| homologous and cross-reactive precipitins in anti-pneumococcal sera raised in mules. | serial bleedings were obtained from two mules during prolonged immunization, one with type xxv the other with type viii pneumococcal vaccine. igga, iggb, iggc, igb, igg(t) and igm present among purified pn anti-xxv and pn anti-viii immunoglobulin isolated from various bleedings were identified by use of rabbit anti-equine heavy chain specific reagents. radioimmunodiffusion with 14c-labelled type xxv pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide and horse and donkey reagents with species specificity direc ... | 1978 | 28285 |
| comparative study on the activity, ph optimum and thermal stability of some glycosidases and acid phosphatase from pig and mule leukocytes. | 1. alpha-d-mannosidase, beta-d-galactosidase, alpha-l-fucosidase, beta-n-acetylgalactosaminidase, alpha-d-glucosidase and acid phosphatase activities were studied in circulating blood leukocytes from sus scropha var. domestica l. (pig) and equus asinus x caballus (mule) by spectrophotometric procedures using p-nitrophenyl derivatives as substrates and three different buffer solutions. 2. the highest specific activity corresponds to acid phosphatase. the specific activities of the glycosidases, a ... | 1978 | 45540 |
| antigenic relatedness of equine herpes virus types 1 and 3. | antiserums prepared in specific pathogen free (spf) ponies were used in direct and indirect immunofluorescence, immunodiffusion, complement fixation and serum neutralization procedures to study the interrelationships of the three types of equine herpes viruses (ehv-1, ehv-2, and ehv-3). equine cell cultures infected with each type virus fluoresced when stained with homologous conjugated antiserum. in reciprocal tests ehv-1 and ehv-3 cross-fluoresced, but ehv-2 did not cross-fluoresce. non-infect ... | 1978 | 75724 |
| [immunochemical investigations on the gene expression of horse serum carboxylesterase (author's transl)]. | immunochemical and enzymatic analyses of horse serum carboxylesterase were carried out with respect to the existence of a silent gene. sera with positive phenotypic expression of esterase, both heterozygotes and presumed homozygotes, were compared with:--sera with positive phenotypic expression but genotypically +/o;--sera with a negative phenotypic expression, i. e. genotypically o/o;--sera of natural +/o "hemi-zygotes": mules (donkey lacking the esterase);--positive sera heated at 60 degrees c ... | 1978 | 79331 |
| techniques for evaluating humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus). | twenty mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus) were removed from their dams 48 h after birth, and hand-reared. methods for monitoring their immune capability are described. passive humoral immunity was determined by serum protein electrophoresis. active humoral immunity following clostridium toxoid vaccination was determined by immunodiffusion. cell-mediated immunity was assayed using contact sensitization to 1-nitro, 2,4-dichlorobenzene (dncb). | 1979 | 88530 |
| a serologic survey of mule deer and elk in utah. | sera from mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus canadensis) in central and northern utah were tested for the prevalence of antibodies to 11 diseases communicable to man or domestic livestock. antibodies to francisella tularensis (at 1:20) were found in 47 of 88 (53.4%) elk and 1 of 89 (1.1%) deer. a screening slide agglutination test for titers to brucella (at 1:20) showed two reactors in elk but none in deer sera. no positive antibody titers were obtained in tests for anaplasmosis, co ... | 1978 | 105153 |
| sarcocystis in free-ranging herbivores on the national bison range. | heart, esophagus, diaphragm and skeletal muscle obtained from various herbivores on the national bison range were examined grossly for sarcocystis. sarcocystis was found in 81, 50, 50, and 13% of the mule deer, (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), elk (cervus elaphus), and bison (bison bison), respectively. | 1979 | 110949 |
| characterization of developing antler cartilage matrix. i. selected histochemical and enzymatic assessment. | biopsy samples of the main beams and tines were obtained from the antlers of mature rocky mountain mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) during the rapid phase of the antler grow-th cycle. the samples were studied using histochemical and enzymatic techniques for the demonstration of mucosubstances. the reserve mesenchyme contained chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates, hyaluronic acid and sialic acid. during prechondroblastic and chondroblastic differentiation, some strongly sulfated mucopolysacchari ... | 1975 | 125143 |
| observations on epizootiology and distribution of elaeophora schneideri in montana ruminants. | seventy-four moose, 111 elk, 20 mule deer, 8 white-tailed deer, 26 prong-horn antelope, 42 domestic sheep and 3 bighorn sheep from montana or northwestern wyoming were examined post-mortem for evidence of elaeophora schneideri infection in 1973-74. fifteen percent of the mule deer and four percent of the moose were positive for adult arterial worms. this constitutes the first report of e. schneideri in mule deer in montana. no gross signs of blindness or other neurologic disorder were evident in ... | 1975 | 127848 |
| lungworm infection (dictyocaulus arnfieldi) of horses and donkeys. | dictyocaulus arnfieldi (cobbold 1884) infects the respiratory tract of horses, donkeys, mules, hinnies and zebra. a review of the literature has been given by round (1972). in the western hemisphere it is popularly believed that donkeys are the natural host and that horses become infected by association with infected donkeys. there is scant documentary evidence for this and, in the soviet union, patent infections may reach 70 per cent without mention of donkey association (koulikov 1935, borovko ... | 1976 | 136786 |
| epizootiology of bluetongue: the situation in the united states of america. | bluetongue was first reported in the united states in 1948 in sheep in texas. the virus has now been isolated from sheep in 19 states. when the disease first occurs in a flock, the morbidity may reach 50 to 75% and mortality 20 to 50%. in subsequent years, the morbidity may be only 1 to 2% with very few deaths. difference in breed susceptibility has not been observed. natural bluetongue infection has not been observed in angora or dairy goats. bluetongue virus was first isolated from cattle, in ... | 1975 | 169793 |
| necropsy and laboratory findings in free-living deer in south dakota. | in a diagnostic survey of diseases in wild white-tailed deer (62 cases) and mule deer (12 cases) the most common findings were traumatic injury (20%), nontraumatic hemorrhage (13%), polioencephalomalacia (11%), and bacterial infections (9%). although epizootic hemorrhagic disease was suspected in several cases, the virus was isolated from only 1 white-tailed deer. | 1976 | 185186 |
| transmission of the cytochrome c structural gene in horse-donkey crosses. | donkey cytochrome c was shown to differ from horse cytochrome c by having a serine in position 47 rather than a threonine. the rest of the amino acid sequences are identical. mules and hinnies, both males and females, carry equal amounts of horse and donkey cytochromes c. the same ratio is found in hinnies in preparations from heart tissue and from skeletal muscle. these results demonstrate that cytochrome c is transmitted in horse-donkey crosses as a simple mendelian character which is neither ... | 1977 | 190219 |
| viruses isolated from captive and free-ranging wild ruminants in alberta. | nasal secretions, leukocytes and preputial or vaginal swabs from a group of 15 captive wild ruminants, comprising six pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana), seven fallow deer (dama dama) and two mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and from 50 free-ranging pronghorns in southern alberta, were examined for viral agents. captive animals were given injections of dexamethasone daily for 6 days in attempts to reactivate latent infections. specimens were collected at 2-3 day intervals from days 0 to ... | 1977 | 190422 |
| serological studies on sympatric barbary sheep and mule deer from palo duro canyon, texas. | sera were collected from 12 barbary sheet (ammotragus lervia) and 11 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) occupying sympatric ranges in palo duro canyon, texas. these were tested for leptospirosis, brucellosis, bovine virus diarrhea, anaplasmosis, vesicular stomatitis, bluetongue (bt), epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd), infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr), and coccidioidomycosis. serologic reactors were found to ibr in 3 barbery sheep, bt in 6 barbary sheep and 6 mule deer and ehd in 3 barbary ... | 1979 | 228088 |
| isolation and chemical composition of the leucocytes from donkey, horse, mule and pig. | 1. leucocytes from the blood of adult and young donkeys (equus asinus l.), adult horses (equus caballus l.), adult mules (equus asinus x equus caballus) and adult pigs (sus scrofa l.) were obtained in a high degree of purity (99.9%) using na2-edta-dextrans mixtures. 2. sialic acids were released, purified, identified and determined from both non-delipided and delipided leucocytes. 3. n-glycolylneuraminic was the predominant sialic acid. n-acetylneuraminic acid and n,o-diacetyl-neuraminic acid we ... | 1978 | 318339 |
| an epizootiologic study of anthrax in falls county, texas. | in june and july, 1974, an anthrax epizootic in falls county, texas, resulted in the death of 236 animals (228 cattle, 5 horses, 2 mules, and 1 pig) on 48 premises. death rates were highest for horses (18.2%) and bulls (16.8%). the epizootic was apparently precipitated by drought, and infection appeared to be the result of ingesting intrinsically contaminated soil and grass. human illness was not associated with the epizootic. | 1977 | 401803 |
| sarcocystis hemionilatrantis (sp. n.) life cycle in mule deer and coyotes. | fifteen coyotes (canis latrans) shed sporulated sporocysts in their feces after eating freshly ground skeletal muscles from a mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) infected with microscopic-sized cysts of sarcocystis. sporocysts were shed intermittently from 12 to 36 days after ingestion of the infected meat. sporocyst size averaged 14.4 x 9.3 mum. eleven mule deer fawns orally inoculated with these sporocysts became infected and 9 of 11 died between post-inoculation days (pid) 27 and 63. cli ... | 1977 | 402485 |
| studies on the epidemiology of sandfly fever in iran. iii. host-feeding patterns of phlebotomus papatasi in an endemic area of the disease. | blood meals from 575 phlebotomus papatasi collected in an iranian village were identified by precipitin test. the majority of sandfly feedings (57.5%) were on birds, mainly chickens and pigeons. the remaining 42.5% were on mammals (humans, cows, mules, sheep, and goats) or were non-reactive. calculation of forage ratios of each host species indicated that chickens, equines, and bovines were the preferred hosts of p. papatasi in the village. results of this study demonstrate that p. papatasi has ... | 1977 | 403821 |
| histopathologic study of experimental sarcocystis hemionilatrantis infection in fawns. | mule deer fawns (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) inoculated with sporocysts of sarcocystis hemionilatrantis became infected, developed clinical signs of disease, and died, due to the infection itself or from intercurrent pneumonia. clinical signs were first noticed 18 days after infection and fawns died from postinfection days 27 to 63. histopathologic examination revealed early lesions in skeletal muscle which consisted of perivascular necrosis with mononuclear and neutrophilic cell infiltration, ... | 1977 | 410334 |
| studies on duck nutrition. ii. calcium and phosphorus requirements of mule ducklings. | experiments were conducted to determine calcium and phosphorus requirements of mule ducklings. two-day-old, straight-run mule ducklings were fed diets containing graded levels of calcium or phosphorus for three weeks. weight gain, feed consumption, tibia ash content, and levels of serum calcium and phosphorus were used as criteria for the determination of the optimum dietary calcium and phosphorus levels required by the ducklings. the minimum calcium requirements were .48% and .58%, respectively ... | 1979 | 471880 |
| studies on duck nutrition. iii. arginine and lysine requirements of mule ducklings. | growth assays were conducted to determine the dietary arginine and lysine requirements of mule ducklings. the metabolizable energy content of the basal diets used for the arginine and lysine requirement studies was 2810 and 2828 kcal/kg, respectively. two-day-old ducklings of mixed sexes were fed on a starter diet for one week, fasted for 8 to 12 hr and then were fed on experimental diets for 12 or 14 days. weight gain and feed consumption were recorded at the end of each experiment. the minimum ... | 1979 | 523389 |
| ectoparasites of sympatric barbary sheep and mule deer in the texas panhandle, usa. | | 1979 | 541816 |
| stability of inactive x-chromosome in mouse embryoid body-mule cell and transformed mouse cell-mule cell heterokaryons. | | 1977 | 556993 |
| a redescription and neotype designation for parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (nematoda: metastronglyoidea). | parelaphostrongylus odocoilei is redescribed from worms collected from the type host (odocoileus hemionus columbianus) in california, as well as material from experimentally infected mule deer (o. h. heminus) in alberta. a single male specimen from the california material is designated as the neotype of p. odocoilei, the type species of parelaphostrongylus. the male copulatory structures of the 3 species of parelaphostrongylus (p. tenuis, p. anderscni, and p. odocoilei) are reviewed and a key fo ... | 1978 | 641663 |
| [passive immunization against rabies (author's transl)]. | passive immunization has proven an important complementary method for protection of an infected organism against rabies in the very first phase after virus contact. passive-active immunization is by far superior compared to vaccination only. a few cases of human rabies after serovaccination in due time might be due to interference (immunosuppression) of active antibody formation after vaccination by passiively administered performed heterologous rabies immune globulin. this "interference phenome ... | 1978 | 649182 |
| serovaccination by human immune globulin and hdcs-vaccine against rabies. | a serological study was performed in 16 volunteer subjects and 3 patients to determine the active antibody response after vaccination with hdcs vaccine alone and in conjunction with rabies immunglobulin of human origin (righ). when heterologous antiserum from horse or mule and any rabies vaccine is used for passive-active immunization, a pronounced interfering effect is observed, depending upon the relative concentrations of preformed rabies antibodies given and rabies virus antigen of the vacci ... | 1978 | 680386 |
| the importance of the radical mules operation and tail length for the control of breech strike in scouring merino sheep. | while the radical mules operation reduced the incidence of breech strike from 59% to 13% in scouring sheep, the problem was further alleviated by docking lambs' tails at the correct (medium) length. docking lambs' tails very short strongly predisposed radically mulesed ewes and wethers to faecal soiling and breech strike (20% struck). radically mulesed sheep with tails docked midway down the vulval orifice in ewes, and the corresponding length in wethers, were rarely struck (3%) and did not appe ... | 1978 | 708334 |
| parelaphostrongylus odocoilei: life cycle in experimentally infected cervids including the mule deer, odocoileus h. hemionus. | | 1978 | 729704 |
| analysis of mechanisms regulating the expression of parental alleles at the gpd locus in mule erythrocytes. | erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pd) was examined by 13% starch gel electrophoresis in 74 mules (42 females and 32 males), 35 donkeys, and ten horses. the quantitative expression of the parental alleles at the gpd locus varies greatly in female mules from the hemizygous expression of the maternal allele to that of the paternal. the data obtained indicate that the x chromosomes are randomly inactivated in females mules. no selective advantage of a cell population with a maternally ... | 1978 | 736879 |
| mus musculus x mus caroli hybrids: mouse mules. | analysis of six enzymes using starch gel electrophoresis indicates that autosomal and x-linked genes of both parental species are expressed normally in m. musculus x m. caroli hybrids. there is no evidence for allelic repression for the four autosomally inherited enzymes. banding patterns for g6pd and pgk-1 indicate that x-chromosome inactivation occurs and that the maternally derived m. musculus x-chromosome is preferentially expressed in the yolk sac. despite normal genetic expression none of ... | 1978 | 744873 |
| survey for infection with onchocerca cervicalis in horses in eastern united states. | this survey was performed to study the prevalence of infection with onchocerca cervicalis in horses in the eastern united states. in the course of the survey, 121 horses, 1 mule and 1 donkey were examined. microfilariae were recovered from 74 (61%) of the horses examined. all infected horses showed microfilariae of o cervicalis in the umbilical sample, 62 (84%) were infected in the eyelid and, in 36 (49%), microfilariae had invaded the eye. the mule was unifected and the donkey was infected with ... | 1978 | 749580 |
| possible species differences between sarcocystis from mule deer and cattle. | in preliminary studies with sarcocystis from bovine (bos taurus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), a coccidia-free laboratory dog (canis familiaris) and captive coyote (canis latrans) were fed flesh from a local sarcocystis-infected bovine and later flesh from an infected mule deer from eastern oregon. sporocysts were passed in the feces of both canine hosts 10-15 days after ingestion of infected meat. there was a statistical difference in the size of sporocysts derived from bovine a ... | 1976 | 815572 |
| a review of sarcocystis of domestic animals and of other coccidia of cats and dogs. | the nomenclature, life cycles, and pathogenicity of sarcocystis of domestic animals are reviewed. sarcocystis had a 2-host life cycle, with carnivores as definitive hosts and herbivores as intermediate hosts. the following species are found in domestic animals (with the definitive hosts given in parentheses): 3 species in the ox: s cruzi (dog, wolf, coyote, raccoon, fox), s hirsuta (cat), s hominis (man, monkey); 2 species in the sheep: s ovicanis (dog), s tenella (cat); 3 species in the pig: s ... | 1976 | 824260 |
| evaluation of free-roaming mule deer as carriers of anaplasmosis in an area of idaho where bovine anaplasmosis is enzootic. | samples of blood from 87 rocky mountain mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) were inoculated into 3 susceptible splenectomized calves to determine the anaplasmosis carrier status of the deer. the deer were trapped along the idaho-utah state boundary, near stone, id. acute anaplasmosis was induced in 2 of the 3 inoculated calves, and blood from the 3 calves caused anaplasmosis when inoculated into adult non-splenectomized cattle. serum rapid card agglutination testing revealed 13 (14.9%) posi ... | 1977 | 833034 |
| trypanosoma cervi kingston and morton, 1975 from mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, in wyoming. | mensural values of blood stream stages and cross-transmission studies defined the trypanosome species from mule deer, odocoileus hemionus, as con-specific with trypanosoma cervi, the trypanosome found in elk from the same locality. trypanosomes were found in eight mule deer sampled in the spring and eight sampled in the winter in southeastern wyoming. | 1977 | 839619 |
| fine structure of mule testes: light and electron microscopy study. | testes of 3 mules, 3 stallions, and 3 donkeys were studied by light and electron microscopic techniques. mule testes were firm, with an average weight less than that of stallion or donkey testes. as expected, mule seminiferous tubules had few cell elements. there were 2 cell populations within the seminiferous tubules: (a) only basal spermatogonia and sertoli's cells in 70% of the tubules and, (b) the cells in (a) plus leptotene and pachytene primary spermatocytes in 30% of the tubules. degenera ... | 1977 | 851277 |
| the effects of diarrhoea, tail length and sex on the incidence of breech strike in modified mulesed merino sheep. | merino sheep were treated with purgative to induce scouring and the effects of tail length and sex on the incidence and origin of breech strike were examined. in sheep treated with the modified mules operation, those with tails docked very short were strongly predisposed to tail strike, and to a lesser extent, crutch strike. tails docked level with, or just below, the tip of the vulva in ewes, and at the equivalent length in wethers, were struck far less frequently. within each tail length group ... | 1977 | 869798 |
| influence of foetal genotype on the follicle-stimulating hormone:luteinizing hormone ratio of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin. | rat testicular radioreceptor assays specific for fsh and lh were used to determine the fsh:lh ratio of pmsg produced by horse, donkey, mule and hinny conceptuses. measurements of fsh and lh activities in pmsg produced both in vivo and in vitro by the four types of conceptuses showed that the genotype of the foetus markedly influences the fsh:lh ratio of pmsg. the fsh:lh ratio of pmsg produced by the horse conceptus was around unity whereas the ratio of pmsg produced by the donkey conceptus was a ... | 1977 | 874396 |
| further studies on trypanosomers in game animals in wyoming. | blood samples were collected from captive and free-ranging elk (cervus canadensis), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer, (odocoileus virginianus), black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), pronghorn (antilocapra americana), moose (alces alces), and bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) for cultural evidence of trypanosoma sp. infection. eleven of 188 (12%) hunter-killed elk, 22 of 37 (59%) free-ranging elk, and 79 of 119 (66%) captive elk were culture positive in 1973-74. par ... | 1976 | 933315 |
| fetal maceration and suppurative metritis in a mule deer. | | 1976 | 977463 |
| horse, ass, and mule chromosomes. | karyotypes of the horse with 64 chromosomes, the ass with 62 chromosomes, and the mule with 63 chromosomes are presented. the chromosome complements of each species and their mule hybrid are analyzed and compared. | 1976 | 1021594 |
| a mare mule--dam or foster mother? | a female, horse-like foal was apparently born to a mare mule from mating to a shetland stallion. the presence of three pregnant shetland mares in the same pasture, however, raised some questions about parentage, even though all three mares apparently gave birth to single foals within 6 weeks after the birth of the propositus. the transferrin system indicated that the foal was not born to the mare mule but was the offspring of one of the shetland mares. apparently one shetland mare gave birth to ... | 1976 | 1035593 |
| cytogenetic studies of three equine hybrids. | a detailed investigation of testicular meiosis in a mule, a hinny and a przewalski horse/domestic horse hybrid were made. abnormalities of pairing were observed in the mule and hinny in most germ cells at the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase, and spermatogenesis was alsmot totally arrested. a few mature spermatozoa were recovered from the ejaculate and epididymal flushings of the hinny. the przewalski horse/domestic horse hybrid was fertile and showed normal spermatogenesis. chromosome bandin ... | 1975 | 1060807 |
| the influence of fetal genotype upon endometrial cup development and pmsg and progestagen production in equids. | the influence of fetal genotype upon gonadotrophin (pmsg) and progestagen production in mares and donkeys during the first half of pregnancy was examined. the production of pmsg was greatly reduced in mares carrying mule conceptuses and greatly increased in donkeys carrying hinny conceptuses. fetal genotype had no obvious influence upon progestagen production in mares, but donkeys carrying hinny conceptuses showed extremely high peripheral plasma progestagen concentrations when serum pmsg levels ... | 1975 | 1060815 |
| latent anaplasmosis infection in idaho mule deer demonstrated by calf inoculation. | | 1975 | 1078067 |
| studies on equine immunoglobulins. iv. immunoglobulins of the donkey. | donkey igga was isolated in purified form from normal and immune donkey sera by column chromatography on deae-cellulose. isolated donkey igga and mixtures of (igga+iggb) were used as antigens to prepare rabbit reagents specific for equine igga or iggb. antibodies present in sera obtained from a single donkey at various times during the course of hyperimmunization with bsa were isolated by immuno-adsorption. the class or subclass of immunoglobulins present among isolated, donkey anti-bsa antibodi ... | 1975 | 1116869 |
| serum biochemical and electrophoretic values from four deer species and from pronghorn antelope. | serums from 4 species of deer and 1 species of antelope were analyzed for various components in order to define an animal disease model for sickle cell disease in people. animal species included black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), sika deer (cervus nippon nippon), fallow deer (dama dama), and pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana). the mean serum values for total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and electrolytes w ... | 1975 | 1190586 |
| [demonstration of pseudomonas pseudomallei (whitmore's bacillus) in the mud of iranian ricefields (author's transl)]. | whitmore bacillus had killed a horse and a mule in a herd bred for serum production in 1970 (baharsefat and amjadi). out of 157 soil samples from rice fields in northern iran it was possible to isolate 19 times pseudomonas pseudomallei (types i and ii) possessing a very high pathogenicity for animals. attempts at an evaluation of the human incidence of the disease. | 1975 | 1243750 |
| the treatment of salmonellosis in equidae. | among 23 equidae in which various treatment or management regimens for salmonellosis were observed and evaluated, 9 horses were infected with salmonella typhimurium and 8 with s anatum; an aged mule harbored s newport, and 1 isolant was not identified. four dual sero-type infections occurred: 3 typhimurium/anatum and 1 anatum/newington. the results obtained with various antimicrobials in therapy of peracute, acute, and chronic infections were discouraging or questionable with regard to efficacy ... | 1976 | 1246235 |
| squamous-cell carcinoma of the vulva in merino sheep. | squamous-cell carcinoma of the vulva was observed in 3.1% of merino ewes up to 3 years old. it is suggested that this high incidence of tumours was related to increased exposure of the perineal region to direct sunlight. it occurred in a group of sheep where short docking of tails and a radical surgical procedure to reduce cutaneous myiasis (mules' operation) both led to greater exposure of the perineal region. the perineum was also subject to scarring from the operation and to application of or ... | 1976 | 1267732 |
| [parasitic helminths of the cecum and colon of equidae in italy]. | intestinal helminths from coecum and colon were studied in 93 equidae including 40 horses, 36 donkeys and 17 mules. a total of 38 species, 36 nematodes and 2 cestodes, were identified as follows: 1) triodontophorus serratus, 2) triodontophorus brevicauda, 3) strongylus equinus, 4) strongylus edentatus, 5) strongylus vulgaris, 6) cyathostomum tetracanthum, 7) cyathostomum coronatum, 8) cyathostomum labiatum, 9) cyathostomum labratum, 10) cyathostomum alveatum, 11) cyathostomum pateratum, 12) cyat ... | 1992 | 1339978 |
| entomophthoromycosis due to conidiobolus. | entomophthoromycosis due to conidiobolus coronatus is a granulomatous infection characterized by lesions that originate in the inferior turbinate, spread through ostia and foramina to involve the facial and subcutaneous tissues and paranasal sinuses. the majority of the cases have been described from areas of tropical rainforest in west africa, agricultural and outdoor workers (aged 20-60 years) being the ones most frequently affected. the fungus is common in soil and decaying vegetation. infect ... | 1992 | 1397203 |
| african horse sickness in spain. | the aetiology, pathogenesis and epizootiology of african horse sickness (ahs) are reviewed with special reference to recent outbreaks in the iberian peninsula. ahs is a highly fatal insect-borne viral disease of equidae. it is caused by an orbivirus (family reoviridae) and nine serotypes are recognised. outbreaks occurred in central spain in 1987 and in southern regions of the iberian peninsula in 1988, 1989 and 1990. all were associated with serotype 4 of the virus, whereas other occurrences of ... | 1992 | 1481352 |
| serologic survey for brucellosis in feral swine, wild ruminants, and black bear of california, 1977 to 1989. | a retrospective analysis of brucellosis serologic testing results in eight wildlife species in california from 1977 to 1989 was done. samples were collected from 5,398 live-captured or hunter-killed animals and tested by combinations of up to six serologic tests for antibodies to brucella spp. twenty-three of 611 (3.8%) feral swine (sus scrofa), one of 180 (0.6%) black bear (ursus americanus), one of 355 (0.3%) california mule deer (odocoileus hemionus californicus), and one of 1,613 (0.06%) bla ... | 1992 | 1512866 |
| the 'natural' hybrid haemoglobin from mule. interrelationships with its parent haemoglobins from horse and donkey. | the equilibrium o2-binding properties of the hybrid haemoglobin (hb) present in vivo in erythrocytes from mule and of its parent hbs from horse and donkey were compared with special reference to the effect of heterotropic ligands such as cl-, d-glycerate 2,3-bisphosphate (dpg) and inositol hexakisphosphate. all these hbs display a decreased effect by polyphosphates, confirming that what has been observed for horse hb [giardina, brix, clementi, scatena, nicoletti, cicchetti, argentin & condò (199 ... | 1992 | 1546974 |
| experimental fascioloides magna infections of mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus). | six mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and one white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), approximately 5-mo-old, each were inoculated orally with 500 metacercariae of fascioloides magna. all mule deer died from liver fluke infection between 69 and 134 days (mean = 114, se = 9.9) after inoculation. between 38 and 326 immature f. magna (mean = 102, se = 45.5) were recovered from each deer at necropsy. flukes were present in livers, lungs, and free in pleural and peritoneal spaces. infectio ... | 1992 | 1602568 |
| [spongiform encephalopathies with special reference to bovine spongiform encephalopathy]. | in switzerland bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) was detected for the first time in november 1990. it is a transmissible disease of the central nervous system similar to creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd), gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker syndrome (gss) and kuru in man, and, in animals, scrapie in sheep and goats, chronic wasting disease (cwd) in captive mule deer and elk of north america and transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme) of farm reared mink. the infectious agent of the spongiform ence ... | 1992 | 1615298 |
| spongiform encephalopathies in cervidae. | the known host range of naturally-occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathies has expanded in recent years to include wild ruminants. chronic wasting disease (cwd) occurs in mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) in colorado and wyoming, united states of america. these species belong to the family cervidae. cases have occurred primarily in captive animals but a few affected free-ranging animals have been identified. clinical disease in bo ... | 1992 | 1617203 |
| effects of active immunization against a synthetic peptide sequence of the inhibin alpha-subunit on plasma gonadotrophin concentrations, ovulation rate and lambing rate in ewes. | thirty adult mule (blue-faced leicester x swaledale) ewes were actively immunized against a synthetically produced peptide corresponding to the n-terminus of the alpha-subunit of bovine inhibin conjugated to tuberculin purified protein derivative (ppd). primary immunization in the late anoestrous period was followed by two booster injections at 5 week intervals. control groups were either not immunized (n = 15) or received ppd only (n = 15). ten days after the second booster, oestrus was synchro ... | 1992 | 1625233 |
| human and experimental spongiform encephalopathies: recent progress in pathogenesis. | the spongiform encephalopathies belong to the group of "slow virus infections" of the nervous system, characterized by a long incubation period, a protracted course and involvement of the nervous system with a lethal outcome. in contrast to the conventional virus infections, such as visna in sheep and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (pml) in humans, the etiological agent for the spongiform encephalopathies has not been clearly defined. the known forms in animals are scrapie in sheep a ... | 1991 | 1676992 |
| immunolocalization of scrapie amyloid (prp27-30) in chronic wasting disease of rocky mountain elk and hybrids of captive mule deer and white-tailed deer. | scrapie amyloid-immunoreactive plaques are present in brain tissues of captive mule deer with chronic wasting disease (cwd), a progressive neurological disorder characterized neuropathologically by widespread spongiform change of the neuropil, intracytoplasmic vacuolation in neuronal perikarya and astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia. we report here the immunolocalization of scrapie amyloid (prp27-30) in plaques observed in brain tissues of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and hybri ... | 1991 | 1681473 |
| analysis of horse and donkey gonadotrophin genes using southern blotting and dna hybridization techniques. | the number of genes encoding the common alpha-subunit and hormone-specific beta-subunits of the equine gonadotrophins (fsh, lh and cg) were investigated in the horse (equus caballus), donkey (e. asinus) and 2 horse x donkey hybrids (the mule and hinny). the southern technique, involving restriction enzyme digestion, blotting and dna hybridization to 32p-labelled dna probes was used to estimate the copy number for each gene and to assess the extent to which equids resemble primates, the only othe ... | 1991 | 1686622 |
| the use of isoelectric focusing to identify rhinoceros keratins. | keratins represent the principal structural proteins of hair. they are also found in horn, nail, claw, hoof, and feather. hair and nail samples from human and canine sources and hair samples from mule deer, white tail deer, cat, moose, elk, antelope, caribou, raccoon, and goat were studied. parrot and goose feathers were also analyzed. keratins are polymorphic, and species differences are known to exist. proteinaceous extracts of deer and antelope antlers and bovine and rhinoceros horn were prep ... | 1990 | 1691773 |
| topographic distribution of scrapie amyloid-immunoreactive plaques in chronic wasting disease in captive mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus). | chronic wasting disease (cwd), a progressive neurological disorder of captive mule deer, black-tailed deer, hybrids of mule deer and white-tailed deer and rocky mountain elk, is characterized neuropathologically by widespread spongiform change of the neuropil, intracytoplasmic vacuolation in neuronal perikarya and astrocytic hypertrophy and hyperplasia. we report the topographic distribution of amyloid plaques reactive to antibodies prepared against scrapie amyloid in cwd-affected captive mule d ... | 1991 | 1713390 |
| intracellular location of mycoplasmas in cultured cells demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. | mycoplasma fermentans (strain 'incognitus') was incubated with hela cells for up to 96 h. after 24 h, mycoplasma organisms were demonstrated intracellularly by immunocytochemistry using mule anti-m. fermentans antiserum and gold labelling on ultrathin sections of both lowicryl k4m and araldite-embedded hela cells, the latter being treated with hydrogen peroxide. the araldite-embedded cells were fixed with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide in the presence of ruthenium red to stain the mucopolys ... | 1991 | 1768615 |
| expression of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) class 1 molecules on early trophoblast. | the expression of class i major histocompatibility complex (mhc) molecules by early trophoblast of intraspecific horse and donkey, interspecific mule and extraspecific donkey-in-horse conceptuses was determined using a rat monoclonal antibody (mac 291) in a peroxidase anti-peroxidase immunohistochemical technique. most non-invasive allantochorion of horse, donkey and mule conceptuses did not express class i mhc molecules at any stage of gestation except in small isolated patches of pseudostratif ... | 1991 | 1795291 |
| morphological examination of epididymal epithelium in the mule (e. hinnus) in comparison with parental species (e. asinus and e. caballus). | following previous studies about the ultrastructure of male genital tract in parental species, a comparative study of epididymis of one of the possible hybrids, the mule, has been undertaken. apart from small differences, general features of epididymal epithelium in the mule are similar to those of parental species. however, extension of our studies from the donkey to the horse to the hybrid permits a deeper insight into the morphology of this tract of excurrent duct. in the meantime, it is poss ... | 1991 | 1810531 |
| phlebotomine sandfly (diptera: psychodidae) fauna survey in an american cutaneous leishmaniasis (acl) focus in baturité, ceará state, northeast brazil. | from october until july 1991, cdc miniature light traps were set up and man and animal-landing and biting catches were made in 100 different catching zones, in different habitats, throughout the acl focus of the serra de baturité. female lutzomyia whitmani and lu. wellcomei appeared to be highly anthropophilic and were the most prevalent species in man-landing catches in peridomestic sites. most lu. migonei were attracted to animals, especially mules. seasonal fluctuations and habitat preference ... | 1991 | 1841202 |
| circadian and seasonal rhythms of melatonin production in mules (equus asinus x equus caballus). | the present study describes the patterns of melatonin production in the mule (equus asinus x equus caballus). blood was sampled hourly for 24 h from eight mule mares in spring and fall. the data obtained show the presence of a circadian rhythm of production of melatonin, with highest values during the dark phase both in spring and fall. in fall the nightly rise of melatonin production begins earlier in the dark phase and reaches higher quantitative levels than in spring. the morning decline of m ... | 1991 | 1880708 |
| antibodies in horses, mules and donkeys following monovalent vaccination against african horse sickness. | a total of 256 sera collected from three species of domesticated equidae in four different spanish provinces were examined 1-4 months after the administration of attenuated monovalent african horse sickness virus (ahsv) serotype 4 vaccine. approximately 10% of the sera were negative by elisa, virus neutralization, agar gel immuno-diffusion and complement fixation tests. similar negative reactions were recorded with sera from two ponies after experimental primary vaccination. the rapid rise in an ... | 1991 | 1902185 |
| antigenic characterization of psoroptes spp. (acari: psoroptidae) mites from different hosts. | immunoblotting with defined antigens and antisera revealed extensive and nearly complete antigenic cross-reactivity between psoroptes spp. mites from a bighorn sheep, a mule deer, a cow, and a rabbit. antigenic differences were not detected between mites from the sympatric bighorn sheep and mule deer. however, minor antigenic differences between mites from the cow and rabbit suggested that these mites were distinct from each other, as well as from the mites from the bighorn sheep and mule deer. ... | 1991 | 1919912 |
| the effect of tetrathiomolybdate on growth rate and onset of puberty in ewe-lambs. | the effects of intravenous tetrathiomolybdate (tm) treatment on growth rate and onset of puberty in ewe-lambs were investigated in march-born sulfolk x mule lambs. one group (n = 6, mean weight 13.5 +/- 0.9 kg) was treated with 25 mg tetrathiomolybdate intravenously twice weekly for 34 weeks; the second group (n = 6, mean weight 13.5 +/- 0.9 kg) served as controls. tm treatment significantly depressed liveweight gains in the treated group compared with the controls (97.8 +/- 2.5 g/day versus 114 ... | 1991 | 1959013 |
| an epizootic of besnoitiosis in captive caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou), reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus). | besnoitia sp. was diagnosed in two caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) which died of pneumonia at the assiniboine park zoo (winnipeg, manitoba, canada) in 1983. during the following 3 yr besnoitiosis spread to an isolated herd of caribou, to mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus) and to reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). reduction of exposure to biting insects appears to have reduced the transmission of besnoitiosis within the reindeer herd. the morbidity rate was approximately 82% in cari ... | 1990 | 1971029 |
| nutritional factors associated with vaginal prolapse in ewes. | serum calcium, magnesium and phosphate values of ewes recently affected by vaginal prolapse were compared with unaffected ewes in four flocks. subclinical hypocalcaemia was demonstrated in some affected and unaffected ewes in three flocks. magnesium and phosphate values were normal. in two flocks the body condition of ewes recently affected by vaginal prolapse was variable and reflected the variation in condition found in the flock. in a third flock affected ewes had significantly lower body con ... | 1991 | 2021035 |
| survey of hepatic and pulmonary helminths of wild cervids in alberta, canada. | during the 1988 hunting season, livers and lungs from 263 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus), 198 moose (alces alces), 147 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and 94 wapiti (cervus elaphus nelsoni) from alberta (canada) were collected for parasitological examination. most of the samples (89%) were submitted by big game hunters throughout the province. giant liver fluke (fascioloides magna) was found in 9% of 22 yearling and 29% of 65 adult wapiti; 4% of 161 adult moose; and 2% of 9 ... | 1990 | 2250321 |
| morphometric analysis of psoroptes spp. mites from bighorn sheep, mule deer, cattle, and rabbits. | a morphometric study of psoroptes spp. mites was conducted to address difficulties encountered in species identification and to provide insights into the phylogenetic relationships between mites found on different hosts. a discriminant analysis employing 9 morphologic characters revealed that the lengths of the outer opisthosomal setae and the lateral margins of the opisthosomal knobs were the 2 most important characters for grouping mites according to host species. this analysis clearly separat ... | 1990 | 2254816 |
| susceptibility of mulesing wounds to oviposition and strike development by the australian sheep blowfly lucilia cuprina. | the age and/or physical condition of mulesing wounds had a significant effect on both the oviposition response of l. cuprina and the ability of the wound to support a strike. up to 48 h after mulesing, untreated wounds elicited a strong oviposition response in contrast with chemically treated wounds, although subsequent larval development was negligible. seven to 9-day-old wounds, however, regardless of the wound treatment, were highly attractive oviposition sites, which subsequently developed i ... | 1990 | 2288537 |
| identification of anatomic features of the equine clitoris as potential growth sites for taylorella equigenitalis. | a median clitoral sinus, as a space canalized from epithelial cells, was distinguishable developmentally in equine fetuses from 33-mm crown-rump length (crl) to 500-mm crl (including a mule of 21-mm crl). in saggital sections of the clitoris of a 480-mm crl fetus, indentations under the transverse frenular fold were identified as lateral sinuses of the clitoris. unlike the median sinus, they were shallow; it therefore could not be anatomically substantiated that the lateral sinuses were of suffi ... | 1990 | 2365620 |
| comparative studies on megatrypanum trypanosomes from cervids. | trypanosomes were isolated by culture from 2 out of 50 blood samples collected from reindeer (rangifer tarandus l.) in northern sweden and from a blood sample from a moose (alces alces) from southern sweden. the parasites were indistinguishable morphologically from other trypanosomes reported from cervids, both as epimastigotes in axenic culture at 27 degrees c and as bloodstream-like trypomastigotes cultured on mammalian fibroblasts at 37 degrees c. surface carbohydrate and isoenzyme comparison ... | 1990 | 2382100 |
| detection of papillomaviruses in cutaneous fibromas of white-tailed and mule deer. | naturally occurring cutaneous fibromas affecting white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (o hemionus), and cutaneous fibropapillomas of domestic cattle were tested for papillomavirus using indirect immunofluorescence (if), peroxidase-antiperoxidase (pap), and negative-stain electron microscopic techniques. papillomavirus was consistently detected using rabbit antiserum against papillomavirus group-specific antigen in all mule deer fibromas and bovine fibropapillomas; only 16 of ... | 1985 | 2408523 |
| prevalence of neutralizing antibodies against california and bunyamwera serogroup viruses in deer from mountainous areas of california. | plaque reduction-serum dilution neutralization was used to evaluate the status of bunyavirus activity in deer in mountainous areas of california. antibodies against 9 bunyaviruses were measured in 337 mule deer (odocoileus hemionus hemionus, o. hemionus californicus, and o. hemionus inyoensis) and black-tailed deer (o. hemionus columbianus). more deer from high mountainous areas had neutralizing antibodies against jamestown canyon virus than did deer from low mountainous areas (23% vs. 9%; p les ... | 1989 | 2496610 |
| fetal and maternal brain and plasma levels of cocaine and benzoylecgonine following chronic subcutaneous administration of cocaine during gestation in rats. | the distribution of cocaine and the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine (be) in brain and plasma of sprague-dawley rat dams and their near-term fetuses was assessed 0.5 and 2 h post-injection on gestational day 20 following chronic daily subcutaneous injections of 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg/3 ml cocaine hydrochloride beginning on gestational day 8. plasma concentrations of cocaine reached in the dams were found to be in the range of, or to exceed, those reported in human cocaine users. dose-related incr ... | 1989 | 2498938 |
| tubuloreticular inclusions in equine connective tissue neoplasms. | abnormal irregularly branched and anastomosing tubules within cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum were observed by transmission electron microscopy in tumour cells comprising connective tissue neoplasms (sarcoids) from three horses and a mule. these tubuloreticular inclusions were also observed in cultured tumour cells from one of these horses examined, but were not detected in fibroblasts (fibrocytes), epidermis, or vascular endothelial cells in skin biopsy specimens from five clinically healthy ... | 1989 | 2547853 |
| preparation of leukotriene b4 antibodies in sheep. | the antibody response of eight sheep immunised against leukotriene b4-keyhold limpet haemocyanin (ltb4-klh) was investigated. four suffolk x mule sheep and two soay sheep received subcutaneous injections of conjugate over a period of 11-21 weeks, and two suffolk x mule sheep received intramuscular and subcutaneous injections for 11 weeks. all eight animals reacted successfully to immunisation and produced antibodies of high affinity and specificity for ltb4. the antiplasma could be used for radi ... | 1989 | 2560936 |
| the nature of the unconventional slow infection agents remains a puzzle. | unconventional slow infections are progressive transmissible degenerative disorders of the central nervous system. the human diseases belonging to this group are creutzfeld-jakob disease, kuru, and gerstmann-straussler syndrome. scrapie, transmissible mink encephalopathy, chronic wasting disease of mule deer and elk, and the recently discovered bovine spongiform encephalopathy are similar diseases found in animals. unusual characteristics of the unconventional slow infections clearly distinguish ... | 1989 | 2568119 |
| [isolation from ducks of a hypervirulent strain of duck plague virus and an avian type 6 paramyxovirus]. | this paper describes the isolation and identification of a duck plague virus (dp) and a paramyxovirus (pmv6), from the livers and intestines collected in 4-month old mule ducks, under fattening, exhibiting 75% mortality and necrotic-haemorrhagic gross lesions. these viruses were isolated in specific pathogen free (spf) muscovy duck eggs and spf chicken eggs respectively. then the dp virus was adapted to duck and chicken fibroblasts. the disease was reproduced in 2-week old spf muscovy ducklings, ... | 1987 | 2827947 |
| bluetongue in free-ranging pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana) in wyoming: 1976 and 1984. | at least 3,200 pronghorn (antilocapra americana) died during a bluetongue (bt) epizootic in eastern wyoming during late september and early october 1976. in august and september 1984, another bt epizootic occurred in northeastern wyoming resulting in 300 known pronghorn deaths. in 17 pronghorn examined postmortem, hemorrhages and edema were the most common gross pathologic changes. microscopic changes included hemorrhage, edema, arterial fibrinoid necrosis, lymphoid depletion in splenic and lymp ... | 1988 | 2832621 |
| serologic survey of selected pathogens in white-tailed and mule deer in western nebraska. | exposure of free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in western nebraska to selected livestock pathogens was determined by serology and attempted virus isolation. antibodies to bluetongue virus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus were present in both species of deer. no serologic reactors to brucella or anaplasma were found. attempts to isolate bluetongue virus were negative. | 1986 | 2845156 |
| expression of lectin binding in cutaneous papillomas of animals. | a group of spontaneously occurring animal papillomas which were negative or positive for papillomavirus group-specific antigen were examined with a battery of biotinylated lectins including con a, wga, succinylated-wga, pna and uea-i. canine papillomas, equine papillomas, white-tailed deer fibromas, mule deer fibromas, and bovine fibropapillomas were examined. each lectin had a specific staining pattern. no obvious differences in staining patterns between normal skin, viral antigen-positive and ... | 1988 | 2850306 |
| parelaphostrongylus odocoilei (nematoda: protostrongylidae) and a protostrongylid nematode in woodland caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) of alberta, canada. | two size-groups of dorsal-spined, first-stage, nematode larvae were found in feces of woodland caribou, rangifer tarandus caribou (gmelin), in alberta from 1976-1982. larvae from caribou feces in northeastern alberta were 451 +/- 17 micrograms in length, while those from west-central alberta were 362 +/- 18 micrograms in length. larvae collected from west-central alberta developed to the infective stage, experimentally, in the terrestrial gastropod triodopsis multilineata (say) and were infectiv ... | 1986 | 2869151 |
| a comparison of the mineral composition of milk of domestic and captive wild equids (equus przewalski, e. zebra, e. burchelli, e. caballus, e. assinus). | milk samples were obtained in early and/or late lactation from przewalski horses, hartmann's zebras, grant's zebras, domestic horses, ponies and a mule mare made pregnant by embryo transfer. samples were compared for their content of total solids, ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, copper, zinc and iron. milk from the przewalski horses, hartmann's zebra and the domestic horse had similar mineral composition and the content of minerals was higher in early than in late lactati ... | 1986 | 2876831 |
| epidemiology of two orbiviruses in california's native wild ruminants: preliminary report. | between 1978 and 1983 we collected more than 1,500 serum samples from california's native black-tailed deer (odocoileus hemionus columbianus), 4 races of mule deer (o. h. sp.), tule elk (cervus elaphus nannodes), roosevelt elk (c. e. roosevelti), pronghorn antelope (antilocapra americana), california bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis californiana), peninsular bighorn sheep (o. c. cremnobates) and desert bighorn sheep (o. c. nelsoni) and analyzed them for agar gel precipitating (agp) antibodies to b ... | 1985 | 2989899 |
| epizootic vesicular stomatitis in colorado, 1982: some observations on the possible role of wildlife populations in an enzootic maintenance cycle. | sera obtained from wild ungulates, carnivores, and rodents in colorado were tested for neutralizing (n) antibody against vesicular stomatitis, new jersey serotype (vsnj), virus to determine their involvement in the 1982 colorado vsnj epizootic in domestic animals. viremic and n antibody responses of two local rodent species to a 1982 colorado isolate of vsnj were determined in the laboratory. the rodents produced only weak viremias, but all developed n antibody. n antibody prevalences for vsnj i ... | 1987 | 3035241 |
| malpais spring virus: a new vesiculovirus from mosquitoes collected in new mexico and evidence of infected indigenous and exotic ungulates. | two virus isolates, 1 each from aedes campestris and psorophora signipennis mosquitoes collected in south central new mexico in august 1985, were shown by neutralization tests to be identical to each other, but not to any of more than 250 arthropod-borne and other viruses. electron microscopy of 1 isolate (85-488nm, chosen as the prototype) indicated that this strain shares morphologic characteristics with viruses of the family rhabdoviridae. indirect fluorescent antibody tests indicated that th ... | 1988 | 3061310 |
| an unusual structure in the primary cyst wall of sarcocystis hemionilatrantis. | disc-shaped plaques were found in the primary cyst wall of sarcocysts of sarcocystis hemionilatrantis in mule deer in montana. ultrastructurally, the plaques were 190.5 nm in diameter, 161.6 nm thick and consisted of six distinct layers with microfilaments arising from the innermost layer. these unusual plaques have not been reported previously for any species of sarcocystis. | 1986 | 3083102 |
| neisseria mule, horse, or donkey. | | 1988 | 3130392 |
| hamster challenge potency assay for evaluation of mycoplasma pneumoniae vaccines. | a hamster immunization challenge assay described in the accompanying paper (m. f. barile, d. k. f. chandler, h. yoshida, m. w. grabowski, r. harasawa, and s. razin, infect. immun. 56:2443-2449, 1988) was used to examine protection against mycoplasma pneumoniae disease by passive immunization and to evaluate the protective potency of a formalin-inactivated whole-cell and a cell extract m. pneumoniae vaccine. passive immunization with a globulin fraction of hyperimmune mule antiserum to m. pneumon ... | 1988 | 3137170 |
| prevalence and distribution of elaeophora schneideri wehr and dikmans, 1935 in mule deer in utah. | | 1985 | 3157010 |
| lungworms (dictyocaulus arnfieldi): prevalence in live equids in kentucky. | prevalence of natural infections of the lungworm, dictyocaulus arnfieldi, was investigated in kentucky in 5,437 live equids (horses, ponies, and asses) on 91 farms by examination of fecal samples over a 15-month-period from january 28, 1983 to april 19, 1984. for the 91 farms investigated, asses only were examined on 1 farm; for the other 90 farms, examinations were made of horses on all of them, of ponies on 4 farms, and of asses on 9 farms. larvae of d arnfieldi were found in fecal samples of ... | 1985 | 3160271 |