| origin of the west nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern united states. | in late summer 1999, an outbreak of human encephalitis occurred in the northeastern united states that was concurrent with extensive mortality in crows (corvus species) as well as the deaths of several exotic birds at a zoological park in the same area. complete genome sequencing of a flavivirus isolated from the brain of a dead chilean flamingo (phoenicopterus chilensis), together with partial sequence analysis of envelope glycoprotein (e-glycoprotein) genes amplified from several other species ... | 1999 | 10600742 |
| ribavirin inhibits west nile virus replication and cytopathic effect in neural cells. | west nile virus (wnv) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen that was reported for the first time in the western hemisphere in august 1999, when an encephalitis outbreak in new york city resulted in 62 clinical cases and 7 deaths. wnv, for which no antiviral therapy has been described, was recently recovered from a pool of mosquitoes collected in new york city. in anticipation of the recurrence of wnv during the summer of 2000, an analysis was made of the efficacy of the nucleoside analogue riba ... | 2000 | 10979920 |
| [west nile virus (wnv) encephalitis]. | a disease on the come back: west nile encephalitis has been known since the thirties. it generally occurs in africa and western asia, rarely in europe. the disease has disappeared from france since 1960, but has reappeared in the united states and in israel. a severe viral infection: west nile encephalitis is caused by a flavivirus. after 2 to 15 days incubation, the patient experiences fever, headache, diffuse pain, and sometimes skin rash. disorientation, stiff neck, convulsions and paralysis ... | 2000 | 11155732 |
| infectious disease. the enigma of west nile. . | fifteen months after the 1999 outbreak of west nile virus in new york city, which sickened 62 mostly elderly people and killed seven, scientists are still hard pressed to predict how abundant the virus will eventually become or how serious a public health threat it will pose. this summer, the human toll has been relatively mild, with just 18 cases and one death. but the virus has been found in more than 60 bird species and about a dozen mammals; in a little more than a year, it has spread to 11 ... | 2000 | 11185500 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. human west nile virus surveillance--connecticut, new jersey, and new york, 2000. | | 2001 | 11368043 |
| west nile virus infection in birds and mosquitoes, new york state, 2000. | west nile (wn) virus was found throughout new york state in 2000, with the epicenter in new york city and surrounding counties. we tested 3,403 dead birds and 9,954 mosquito pools for wn virus during the transmission season. sixty-three avian species, representing 30 families and 14 orders, tested positive for wn virus. the highest proportion of dead birds that tested positive for wn virus was in american crows in the epicenter (67% positive, n=907). eight mosquito species, representing four gen ... | 2001 | 11585532 |
| west nile virus outbreak among horses in new york state, 1999 and 2000. | west nile (wn) virus was identified in the western hemisphere in 1999. along with human encephalitis cases, 20 equine cases of wn virus were detected in 1999 and 23 equine cases in 2000 in new york. during both years, the equine cases occurred after human cases in new york had been identified. | 2001 | 11585543 |
| "neon needles" in a haystack: the advantages of passive surveillance for west nile virus. | passive surveillance is usually viewed as less efficient for case ascertainment than active surveillance. however, for diseases with nonhuman animal reservoirs, active surveillance can be like looking for a needle in a haystack and may be prohibitively expensive. fortunately for surveillance of west nile virus (wnv) in the northeast us, the dead crows have served as "neon needles in a haystack"--indicators of viral activity that call attention to themselves. in 2000, laboratory testing of dead b ... | 2001 | 11797803 |
| vector surveillance for west nile virus. | west nile virus (wnv) was detected in the metropolitan new york city (nyc) area during the summer and fall of 1999. sixty-two human cases, including seven fatalities, were documented. the new york state department of health (nysdoh) initiated and implemented a statewide mosquito and wnv surveillance system. we developed a wnv response plan designed to provide local health departments (lhd) a standardized means to begin to assess basic mosquito population data and to detect wnv circulation in mos ... | 2001 | 11797806 |
| construction and characterization of subgenomic replicons of new york strain of west nile virus. | the lineage i strain of west nile virus (wnv) frequently causes human epidemics, including the recent outbreak in north america (lanciotti et al., 1999, science 286:2333-2337). as an initial step in studying the replication and pathogenesis of wnv, we constructed several cdna clones of a wnv replicon derived from an epidemic strain (lineage i) isolated from the epicenter of new york city in the year 2000. replicon rnas were in vitro transcribed from cdna plasmids and transfected into bhk-21 cell ... | 2002 | 12069521 |
| estimated risk of west nile virus transmission through blood transfusion during an epidemic in queens, new york city. | human west nile virus (wnv) infection has been documented in the eastern united states since its discovery there in 1999. epidemics of wnv encephalitis and meningitis raise concern that transmission of wnv may occur through voluntary blood donations. | 2002 | 12385413 |
| intrauterine west nile virus infection--new york, 2002. | west nile virus (wnv), a mosquito-borne flavivirus and human neuropathogen, is epidemic in the united states. in 2002, newly recognized mechanisms of person-to-person wnv transmission were described, including possible transmission from mother to infant through breast milk. wnv has not been previously associated with intrauterine infection or adverse birth outcomes. this report describes a case of transplacental wnv transmission. pregnant women should take precautions to reduce their risk for wn ... | 2002 | 12537289 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, july 14-20, 2004. | during the week of july 14-20, a total of 74 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from seven states (arizona, california, florida, new mexico, new york, south dakota, and texas). | 2004 | 15269701 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, september 8-14, 2004. | during september 8-14, a total of 195 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 26 states (alabama, arizona, arkansas, california, colorado, florida, georgia, idaho, illinois, iowa, kansas, maryland, minnesota, missouri, nebraska, nevada, new mexico, new york, north dakota, oklahoma, oregon, pennsylvania, south dakota, tennessee, texas, and wisconsin). | 2004 | 15371969 |
| west nile virus activity--united states, october 20-26, 2004. | during october 20-26, a total of 80 cases of human west nile virus (wnv) illness were reported from 16 states (arizona, california, florida, iowa, kentucky, louisiana, michigan, mississippi, missouri, montana, nebraska, new york, ohio, south dakota, texas, and utah). | 2004 | 15514584 |
| discovering spatio-temporal models of the spread of west nile virus. | emerging infectious diseases are characterized by complex interactions among disease agents, vectors, wildlife, humans, and the environment. since the appearance of west nile virus (wnv) in new york city in 1999, it has infected over 8,000 people in the united states, resulting in several hundred deaths in 46 contiguous states. the virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and maintained in various bird reservoir hosts. its unexpected introduction, high morbidity, and rapid spread have left public heal ... | 2006 | 16573630 |
| west nile virus surveillance in mosquitoes in new york state, 2000-2004. | a west nile virus (wnv) surveillance system was created and implemented in new york state (nys) in 2000 and described previously (white et al. 2001). we examine and evaluate the results of mosquito and virus surveillance for 2000 through 2004 exclusive of new york city. forty-nine counties submitted 1,095,426 mosquitoes in 35,280 pools for wnv assay. specimens of 47 species were tested, with culex species accounting for 47.6% of all pools tested. wnv was detected in 814 pools from 10 species, wi ... | 2006 | 17019772 |
| salt marsh as culex salinarius larval habitat in coastal new york. | culex salinarius is considered one of the most likely bridge vectors involved in the human transmission cycle of west nile virus (wnv) and eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (eeev) in the northeastern usa. the larval habitats of this species in the coastal region of new york state are currently poorly known. between 2005 and 2007, a larval survey was carried out to identify and characterize possible larval habitats in suffolk county, encompassing natural and man-made freshwater wetlands, art ... | 2008 | 18939687 |
| distribution and abundance of host-seeking culex species at three proximate locations with different levels of west nile virus activity. | culex species were monitored at three proximate sites with historically different west nile virus (wnv) activities. the site with human wnv transmission (epidemic) had the lowest abundance of the putative bridge vectors, culex pipiens and cx. salinarius. the site with horse cases but not human cases (epizootic) had the highest percent composition of cx. salinarius, whereas the site with wnv-positive birds only (enzootic) had the highest cx. pipiens abundance and percent composition. a total of 2 ... | 2009 | 19346396 |
| identification of environmental covariates of west nile virus vector mosquito population abundance. | the rapid spread of west nile virus (wnv) in north america is a major public health concern. culex pipiens-restuans is the principle mosquito vector of wnv in the northeastern united states while aedes vexans is an important bridge vector of the virus in this region. vector mosquito abundance is directly dependent on physical environmental factors that provide mosquito habitats. the objective of this research is to determine landscape elements that explain the population abundance and distributi ... | 2010 | 20482343 |