| influence of foetal genotype on the follicle-stimulating hormone:luteinizing hormone ratio of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. | rat testicular radioreceptor assays specific for fsh and lh were used to determine the fsh:lh ratio of pmsg produced by horse, donkey, mule and hinny conceptuses. measurements of fsh and lh activities in pmsg produced both in vivo and in vitro by the four types of conceptuses showed that the genotype of the foetus markedly influences the fsh:lh ratio of pmsg. the fsh:lh ratio of pmsg produced by the horse conceptus was around unity whereas the ratio of pmsg produced by the donkey conceptus was a ... | 1977 | 874396 |
| cytogenetic studies of three equine hybrids. | a detailed investigation of testicular meiosis in a mule, a hinny and a przewalski horse/domestic horse hybrid were made. abnormalities of pairing were observed in the mule and hinny in most germ cells at the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase, and spermatogenesis was alsmot totally arrested. a few mature spermatozoa were recovered from the ejaculate and epididymal flushings of the hinny. the przewalski horse/domestic horse hybrid was fertile and showed normal spermatogenesis. chromosome bandin ... | 1975 | 1060807 |
| the influence of fetal genotype upon endometrial cup development and pmsg and progestagen production in equids. | the influence of fetal genotype upon gonadotrophin (pmsg) and progestagen production in mares and donkeys during the first half of pregnancy was examined. the production of pmsg was greatly reduced in mares carrying mule conceptuses and greatly increased in donkeys carrying hinny conceptuses. fetal genotype had no obvious influence upon progestagen production in mares, but donkeys carrying hinny conceptuses showed extremely high peripheral plasma progestagen concentrations when serum pmsg levels ... | 1975 | 1060815 |
| studies on equine immunoglobulins. iv. immunoglobulins of the donkey. | donkey igga was isolated in purified form from normal and immune donkey sera by column chromatography on deae-cellulose. isolated donkey igga and mixtures of (igga+iggb) were used as antigens to prepare rabbit reagents specific for equine igga or iggb. antibodies present in sera obtained from a single donkey at various times during the course of hyperimmunization with bsa were isolated by immuno-adsorption. the class or subclass of immunoglobulins present among isolated, donkey anti-bsa antibodi ... | 1975 | 1116869 |
| analysis of horse and donkey gonadotrophin genes using southern blotting and dna hybridization techniques. | the number of genes encoding the common alpha-subunit and hormone-specific beta-subunits of the equine gonadotrophins (fsh, lh and cg) were investigated in the horse (equus caballus), donkey (e. asinus) and 2 horse x donkey hybrids (the mule and hinny). the southern technique, involving restriction enzyme digestion, blotting and dna hybridization to 32p-labelled dna probes was used to estimate the copy number for each gene and to assess the extent to which equids resemble primates, the only othe ... | 1991 | 1686622 |
| ribosomal rna expression in a mammalian hybrid, the hinny. | the expression of nucleolus organizer region (nor) activity in diploid cells was investigated in a model mammalian hybrid system, the hinny (female ass x male horse), by sequential ag-nor and chromomycin a3/distamycin a/dapi (cdd) staining ion lectin-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. in the majority of cases we found non-expression of the horse-derived nor chromosomes in the hinny. however, in one case there was strong nor expression on horse-derived chromosome no. 1. | 1988 | 3219914 |
| a fertile mule and hinny in china. | anecdotal reports of fertility in female mules (jack donkey x mare) and hinnies (stallion x jenny donkey) have appeared in the literature over the years, but scientists have generally regarded them with scepticism. the fact that some of these hybrids can come into estrous and ovulate makes fertility conceivable, given that opportunity for mating arises. in china, where mules are bred extensively for work on the farms, a fertile female mule and a fertile female hinny have now been verified by chr ... | 1988 | 3378453 |
| [cutaneous leishmaniasis in a mule (equus caballus x equus asinus) in an endemic area of the state of rio de janeiro]. | | 1986 | 3587005 |
| meiosis in interspecific equine hybrids. i. the male mule (equus asinus x e. caballus) and hinny (e. caballus x e. asinus). | | 1974 | 4430187 |
| [possible morphological differentiation of horse and mule kidneys from those of donkey and hinny]. | | 1984 | 6236717 |
| biological functions and receptor binding activities of equine chorionic gonadotrophins. | the role of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (cg, formerly termed pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin, pmsg) in maintaining equine pregnancy was investigated by examining the effects of this hormone on the maternal ovaries during early gestation and relating these findings to the receptor binding activities of cg in vitro. measurement of plasma progestagen profiles in mares and donkeys carrying horse, donkey, mule ( female horse x male donkey) and hinny (female donkey x male horse) conceptuses confi ... | 1981 | 6265633 |
| maternal anti-fetal cytotoxic antibody responses of equids during pregnancy. | the maternal immunological response to the developing equine fetus was investigated in 69 pregnancies of various genotypes. in normal intraspecies horse pregnancy (n = 16), 94% of mares produced strong cytotoxic antibody responses to paternal histocompatibility antigens which were first detectable between 44 and 70 days after ovulation. in all other types of pregnancy examined (intraspecies donkey, n = 19; interspecies mule, n = 6; interspecies hinny, n = 2; extraspecies horse-in-donkey, n = 3; ... | 1982 | 6962872 |
| ultrastructure of the hinny (equus asinus x equus caballus) seminiferous epithelium. | the gonads and the germinative cells of 3 male hinnies were studied with light and transmission electron microscopy with the aim to observe the development of germ cells and verify the morphological modifications due to the hybridization. the hinny seminiferous epithelium presented sertoli cells and spermatogonia with normal features and anomalous spermatocytes i. the other cells from the spermatogenic sequence were not seen. most of the alterations began to occur in the cytes i, which presented ... | 1994 | 7887486 |
| somatic chromosomes of the horse, the donkey and their hybrids, the mule and the hinny. | | 1962 | 13970509 |
| sex-linkage of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the horse and donkey. | distinctly different electrophoretic patterns of red cell glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were resolved from the hemolyzates of horse and donkey erythrocytes. examination of their reciprocal hybrids, mules and hinnies, showed that the red cells of female mules and female hinnies contain both horse and donkey g-6-pd; the male mule with an x chromosome from its horse mother contained pure horse g-6-pd, whereas the male hinny with the donkey x chromosome contained pure donkey g-6-pd. these findin ... | 1965 | 14287603 |
| sex ratios in mule duck embryos at various stages of incubation. | mule duck hatcheries have long reported varying degrees of unbalance in the sex ratio, with a preponderance of male mules at hatching. the aim of the present study was to assess the distributions of sex ratios at various stages of development in embryos originating from intra- and intergeneric crosses between parental lineages (muscovy male x muscovy female, pekin male x pekin female, muscovy male x pekin female or mule, and pekin male x muscovy female or hinny). in experiment i, embryo sexing w ... | 2004 | 14662153 |
| effect of genotype and overfeeding on lipid deposition in myofibres and intramuscular adipocytes of breast and thigh muscles of ducks. | we conducted a study to evaluate the effects of genotype (muscovy, pekin and their crossbred, hinny and mule) and overfeeding (14 days from 12 weeks of age) on lipid deposition in myofibres and intramuscular adipocytes of breast and thigh muscles of ducks. birds of the four genotypes were also reared contemporaneously with a growing diet distributed ad libitum. muscle samples (pectoralis major and sartorius) were collected at 14 weeks of age on 8 ducks per treatment. the muscle fibre typing, the ... | 2005 | 15865058 |
| differentiating among horse (equus caballus), donkey (equus asinus) and their hybrids with combined analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial gene polymorphism. | a novel and brief method of differentiating among horse (equus caballus) and donkey (equus asinus) and their hybrids (mule, e. asinus x e. caballus and hinny, e. caballus x e. asinus) with combined analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial gene polymorphism (canmgp) was reported in the present report. a nuclear gene, protamine p1 gene of donkey was sequenced and compared with the known horse sequence from genbank while a published equid mitochondrial gene, cytochrome b gene of donkey was compared wi ... | 2005 | 16060497 |
| effects of intramuscular fat levels on sensory characteristics of duck breast meat. | we conducted a study to evaluate the effects of intramuscular fat levels on the sensory characteristics of duck breast meat. combining duck genotypes (muscovy, pekin, and their crossbreed hinny and mule ducks) and feeding levels (overfeeding between 12 and 14 wk of age vs. ad libitum feeding) enabled us to obtain a wide range of lipid levels in breast muscle. the average values were between 2.55 and 6.40 g per 100 g of muscle. breast muscle from overfed ducks showed higher lipid and lower water ... | 2006 | 16673772 |
| molecular and cytogenetic paternity testing of a male offspring of a hinny. | an alleged male foal of a female mule, whose sire and grandparents were unknown, was identified for its pedigree. parentage testing was conducted by comparing polymorphism of 12 microsatellite dna sites and mitochondrial d-loop sequences of the male foal and the female mule. both the sequence analysis of species-specific dna fragments and a cytogenetic analysis were performed to identify the species of the foal and its parents. the results showed that the alleged female mule is actually a hinny, ... | 2006 | 17177697 |
| differentiation of meat from horse, donkey and their hybrids (mule/hinny) by electrophoretic separation of albumin. | meat from the species horse, donkey and their hybrids, mule/hinny, can be reliably identified by determination of genetic variants of serum albumin by starch gel electrophoresis of meat extracts. staining of the starch gel for carboxylesterase activity permits differentiation of most horses from donkeys while mules/hinnies cannot be distinguished from horses by their esterase activity alone. | 1987 | 22054691 |
| short communication quick method for identifying horse (equus caballus) and donkey (equus asinus) hybrids. | the domestication of the equus genus 5000-6000 years ago has influenced the history of human civilization. as soon as horse and donkey species had been domesticated, they were crossbred, producing humanity's first documented attempt at animal genome manipulation. since then, the mule (male donkey x female horse) and the reciprocal cross (the hinny, male horse x female donkey) have been the most common equine hybrids in the world. due to their hybrid vigor, mules and hinnies have been intensively ... | 2016 | 27706783 |
| spermatogenesis in a male hinny: histological and cytological studies. | | 2003 | 5800998 |
| 'not by the chair of my hinny hin hin': some general properties of slips of the tongue in young children. | young children's slips of the tongue are a rich source of information about developing language processing and storage mechanisms. this paper presents an analysis of 907 slips from 32 children, ages 1;4-6;0, collected in naturalistic settings. it is found that these children make most of the same types and proportions of slips as adults: phonological errors outnumber lexical, which exceed phrasal. in phonological errors, anticipations are most common, followed by perseverations and exchanges; ch ... | 1992 | 1527206 |
| development of the germ cells in the ovary of the mule and hinny. | | 1973 | 4692339 |
| the contribution of the mule to scientific thought. | the infertility of the mule has proved a continuing challenge to scientific thought. since the chromosomal differences between the two parental species are so great as to render normal meiosis impossible, it is postulated that all mules and hinnies are sterile. the problem now is to explain how mules and hinnies can occasionally produce spermatozoa or ova. the appearance of the mule was sufficient to persuade the ancients that both parents, not just the male, must contribute to the make-up of th ... | 1975 | 1107543 |
| mule or hinny might be a natural model for studying the role of parent genomes in carcinogenesis. | | 2008 | 18710794 |
| paternally expressed genes predominate in the placenta. | the discovery of genomic imprinting through studies of manipulated mouse embryos indicated that the paternal genome has a major influence on placental development. however, previous research has not demonstrated paternal bias in imprinted genes. we applied rna sequencing to trophoblast tissue from reciprocal hybrids of horse and donkey, where genotypic differences allowed parent-of-origin identification of most expressed genes. using this approach, we identified a core group of 15 ancient imprin ... | 2013 | 23754418 |
| testicular characteristics and the block to spermatogenesis in mature hinny. | most hinnies (female donkey×male horse) and mules (female horse×male donkey) are sterile with few reports of equine fertile hybrids. the main cause of this sterility is thought to be a meiotic block to spermatogenesis and oogenesis. this study compared the developmental features of the testes and a histological analyses of spermatogenesis in a male hinny with those of a normal, fertile stallion and jack donkey. hinny testes showed a thicker tunica albuginea, fewer blood vessels and more connecti ... | 2016 | 26954128 |
| detecting population structure and recent demographic history in endangered livestock breeds: the case of the italian autochthonous donkeys. | since its domestication, about 5000 years ago, the donkey (equus asinus) has been extensively used as a work or draft animal in agricultural activities and for the transportation of people and goods. in the last century, technology improvement and growing mechanization strongly affected agriculture and the management and use of this livestock species in the industrialized countries. nowadays, the use of donkeys for work or transport has almost disappeared, together with the need for mules or hin ... | 2013 | 22506921 |
| behavioural and physiological fear responses in ducks: genetic cross effects. | mule duck, a cross between a muscovy drake and a pekin female, is reported by the farmers to frequently express fear behaviours, such as man avoidance. the genetic basis of fear responses in mule ducks was therefore investigated in this study. according to a previous experiment, the dominant effect of pekin genotype was hypothesised; however, due to the absence of birds from the reciprocal cross, a superiority of the pekin in additive effect could not be distinguished from a direct maternal addi ... | 2008 | 22443910 |
| random x inactivation in the mule and horse placenta. | in eutherian mammals, dosage compensation of x-linked genes is achieved by x chromosome inactivation. x inactivation is random in embryonic and adult tissues, but imprinted x inactivation (paternal x silencing) has been identified in the extra-embryonic membranes of the mouse, rat, and cow. few other species have been studied for this trait, and the data from studies of the human placenta have been discordant or inconclusive. here, we quantify x inactivation using rna sequencing of placental tis ... | 2012 | 22645258 |
| does overfeeding enhance genotype effects on energy metabolism and lipid deposition in breast muscle of ducks? | we evaluated the effects of genotype (muscovy, pekin and their crossbreed hinny and mule ducks) and feeding levels (overfeeding between 12 and 14 weeks of age vs ad libitum feeding) on energy metabolism and lipid deposition in breast muscle of ducks. samples of breast muscle (pectoralis major) were collected at 14 weeks of age from 8 birds per group. overfeeding induced an accumulation of lipids in breast muscle (1.5- to 1.7-fold, depending on genotype) mainly induced by triglyceride deposition. ... | 2006 | 17081789 |
| does overfeeding enhance genotype effects on liver ability for lipogenesis and lipid secretion in ducks? | we evaluated the effects of genotype (muscovy, pekin and their crossbreed hinny and mule ducks) and feeding levels (overfeeding between 12 and 14 weeks of age vs ad libitum feeding) on liver ability for lipogenesis and lipid secretion in ducks. samples of liver and blood were collected at 14 weeks of age from 8 birds per group. plasma levels of insulin was considerably increased in overfed ducks (1.9-fold), stimulating the hepatic activity of the main enzymes involved in lipogenesis from glucose ... | 2006 | 16963298 |