| seroepidemiological study of japanese encephalitis in dimapur, nagaland. | a seroepidemiological study of japanese encephalitis (je) in dimapur, nagaland was carried out following an outbreak of the disease between july, 1985 and february, 1986. altogether 50 persons were affected with 30 (60 per cent) deaths. the attack and death rates per 1000 were more in nagas viz. 0.55 and 0.34 than non-nagas viz. 0.33 and 0.20 respectively. all ages and both sexes were affected. of the nine mosquito species encountered culex vishnui showed the highest density (44.5/mh). culture o ... | 1989 | 2553798 |
| susceptibility status of vectors of japanese encephalitis to insecticides in south arcot and tirunelveli districts of tamil nadu. | villages in south arcot and tirunelveli districts with high incidence of japanese encephalitis were selected for the study of insecticidal resistance to vectors. culex vishnui and anopheles hyrcanus group were found to be resistant to ddt (4 per cent for 60 min. exposure) and dieldrin (0.4 per cent for 60 min. exposure) but susceptible to malathion (5 per cent for 60 min. exposure). so far, this is perhaps the first report of anopheles hyrcanus group resistant to ddt and dieldrin to be reported ... | 1989 | 2559119 |
| density of culex vishnui and appearance of je antibody in sentinel chicks and wild birds in relation to japanese encephalitis cases. | in the district of burdwan, a rural area of west bengal state, india, japanese encephalitis (je) virus is endemic. in one village a longitudinal survey was conducted in order to find out whether associations could be established between the density of the vector mosquito culex vishnui in two types of resting places, the incidence of infections in sentinel chicks exposed at monthly intervals, the prevalence of antibodies in wild birds and the occurrence of clinical infections in the human populat ... | 1986 | 3008391 |
| transovarial transmission of japanese encephalitis virus in culex vishnui mosquitoes. | | 1986 | 3817929 |
| an analysis of mosquito collections with special reference to the incidence and prevalence of 'culex vishnui complex' in the japanese encephalitis infected localities of north arcot district, madras state, india, from december 1955 through december 1957. | | 1969 | 4321467 |
| experimental transmission of japanese encephalitis virus by culex vishnui theobald. | | 1984 | 6086511 |
| isolation of japanese encephalitis virus from mosquitoes collected in sabak bernam, selangor, malaysia in 1992. | detection and isolation of japanese encephalitis (je) virus were attempted from female mosquitoes collected in kampong pasir panjang, sabak bernam, selangor, from may to november 1992. a total of 7,400 mosquitoes consisting of 12 species in 148 pools were processed and inoculated into aedes albopictus clone c6/36 cell cultures. of these, 26 pools showed the presence of viral antigens in the infected c6/36 cells by specific immunoperoxidase staining using an anti-je virus polyclonal antibody. pre ... | 1995 | 7616198 |
| experimental studies on the susceptibility of domestic pigs to west nile virus followed by japanese encephalitis virus infection and vice versa. | a study on the susceptibility of domestic pigs to west nile virus (wnv) and japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection was carried out. one batch of pigs was inoculated with wnv followed by jev and another batch was inoculated vice versa. the first batch developed low level of viraemia and haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) antibodies to both viruses. there was a booster effect on the already existing wnv antibodies after challenging with jev. in the second batch the animals developed high level ... | 1994 | 7817897 |
| host feeding patterns of culex vishnui sub group of mosquitoes in dibrugarh district of assam. | the host feeding patterns of three species of mosquitoes belonging to vishnui sub group, culex tritaeniorhynchus, culex vishnui and culex pseudovishnui, the most prevalent species in dibrugarh district were determined by analysing their blood meals. all 3 species were found be essentially zoophilic. high percentage of pig feeding was observed in culex tritaeniorhynchus (40 per cent) and culex vishnui (35.3 per cent) in comparison to other prevalent species in this area. in contrast culex pseudov ... | 1994 | 7868835 |
| studies on japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes in selangor, malaysia. | mosquito collections were carried out from may to june 1992 and from september to december 1992 in an area where a case of japanese encephalitis was confirmed. a total of 40,072 mosquitoes belonging to 35 species and 8 genera were collected. the dominant species in that locality were culex vishnui, culex tritaeniorhynchus, culex pseudovishnui, culex gelidus, aedes butleri, and mansonia uniformis. | 1993 | 8126485 |
| ecology of mosquitos (diptera: culicidae) at a site endemic with japanese encephalitis on luzon, republic of the philippines. | a 2-year study of the ecology of mosquitos was conducted in a rice-growing area in the philippines. forty-four species in 8 genera were collected using 6 techniques, with culex vishnui being most abundant. of all the anopheles collected, most species were exophagic, while most of the culex species collected were endophagic. anthropophilic or zoophilic feeding patterns were estimated using man-to-animal biting ratios. peak periods of mosquito abundance occurred several months after the onset of b ... | 1993 | 8395738 |
| role of some environmental factors in modulating seasonal abundance of potential japanese encephalitis vectors in assam, india. | temporal changes in the abundance of host-seeking, potential japanese encephalitis (je) vector mosquitos and the role of some ecological factors that are modulating the abundance of vector mosquitos were studied. vector surveillance was conducted for one year in 4 je prone villages of dibrugarh, assam. among potential je vectors, the most abundant mosquito was culex vishnui s.s. comprising about 22.32%. maximum density of the mosquito was found during the month of april and another peak was obse ... | 1996 | 9280008 |
| japanese encephalitis in south arcot district, tamil nadu, india: a three-year longitudinal study of vector abundance and infection frequency. | in the south arcot district, an area endemic for japanese encephalitis in tamil nadu, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex vishnui theobald, culex gelidus theobald and culex fuscocephala theobald constituted 93.6% of 422,621 adult females representing 27 culicine species collected between august 1991 and july 1994. vector abundance was lowest in the hot and dry season (april-june) and highest in the cool and wet season (october-december). overall, 285,531 adult female mosquitoes (5,710 pools) we ... | 1997 | 9439119 |
| dynamics of japanese encephalitis--a study in mathematical epidemiology. | an s-->i-->r-->s (susceptible-infective-recovered-susceptible) epidemiological model coupling the dynamics of the spread of japanese encephalitis (je) in two populations, human and reservoir animals (pigs, cattle, equines, birds, etc.) through a vector population (a particular species of mosquitos, culex vishnui, culex tritaeniorhynchus, etc.) is discussed. we assume that there is a constant recruitment rate of the susceptibles into both the populations, whereas the death rates are proportional ... | 1999 | 10335598 |
| identification of culex vishnui subgroup (diptera: culicidae) mosquitoes from the ryukyu archipelago, japan: development of a species-diagnostic polymerase chain reaction assay based on sequence variation in ribosomal dna spacers. | the culex vishnui subgroup includes three important vectors of japanese encephalitis virus, culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, cx. pseudovishnui colless, and cx. vishnui theobald, all of which occur in the ryukyu archipelago, japan. although these three species have been shown to be vectors of je virus in many areas of southeast asia, it is not yet known what role each plays in the transmission of the virus in this region. reliable identification of adult, field-collected specimens is a critical com ... | 2000 | 10916296 |
| heterogeneity in the host preference of japanese encephalitis vectors in chiang mai, northern thailand. | experiments, using the capture-mark-release-recapture technique inside large nets, were carried out in chiang mai, northern thailand, to examine heterogeneity in the host preference of japanese encephalitis (je) vectors. a significantly higher proportion of the vector species that were initially attracted to a cow fed when released into a net with a cow than when released into a net containing a pig. however, culex vishnui individuals that had been attracted to a pig had a higher feeding rate in ... | 2000 | 10974986 |
| effects of organic and inorganic fertilisers on mosquito populations in rice fields of southern india. | the effects of nitrogenous (inorganic) fertilisers, organic manures and blue-green algae (bga) biofertiliser on mosquito populations (diptera: culicidae) were studied in rice fields of madurai, tamil nadu, south india, with particular attention to culex vishnui theobald, cx. pseudovishnui colless and cx. tritaeniorhynchus giles, the vectors of japanese encephalitis (je). the application of urea, a nitrogenous fertiliser, in rice fields significantly increased the grain yield and the population d ... | 2000 | 11129699 |
| japanese encephalitis epidemic in anantapur district, andhra pradesh (october-november, 1999). | epidemic of japanese encephalitis has occurred in andhra pradesh during october-november, 1999 affecting 15 out of 23 districts. in total, 873 cases with 178 deaths have been recorded up to the day 29.11.99. the epidemiological investigation has been done in anantapur district in western andhra pradesh, where the outbreak has started in the third week of october. in the district 47 phc have been affected. on an average 4.5 per cent of 3175 villages have been affected. average number of cases per ... | 2000 | 11668943 |
| factors influencing the abundance of japanese encephalitis vectors in ricefields in india--i. abiotic. | mosquitoes of the culex vishnui subgroup (diptera: culicidae) are the most important vectors of japanese encephalitis (je) and ricefields are their most productive breeding sites in south india, where predominant species of this subgroup are culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, cx. pseudovishnui colless and cx. vishnui theobald sensu stricto. the relationship of 13 abiotic variables with the abundance of cx. vishnui subgroup immatures was investigated in transplanted rice fields for 3 years (1991-94) ... | 2001 | 11776457 |
| seasonal prevalence of culex vishnui subgroup, the major vectors of japanese encephalitis virus in an endemic district of andhra pradesh, india. | seasonal prevalence of members of the culex vishnui subgroup, the major vectors of japanese encephalitis virus (je) in an endemic district of andhra pradesh, was investigated. approximately 15,500 mosquitoes belonging to 2 genera and 5 species were collected by indoor-resting collections. the predominant species were found to be from the cx. vishnui subgroup, which comprised 42.6% of the total collection, followed by anopheles subpictus (40.4%), an. hyrcanus (12.8%), cx. gelidus (3.5%), and an. ... | 2002 | 12542185 |
| natural survivorship of immature stages of culex vishnui (diptera: culicidae) complex, vectors of japanese encephalitis virus, in rice fields in southern india. | the development and survival of immatures of culex vishnui (diptera: culicidae) complex, vectors of japanese encephalitis virus, were studied in transplanted rice, oryza savita l., fields during three crop growing seasons. the total duration of development from the first instar to adult emergence varied from 6 to 8 d. survival rate estimates ranged from 0.003 to 0.524, but they generally were <0.1. unusually high survival rates (0.192-0.524) were observed in summer and long-term monsoon crop sea ... | 2006 | 16619597 |
| population interactions between culex vishnui mosquitoes and their natural enemies in pondicherry, india. | population interactions among mosquitoes in the culex vishnui subgroup, which are vectors of japanese encephalitis, and their natural enemies were studied in pondicherry, india. we tested the hypothesis that the breakdown of interactions between the larvae and their natural enemies due to drought followed by rain was responsible for the sudden increase in the vector population above the threshold for disease transmission during the heavy rainy period. we randomly sampled mosquito larvae and thei ... | 2006 | 16859094 |
| influence of the distribution of host species on adult abundance of japanese encephalitis vectors culex vishnui subgroup and culex gelidus in a rice-cultivating village in northern vietnam. | a field study was conducted in a village in northern vietnam to investigate how host distribution influences japanese encephalitis (je) vector abundance. indoor and outdoor collections were conducted from 50 compounds. we collected three je vector species--culex tritaeniorhynchus and culex vishnui that comprised the culex vishnui group, and culex gelidus. spatial autocorrelation was not observed in the mosquito assemblies at any scale larger than the house compounds. multivariate analyses reveal ... | 2008 | 18187800 |
| desiccated vector mosquitoes used for the surveillance of japanese encephalitis virus activity in endemic southern india. | to monitor japanese encephalitis virus (jev) activity in endemic areas of tamil nadu, southern india, desiccated vector mosquitoes were screened for jev antigen using elisa, from 1996. a total of 133 233 specimens from eight index villages comprising 2816 pools (mainly culex vishnui subgroup) were tested. of these, 59 pools (2.1%) were positive for jev antigen. control measures were undertaken in positive villages accordingly. the average annual minimum infection rate was 0.8 at the beginning of ... | 2008 | 18304277 |
| serological investigations of flavivirus prevalence in khammouane province, lao people's democratic republic, 2007-2008. | a large-scale cross-sectional seroprevalence study of dengue (den) and japanese encephalitis (je) was conducted in khammouane province, lao pdr, as part of the initial baseline health impact assessment of the nam theun 2 hydroelectric dam construction project. health surveys were performed between may 2007 and february 2008 with serum samples collected from healthy individuals involved in the resettlement program of 16 villages (total surveyed population 4,369). hemagglutination inhibition assay ... | 2010 | 21036856 |
| laboratory evaluation of molluscicidal & mosquito larvicidal activities of leaves of solanum nigrum l. | indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides has created serious problem for the aquatic flora and fauna, and also resulted in appearance of pesticide resistance in vector population. this study was designed to evaluate the biocontrol efficacy of aqueous and solvent extracts of mature leaves of solanum nigrum l., against fresh water snail lymnaea acuminata f. rufescens (gray) (an intermediate host of parasites causing fasciolopsiasis) and larvae of culex vishnui group (reuben) (vector of japanese ... | 0 | 25297363 |
| surveillance of japanese encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes in vietnam from 2006 to 2008. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) infection in mosquitoes was monitored in vietnam from 2006 to 2008. a total of 15,225 mosquitoes, identified as 26 species in five genera were collected and 12,621 were grouped into 447 pools for examination of jev infection by assays for cytopathic effects in c6/36 cells and by rt-pcr to detect flavivirus rna. three jev strains were isolated from culex tritaeniorhynchus giles collected in northern and southern vietnam and two jev strains were isolated from cule ... | 2013 | 23358634 |
| seasonal abundance and potential of japanese encephalitis virus infection in mosquitoes at the nesting colony of ardeid birds, thailand. | to investigate the abundance and seasonal dynamics of mosquitoes, and to detect japanese encephalitis virus (jev) in these mosquitoes at the nesting colony of ardeid birds. | 0 | 23620839 |
| an outbreak of japanese encephalitis after two decades in odisha, india. | sudden deaths in children due to acute encephalitis syndrome (aes) from a tribal dominated district of malkangiri in odisha, india, was reported during september-november, 2012. the investigation was carried out to search for the possible viral aetiology that caused this outbreak. clinico-epidemiological survey and seromolecular investigation were carried out to confirm the viral aetiology. two hundred seventy two suspected cases with 24 deaths were observed. the patients presented with low to m ... | 0 | 26905239 |
| monitoring of malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis vectors. | vector monitoring in military stations would help in protecting the armed forces from vector borne diseases such as malaria, japanese encephalitis and filariasis. | 2013 | 24843200 |
| how zoophilic japanese encephalitis vector mosquitoes feed on humans. | japanese encephalitis virus (jev) is the most frequent cause of mosquito-borne encephalitis in asian countries. several culicine species are potential vectors. the primary jev vectors feed mainly on cows (a dead-end host for jev), pigs (an amplifying host), and, occasionally, humans (a dead-end host). it is essential to determine blood-feeding patterns to understand the transmission cycle of the disease. here we review blood-feeding characteristics of the primary jev vectors culex tritaeniorhync ... | 2017 | 28082626 |
| first indigenous transmission of japanese encephalitis in urban areas of national capital territory of delhi, india. | until 2010, no japanese encephalitis (je) had been reported from delhi. upon report of four confirmed cases of je in september 2011, detailed investigations were carried out to determine whether the cases were imported or indigenous. | 2013 | 23682856 |
| morphological and molecular characterization of the ecological, biological and behavioural variants of the je vector culex tritaeniorhynchus: an assessment of its taxonomic status. | culex tritaeniorhynchus (diptera: culicidae), an important vector of japanese encephalitis belongs to the culex vishnui subgroup which includes two other vector species namely, cx. vishnui and cx. pseudovishnui. many varieties and types of cx. tritaeniorhynchus have been reported, besides populations that exhibit behavioural and biological differences. this study was undertaken to find out whether cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations exhibiting behavioural and biological variations, and those from ... | 2015 | 25815866 |
| study of mosquito fauna in rice ecosystems around hanoi, northern vietnam. | species of the culex vishnui subgroup, cx. fuscocephala and cx. gelidus, which are known japanese encephalitis (je) vectors, are distributed in rice agroecosystems in asian countries. hence, although ecological studies of rice agroecosystems in northern vietnam are necessary, very few integrated studies of breeding habitats of mosquitoes, including je vectors, have been conducted. we carried out a field study and investigated the mosquito fauna in six rice production areas in northern vietnam du ... | 2015 | 25445747 |
| multiple resistance of culex vishnui theobald against four major classes of insecticides in an agricultural area in sekinchan, selangor, malaysia. | the resistance status of riceland culex vishnui against four major groups of insecticides (i.e., organochlorines, carbamates, organophosphates and pyrethroids) was investigated. biochemical assays (estĪ±, estĪ², mfo and gst) were also conducted to detect the resistance levels. throughout a 12-month study period, multiple insecticide resistance was observed in both larvae and adult cx vishnui. culex vishnui larvae exhibited low resistance against malathion, temephos and permethrin with resistance r ... | 2014 | 25134893 |
| japanese encephalitis vaccine: need of the hour in endemic states of india. | japanese encephalitis (je), a mosquito-borne arboviral infection, is the leading cause of viral encephalitis in asia. most worldwide cases of je are reported annually from the people's republic of china (prc), korea, japan, southeast asia, the indian subcontinent, and parts of oceania. je virus is transmitted by culex mosquitoes particularly of the culex vishnui group (c. tritaeniorhynchus). humans get infected following a bite by an infected mosquito. however, since humans cannot transmit infec ... | 2012 | 22370517 |
| a note on tolerance to insecticides in culex vishnui, a japanese encephalitis vector. | | 1997 | 9465539 |
| diversity of mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) attracted to human subjects in rubber plantations, secondary forests, and villages in luang prabang province, northern lao pdr. | the impact of the rapid expansion of rubber plantations in south-east asia on mosquito populations is uncertain. we compared the abundance and diversity of adult mosquitoes using human-baited traps in four typical rural habitats in northern lao pdr: secondary forests, immature rubber plantations, mature rubber plantations, and villages. generalized estimating equations were used to explore differences in mosquito abundance between habitats, and simpson's diversity index was used to measure speci ... | 2017 | 28505314 |
| identifying sources, pathways and risk drivers in ecosystems of japanese encephalitis in an epidemic-prone north indian district. | japanese encephalitis (je) has caused repeated outbreaks in endemic pockets of india. this study was conducted in kushinagar, a highly endemic district, to understand the human-animal-ecosystem interactions, and the drivers that influence disease transmission. utilizing the ecosystems approach, a cross-sectional, descriptive study, employing mixed methods design was employed. four villages (two with pig-rearing and two without) were randomly selected from a high, a medium and a low burden (based ... | 2017 | 28463989 |