the results show the existence of several common and anthropophi ... | 2010 | 20661525 |
| mosquito surveys and west nile virus screening in two different areas of southern portugal, 2004-2007. | longitudinal mosquito surveys were carried out in southern portugal from 2004 to 2007, in a wetland area (comporta, district of setúbal) and around the perimeter of a dam irrigation plant that created the largest artificial lake in europe, 250 km(2) (alqueva, districts of evora and beja). our aim was to study the diversity, abundance, and seasonal dynamics of mosquitoes, comparing these two different areas, to screen mosquitoes for west nile virus (wnv), an arboviral agent already detected in po ... | 2010 | 20854020 |
| [assessment of the risk of introduction to tunisia of the rift valley fever virus by the mosquito culex pipiens.] | the mosquito culex pipiens has been involved as vector of the west nile virus in tunisia. its bio-ecological characteristics in combination with some environmental factors have favoured the emergence of this virus in a west-nile free zone. this leads to question about the potential risk of introducing another arbovirus, the rift valley fever (rvf) virus, in tunisia from neighbouring countries where rvf circulates. in this study, we have evaluated the vector competence of different populations of ... | 2010 | 21184293 |
| Spatio-temporal patterns of distribution of West Nile virus vectors in eastern Piedmont Region, Italy. | ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: West Nile Virus (WNV) transmission in Italy was first reported in 1998 as an equine outbreak near the swamps of Padule di Fucecchio, Tuscany. No other cases were identified during the following decade until 2008, when horse and human outbreaks were reported in Emilia Romagna, North Italy. Since then, WNV outbreaks have occurred annually, spreading from their initial northern foci throughout the country. Following the outbreak in 1998 the Italian public health authority def ... | 2011 | 22152822 |
| species composition and wnv screening of mosquitoes from lagoons in a wetland area of the algarve, portugal. | the aim of this study was to evaluate mosquito abundance, species diversity, larval and adult population dynamics in seven lagoons integrated in the wetland coastal system of the algarve, portugal, in the summer of 2007, as well as the screening of these for west nile virus (wnv). wnv has been isolated from mosquitoes in this region, in the summer of 2004, next to the putative area of infection of two linked human wn cases. adult mosquitoes were collected with cdc traps baited with co(2), and po ... | 2011 | 22347862 |
| pilot longitudinal mosquito surveillance study in the danube delta biosphere reserve and the first reports of anopheles algeriensis theobald, 1903 and aedes hungaricus mihályi, 1955 for romania. | mosquito-borne viruses (moboviruses) are of growing importance in many countries of europe. in romania and especially in the danube delta biosphere reserve (ddbr), mosquito and mobovirus surveillance are not performed on a regular basis. however, this type of study is crucially needed to evaluate the risk of pathogen transmission, to understand the ecology of emerging moboviruses, or to plan vector control programmes. | 2016 | 27066827 |
| serological, molecular and entomological surveillance demonstrates widespread circulation of west nile virus in turkey. | west nile virus (wnv), a mosquito-borne flavivirus with significant impact on human and animal health, has recently demonstrated an expanded zone of activity globally. the aim of this study is to investigate the frequency and distribution of wnv infections in potential vectors and several mammal and avian species in turkey, where previous data indicate viral circulation. the study was conducted in 15 provinces across turkey during 2011-2013. in addition, the entomological study was extended to 4 ... | 2014 | 25058465 |
| usutu virus persistence and west nile virus inactivity in the emilia-romagna region (italy) in 2011. | the circulation of west nile virus and usutu virus was detected in the emilia-romagna region in 2008 and 2009. to evaluate the extent of circulation of both viruses, environmental surveillance, based on bird and mosquito testing, was conducted in 2008 and gradually improved over the years. | 2013 | 23667694 |
| efficacy of mosquito traps for collecting potential west nile mosquito vectors in a natural mediterranean wetland. | surveillance, research, and control of mosquito-borne diseases such as west nile virus require efficient methods for sampling mosquitoes. we compared the efficacy of bg-sentinel and centers for disease control and prevention (cdc)-co(2) traps in terms of the abundances of host-seeking and blood-fed female mosquitoes and the origin of mosquito bloodmeals. our results indicate that bg-sentinel traps that use co(2) and attractants are as effective as cdc-co(2) traps for culex mosquito species, ochl ... | 0 | 22492149 |
| climatic effects on mosquito abundance in mediterranean wetlands. | the impact of climate change on vector-borne diseases is highly controversial. one of the principal points of debate is whether or not climate influences mosquito abundance, a key factor in disease transmission. | 2014 | 25030527 |
| insect-specific flaviviruses, a worldwide widespread group of viruses only detected in insects. | several flaviviruses are important pathogens for humans and animals (dengue viruses, japanese encephalitis virus, yellow-fever virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, west nile virus). in recent years, numerous novel and related flaviviruses without known pathogenic capacity have been isolated worldwide in the natural mosquito population. however, phylogenetic studies have shown that genomic sequences of these viruses diverge from other flaviviruses. moreover, these viruses seem to be exclusive of ... | 2016 | 26235844 |
| detection of mosquito-only flaviviruses in europe. | the genus flavivirus, family flaviviridae, includes a number of important arthropod-transmitted human pathogens such as dengue viruses, west nile virus, japanese encephalitis virus and yellow fever virus. in addition, the genus includes flaviviruses without a known vertebrate reservoir, which have been detected only in insects, particularly in mosquitoes, such as cell fusing agent virus, kamiti river virus, culex flavivirus, aedes flavivirus, quang binh virus, nakiwogo virus and calbertado virus ... | 2012 | 22377581 |
| co-circulation of west nile virus and distinct insect-specific flaviviruses in turkey. | active vector surveillance provides an efficient tool for monitoring the presence or spread of emerging or re-emerging vector-borne viruses. this study was undertaken to investigate the circulation of flaviviruses. mosquitoes were collected from 58 locations in 10 provinces across the aegean, thrace and mediterranean anatolian regions of turkey in 2014 and 2015. following morphological identification, mosquitoes were pooled and screened by nested and real-time pcr assays. detected viruses were f ... | 2017 | 28320443 |
| first evidence of west nile virus lineage 2 circulation in turkey. | in august 2014, a west nile virus (wnv) strain belonging to lineage 2 was detected in the brain tissues of a 9 year old mare euthanised after showing severe clinical signs in bursa region, turkey. phylogenetic analyses of 290 bp of ns3 coding region clustered the turkish strain together with the 2010-2012 greek isolates. either igg and igm or igg only wnv antibodies were detected in 2 and 11 horses, respectively, which were in the outbreak surrounding. no wnv rna was detected in pools of 50 indi ... | 2017 | 27033534 |
| west nile virus in mosquitoes of iranian wetlands. | the west nile virus (wnv) transmission cycle includes a wide range of migratory wetland birds as reservoirs, mosquitoes as biological vectors, and equines and humans as dead-end hosts. despite the presence of potential vector species, there is no information about the existence of wnv in mosquito vectors in iran. the iranian west azerbaijan province is located in the northwestern part of iran and has borders with turkey, iraq, armenia, and the republic of azerbaijan. the current study was conduc ... | 2015 | 26565610 |
| equine seroprevalence rates as an additional indicator for a more accurate risk assessment of the west nile virus transmission. | the west nile virus (wnv) is a zoonotic arbovirus that has recently been causing outbreaks in many countries in southern and central europe. in 2012, for the first time, it caused an outbreak in eastern croatia with total of 7 human clinical cases. with an aim of assisting public health personnel in order to improve survey protocols and vector control, the high risk areas of the wnv transmission were estimated and mapped. the study area included cities of osijek and slavonski brod and 8 municipa ... | 2013 | 24308242 |
| ecological niche modelling of potential west nile virus vector mosquito species and their geographical association with equine epizootics in italy. | in italy, west nile virus (wnv) equine outbreaks have occurred annually since 2008. characterizing wnv vector habitat requirements allows for the identification of areas at risk of viral amplification and transmission. maxent-based ecological niche models were developed using literature records of 13 potential wnv italian vector mosquito species to predict their habitat suitability range and to investigate possible geographical associations with wnv equine outbreak occurrence in italy from 2008 ... | 2014 | 24121802 |
| arboviral surveillance of field-collected mosquitoes reveals circulation of west nile virus lineage 1 strains in eastern thrace, turkey. | arbovirus screening in invertebrate vectors is an important component of the vector-borne disease surveillance programs. turkey has been shown to harbor medically important mosquito-borne arboviruses such as west nile virus (wnv). however, limited information about infections in vectors are currently available. this study was performed to provide preliminary data from eastern thrace region, turkey, where no arbovirus vector surveillance has previously been performed. | 2013 | 23919608 |
| comparison of different trapping methods for surveillance of mosquito vectors of west nile virus in rhône delta, france. | five trapping methods were compared for monitoring potential vectors of the west nile virus in four areas in the camargue plain of france: carbon dioxide traps, bird-baited traps, gravid traps, resting boxes, and human landing catches. a total of 73,721 specimens, representing 14 species, was trapped in 2006. results showed significant differences in species and abundance between the type of traps. many more specimens were collected using co(2) traps than any other method, with an average of 212 ... | 2012 | 23181848 |
| host-feeding patterns of culex pipiens and other potential mosquito vectors (diptera: culicidae) of west nile virus (flaviviridae) collected in portugal. | the host blood-feeding patterns of mosquito vectors affects the likelihood of human exposure to zoonotic pathogens, including west nile virus (family flaviviridae, genus flavivirus, wnv). in portugal, data are unavailable regarding the blood-feeding habits of common mosquito species, including culex pipiens l., considered the primary vector of wnv to humans. the sources of bloodmeals in 203 blood-fed mosquitoes of nine species collected from june 2007 to november 2010 in 34 portuguese counties w ... | 2012 | 22679881 |
| operational mosquito and vector-borne diseases surveillance at incirlik air base, turkey. | arboviruses on incirlik air base, turkey, pose a threat to military personnel and civilians, but might also be relevant for understanding the threats in neighboring conflict zones such as syria. we reviewed 6 years of mosquito and arbovirus surveillance at incirlik air base. over 6,000 mosquitoes were identified as aedes caspius, anopheles claviger, culex mimeticus, cx. perexiguus, cx. pipiens, cx. sinaiticus, and culiseta longiareolata. almost all of the mosquitoes (more than 90%) were cx. pere ... | 2017 | 28511277 |
| mosquito species involved in the circulation of west nile and usutu viruses in italy. | usutu (usuv) and west nile (wnv) are mosquito-borne flavivirus emerged in italy in 1996 and 1998, respectively, and reappeared 10 years later. the aim of this work is to review the italian mosquito species found positive for wnv and usuv between 2008 and 2014. moreover, the role of mosquitoes in promoting the overwintering of these viruses is discussed, as a result of the mosquito collections performed in molise region between september 2010 and april 2011. overall 99,000 mosquitoes were collect ... | 2017 | 28675249 |
| analysis of population structure and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes of the genus culex, anopheles and aedes from different environments of greece with a history of mosquito borne disease transmission. | greece has been recently affected by several mosquito borne diseases with the west nile virus (wnv) outbreak in 2010 being one of the largest reported in europe. currently at the epicenter of an economic and refugee crisis and visited by over 16 million tourists a year the integrated management of diseases transmitted by mosquitoes is a public health and economic priority. vector control programs rely mainly on insecticides, however data on insecticide resistance and the mosquito fauna is essent ... | 2017 | 28606820 |