| serological evidence of california group and cache valley virus infection in minnesota white-tailed deer. | blood samples were obtained from 138 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) harvested at three sites surrounding the greater minneapolis-st. paul, minnesota, metropolitan area (usa) and tested for neutralizing antibody to cache valley virus and three california serogroup (jamestown canyon, la crosse, trivittatus) viruses (bunyaviridae). deer at each site had neutralizing antibody to one or more california serogroup viruses and/or cache valley virus. the majority of adult deer (85%) had antib ... | 1991 | 1906113 |
| parelaphostrongylus andersoni (nematoda: protostrongylidae) in white-tailed deer from michigan. | dorsal-spined larvae in fecal samples from free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in michigan and pennsylvania were used as a source of larvae to infect a hand-raised white-tailed deer fawn. the fawn receive 200 third-stage larvae and passed dorsal-spined larvae in feces 66 days later. muscleworm (parelaphostrongylus andersoni), and meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) were recovered at necropsy. two white-tailed deer and seven wapiti (cervus elaphus) exposed to larvae of ... | 1990 | 2250330 |
| infection of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in michigan with jamestown canyon virus (california serogroup) and the importance of maternal antibody in viral maintenance. | sera collected from a captive population of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) penned in the lower peninsula of michigan were assayed over a 29-mo period for neutralizing antibody to california serogroup viruses. in all, 130 individual white-tailed deer were bled one to 22 times between june 1983 and november 1985. of the 130 sampled after active transmission had ceased, or passage of maternal antibody in colostrum had occurred, only one (0.8%), a newborn fawn, had no serum neutralizing ... | 1987 | 3102763 |
| jamestown canyon virus (california serogroup) is the etiologic agent of widespread infection in michigan humans. | in a sample population of 780 michigan residents tested for neutralizing antibodies to california serogroup viruses, 216 (27.7%) had specific neutralizing antibody to jamestown canyon virus. an additional eight (1.0%) had specific neutralizing to trivittatus virus; none had specific neutralizing antibody to la crosse virus. significantly more male residents than female residents of the lower peninsula had antibody to jamestown canyon virus. the frequency of neutralizing antibody titers fits the ... | 1986 | 3953951 |
| psoroptes cuniculi in captive white-tailed deer in michigan. | | 1982 | 7131659 |
| descriptive epidemiology of captive cervid herds in michigan, usa. | a study was designed to determine the species composition, disease period prevalence, and utilization of preventive practices in captive cervid herds in michigan. this is the first description of cervid farming in the united states. data for the 12 months preceding the study were collected by means of a mail questionnaire conducted from march 3 through june 28, 1993. completed questionnaires were returned by 228 of 362 (63%) farms. study respondents reported ownership of a total of 4972 (80.9%) ... | 1997 | 9208449 |
| mycobacterium bovis in coyotes from michigan. | during a survey for tuberculosis in wild carnivores and omnivores, mycobacterium bovis was cultured from pooled lymph nodes of three adult female coyotes (canis latrans) harvested by hunters in michigan (usa). no gross or histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were seen in these animals. one coyote was taken from montmorency county and two coyotes from alcona county located in the north-eastern portion of michigan's lower peninsula where free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginia ... | 1998 | 9706576 |
| geographic distribution of ticks (acari: ixodidae) in michigan, with emphasis on ixodes scapularis and borrelia burgdorferi. | a 12-yr (1985-1996) passive survey in michigan based upon tick submissions from citizens yielded 4,755 ticks of 21 species, 16 of which were probably indigenous in the state. three species of dermacentor [most common, d. variabilis say and d. albipictus (packard)]; 2 species of amblyomma [most common, a. americanum (l.)]; and 12 species of ixodes (most common, i. cookei packard and i. scapularis say), as well as haemaphysalis leporispalustris (packard), rhipicephalus sanguineus latreille, and th ... | 1998 | 9775623 |
| prevalence of mycobacterium bovis infection in cervids on privately owned ranches. | to determine prevalence of tuberculosis caused by infection with mycobacterium bovis in cervids on privately owned ranches in northeastern lower michigan. | 2002 | 12418527 |
| estimating the true prevalence of mycobacterium bovis in hunter-harvested white-tailed deer in michigan. | apparent prevalence, although useful as a consistent index, may underestimate the true prevalence of disease. in michigan, the ability to estimate the true prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (tb; caused by mycobacterium bovis) in free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) will become increasingly important to accurately assess progress towards eradication. our objectives were threefold: to estimate the true prevalence of m. bovis in free-ranging deer in michigan, to evaluate the effe ... | 2004 | 15137487 |
| evaluation of historical factors influencing the occurrence and distribution of mycobacterium bovis infection among wildlife in michigan. | to determine historical events leading to establishment of bovine tuberculosis in the white-tailed deer population in the northeastern corner of the lower peninsula (nelp) of michigan and describe factors relevant to the present outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in michigan. | 2006 | 16579753 |
| survival of mycobacterium bovis on feedstuffs commonly used as supplemental feed for white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). | mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis, has become established in free-ranging white-tailed deer odocoileus virginianus in northeastern michigan. the practice of supplemental feeding of white-tailed deer during the winter is believed to contribute to transmission of m. bovis between deer. the current study was conducted to determine the ability of m. bovis to survive on various feedstuffs commonly used as supplemental feed for deer in northeast michigan (i.e., apples, co ... | 2006 | 17255455 |
| human mycobacterium bovis infection and bovine tuberculosis outbreak, michigan, 1994-2007. | mycobacterium bovis is endemic in michigan's white-tailed deer and has been circulating since 1994. the strain circulating in deer has remained genotypically consistent and was recently detected in 2 humans. we summarize the investigation of these cases and confirm that recreational exposure to deer is a risk for infection in humans. | 2008 | 18394288 |
| estimating the true prevalence of mycobacterium bovis in free-ranging elk in michigan. | although relatively small, michigan's elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) herd is highly valued by both hunters and the general public. elk and red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus) are highly susceptible to infection with mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (tb), and outbreaks have been documented worldwide. the michigan elk range lies entirely within counties where tb is known to be enzootic in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). consequently, a project was undertaken ... | 2008 | 18957636 |
| surveillance of coyotes to detect bovine tuberculosis, michigan. | bovine tuberculosis (tb) is endemic in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in the northeastern portion of michigan's lower peninsula. bovine tb in deer and cattle has created immense financial consequences for the livestock industry and hunting public. surveillance identified coyotes (canis latrans) as potential bio-accumulators of mycobacterium bovis, a finding that generated interest in their potential to serve as sentinels for monitoring disease risk. we sampled 175 coyotes in the bovi ... | 2008 | 19046508 |
| recent advances in the management of bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging wildlife. | established foci of mycobacterium bovis (the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis [btb]) in free-ranging wildlife are currently under various stages of management on three continents (africa, europe and north america) and in new zealand. other, as yet undiagnosed, foci seem likely to exist elsewhere. the complex roles that these wildlife foci play in the ecology of btb remain among the greatest challenges facing btb control globally. conceptually, management of btb in free-ranging wildlife can ... | 2011 | 21420260 |
| public acceptance as a determinant of management strategies for bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging u.s. wildlife. | when bovine tuberculosis (btb) is detected in free-ranging wildlife populations, preventing geographic spread and the establishment of a wildlife reservoir requires rapid, often aggressive response. public tolerance can exert a significant effect on potential control measures available to managers, and thus on the success of disease management efforts. separate outbreaks of btb in free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in two midwestern states provide a case study. in minnesota, ... | 2011 | 21439739 |
| management of bovine tuberculosis in michigan wildlife: current status and near term prospects. | surveillance and control activities for bovine tuberculosis (btb) in free-ranging michigan white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) have now been underway for over a decade. significant progress has been made, lowering apparent prevalence in deer in the core area by >60%, primarily via reduction of deer densities through hunting, and restrictions on public feeding and baiting of deer. these broad strategies of the michigan department of natural resources (mdnr), implemented with the cooperatio ... | 2011 | 21414734 |
| evaluation of blood assays for detection of mycobacterium bovis in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in michigan. | surveillance and control activities related to bovine tuberculosis (tb) in free-ranging, michigan white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) have been underway for over a decade, with significant progress. however, foci of higher tb prevalence on private lands and limited agency ability to eliminate them using broad control strategies have led to development and trial of new control strategies, such as live trapping, testing, and culling or release. such strategies require a prompt, accurate liv ... | 2009 | 19204344 |
| an outbreak of eastern equine encephalitis virus in free-ranging white-tailed deer in michigan. | eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus has been recognized as affecting horses and humans in the eastern united states for 70 yr. evidence of exposure with eee virus has been reported in a variety of free-ranging wild birds and mammals but cases of clinical disease are much less commonly reported. in michigan, reports of outbreaks of eee virus in equine species extend back more than a half century. we report diagnosis of eee virus infection of multiple free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus ... | 2007 | 17984258 |
| surveillance and movements of virginia opossum (didelphis virginiana) in the bovine tuberculosis region of michigan. | wildlife reservoir hosts of bovine tuberculosis (btb) include eurasian badgers (meles meles) and brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula) in the uk and new zealand, respectively. similar species warrant further investigation in the northern lower peninsula of michigan, usa due to the continued presence of btb on cattle farms. most research in michigan, usa has focused on interactions between white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and cattle (bos taurus) for the transmission of the infectious ... | 2013 | 23531427 |
| spatial analysis of mycobacterium bovis infection in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in michigan, usa. | the wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) population in michigan, usa, has endemic mycobacterium bovis. we determined whether there were spatial clusters of retrospective tb cases in white-tailed deer in northeastern michigan and identified specific factors associated with the spatial clusters. data from hunter-harvested deer (age, gender, tb status, and geographic section) were collected by the michigan department of natural resources (mdnr) during tb surveillance from 1995 to 2002. l ... | 2007 | 17597240 |
| review of the 2012 epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak in domestic ruminants in the united states. | an unusually large number of cases of epizootic hemorrhagic disease (ehd) were observed in united states cattle and white-tailed deer in the summer and fall of 2012. usda aphis veterinary services area offices were asked to report on foreign animal disease investigations and state diagnostic laboratory submissions which resulted in a diagnosis of ehd based on positive pcr results. ehd was reported in the following species: cattle (129 herds), captive white-tailed deer (65 herds), bison (8 herds) ... | 2015 | 26244773 |
| evaluating wildlife-cattle contact rates to improve the understanding of dynamics of bovine tuberculosis transmission in michigan, usa. | direct and indirect contacts among individuals drive transmission of infectious disease. when multiple interacting species are susceptible to the same pathogen, risk assessment must include all potential host species. bovine tuberculosis (btb) is an example of a disease that can be transmitted among several wildlife species and to cattle, although the potential role of several wildlife species in spillback to cattle remains unclear. to better understand the complex network of contacts and factor ... | 2016 | 27931926 |
| patterns of antimicrobial susceptibility in michigan wildlife and bovine isolates of mycobacterium bovis. | the state of michigan has recognized the presence of mycobacterium bovis in its free-ranging white-tailed deer population since 1994. this endemic infection is primarily located in a 12-county area in the northeastern lower peninsula of michigan. a statewide surveillance and eradication program of the disease has been in effect since 1994. worldwide, mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms have a known predilection toward development of antimicrobial resistance. the objective of this study ... | 2006 | 16921884 |
| effects of maternal nutrition, resource use and multi-predator risk on neonatal white-tailed deer survival. | growth of ungulate populations is typically most sensitive to survival of neonates, which in turn is influenced by maternal nutritional condition and trade-offs in resource selection and avoidance of predators. we assessed whether resource use, multi-predator risk, maternal nutritional effects, hiding cover, or interactions among these variables best explained variation in daily survival of free-ranging neonatal white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) during their post-partum period (14 may-3 ... | 2014 | 24968318 |
| managing the wildlife reservoir of mycobacterium bovis: the michigan, usa, experience. | historical, social and economic factors combined to provide a focus where bovine tuberculosis has become established in free-ranging wildlife in northeastern lower michigan. white-tailed deer, the primary reservoir and maintenance host of tuberculosis, are highly valued by the public, and particularly hunters, for cultural and economic reasons. since 1995, significant progress has been made in defining and reducing the reservoir of tuberculosis in deer. as yet, no other wildlife species has been ... | 2006 | 16376030 |
| the role of wild animal populations in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in domestic animals: how to assess the risk. | tuberculosis is present in wild animal populations in north america, europe, africa and new zealand. some wild animal populations are a source of infection for domestic livestock and humans. an understanding of the potential of each wild animal population as a reservoir of infection for domestic animals is reached by determining the nature of the disease in each wild animal species, the routes of infection for domestic species and the risk of domestic animals encountering an infectious dose. the ... | 2006 | 16326039 |
| mortality of rocky mountain elk in michigan due to meningeal worm. | mortality from cerebrospinal parelaphostrongylosis caused by the meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) has been hypothesized to limit elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) populations in areas where elk are conspecific with white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). elk were reintroduced into michigan (usa) in the early 1900s and subsequently greatly increased population size and distribution despite sympatric high-density (>or=12/km2) white-tailed deer populations. we monitored 100 radio-collared ... | 2005 | 15827219 |
| mycobacterium bovis (bovine tb) exposure as a recreational risk for hunters: results of a michigan hunter survey, 2001. | tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis (bovine tb) is endemic in the white-tailed deer population of north-eastern michigan. hunters may be exposed to m. bovis via cutaneous inoculation while field dressing deer or by ingestion of undercooked venison. michigan hunters have received inconsistent messages about their risk of acquiring tuberculosis from recreational exposure to deer. the most common health advice offered has been to wear gloves while field dressing deer and to cook venison prod ... | 2003 | 14552572 |
| evaluation of the influence of supplemental feeding of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) on the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the michigan wild deer population. | a retrospective study was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplemental feeding of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from 1995 to 1997 was associated with the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (tb) in free-ranging deer in northeastern michigan. bovine tb prevalence data were obtained from an ongoing surveillance program, while data relating to supplemental feeding and other risk factors were collected via in-person interviews. a multivariable poisson regression modeling approach wa ... | 2003 | 12685071 |
| bovine tuberculosis in michigan wildlife and livestock. | since 1994, the state of michigan has recognized a problem with bovine tuberculosis (tb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, in wild white-tailed deer from a 12-county area in northeastern lower michigan. a total of 65,000 free-ranging deer have been tested, and 340 have been found to be positive for m. bovis. the disease has been found in other wildlife species, and, in 1998, in domestic cattle, where to date 13 beef cattle and 2 dairy cattle herds have been diagnosed with bovine tb. unfortunately, ... | 2002 | 12381603 |
| bovine tuberculosis in michigan wildlife. | white-tailed deer in michigan are now recognized as a reservoir host of bovine tuberculosis (tb). it has been determined that the most likely cause of bovine tb infection in the deer is from congregating in artificially high numbers at feed sites. the presence of a wildlife reservoir of tb in michigan poses a serious threat to the control and eradication programs that are now in their final stages in the united states. | 2002 | 12381602 |
| epidemiology of mycobacterium bovis in free-ranging white-tailed deer, michigan, usa, 1995-2000. | an endemic area of bovine tuberculosis (tb) (mycobacterium bovis) currently affecting wild white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in northern lower michigan, usa, constitutes the first self-sustaining outbreak of the infection in free-ranging north american cervids. given this precedent, epidemiologic insights gained from the outbreak afford the opportunity to guide not only current surveillance and intervention but also control efforts for future outbreaks involving wildlife reservoirs. our ... | 2002 | 12062519 |
| susceptibility of raccoons (procyon lotor) to infection with mycobacterium bovis. | tuberculosis due to mycobacterium bovis infection is endemic in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in the northeastern portion of the lower michigan peninsula (usa). various wild carnivores and omnivores, including raccoons (procyon lotor), are infected with m. bovis within the endemic area. to investigate the pathogenesis of tuberculosis in raccoons and the likelihood of m. bovis transmission from infected raccoons to other susceptible hosts, we experimentally inoculated raccoons with s ... | 2002 | 12038124 |
| tuberculous lesions in free-ranging white-tailed deer in michigan. | descriptions of the anatomical distribution of mycobacterium bovis gross lesions in large samples of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) are lacking in the scientific literature. this report describes the distribution of gross lesions in the 58 white-tailed deer that cultured positive for m. bovis among the 19,500 submitted for tuberculosis testing in michigan (usa) in 1999. for the vast majority (19,348) of those tested, only the head was submitted; for others, only extracranial tissues ... | 2001 | 11504235 |
| bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging carnivores from michigan. | during a survey of carnivores and omnivores for bovine tuberculosis conducted in michigan (usa) since 1996, mycobacterium bovis was cultured from lymph nodes pooled from six coyotes (canis latrans) (four adult female, two adult male), two adult male raccoons (procyon lotor), one adult male red fox (vulpes vulpes), and one 1.5-yr-old male black bear (ursus americanus). one adult, male bobcat (felis rufus) with histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis was negative on culture but positive for ... | 2001 | 11272505 |
| bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging white-tailed deer from michigan. | a 4.5 yr-old male white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) killed by a hunter during the 1994 firearm hunting season in northeastern michigan (usa) had lesions suggestive of tuberculosis and was positive on culture for mycobacterium bovis the causative agent for bovine tuberculosis. subsequently, a survey of 354 hunter-harvested white-tailed deer for tuberculosis was conducted in this area from 15 november 1995 through 5 january 1996. heads and/or lungs from deer were examined grossly and micr ... | 1997 | 9391958 |
| a recombinant antigen from the heartwater agent (cowdria ruminatium) reactive with antibodies in some southeastern united states white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), but not cattle, sera. | recombinant baculovirus techniques were used to express the 260 amino acid carboxyterminal portion of the 32 kilodalton (kda) major antigenic protein (map 1) of cowdria ruminantium, the heartwater agent, as a fusion protein. the recombinant map 1 was fused to an aminoterminal independently antigenic octapeptide sequence (flag peptide). recombinant map 1 was used as an immunoblotting antigen to evaluate numerous reference antisera against organisms of the tribe ehrlichieae. monoclonal and polyclo ... | 1996 | 8827667 |
| prevalence of fascioloides magna in cattle and deer in michigan. | a survey among 1.12 million cattle slaughtered in 357 packing plants in michigan during 1977 to 1981 was conducted to determine the prevalence of liver fluke infection. the condemnation rate of liver fluke-infected livers was 0.41, 3.7, and 13.9% in the southern, northern-lower, and upper regions of michigan, respectively. the same trend in infection rates was observed in white-tailed deer that had been examined in diagnostic laboratories in the state. a serologic survey among 50 randomly select ... | 1987 | 3667410 |
| morphology of typanosomes from white-tailed deer and wapiti in michigan. | trypanosomes were isolated from a wapiti (cervus canadensis) and 72 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) from several locations in michigan. although significantly fewer fawns were infected, there were no significant differences in rate of infection between sexes or among geographic areas. from appearance of the trypomastigote, the trypanosome from white-tailed deer belongs in the genus trypanosoma and the subgenus megatrypanum. it was morphometrically similar to the common trypanosome of ... | 1975 | 1142559 |
| linking bovine tuberculosis on cattle farms to white-tailed deer and environmental variables using bayesian hierarchical analysis. | bovine tuberculosis is a bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium bovis in livestock and wildlife with hosts that include eurasian badgers (meles meles), brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula), and white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). risk-assessment efforts in michigan have been initiated on farms to minimize interactions of cattle with wildlife hosts but research on m. bovis on cattle farms has not investigated the spatial context of disease epidemiology. to incorporate spatially exp ... | 2014 | 24595231 |
| management of on-farm risk to livestock from bovine tuberculosis in michigan, usa, white-tailed deer: predictions from a spatially-explicit stochastic model. | the eradication of bovine tuberculosis (btb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, from cattle in many locations worldwide is complicated by endemic foci of the disease in free-ranging wildlife. recent simulation modeling of the btb outbreak in white-tailed deer (wtd) in michigan, usa, suggests current management is unlikely to eradicate btb from the core outbreak area (dmu 452) within the next three decades. however, some level of control short of eradication might sufficiently reduce transmission fr ... | 2016 | 27836043 |
| distribution of eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral protein and nucleic acid within central nervous tissue lesions in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus). | an outbreak of eastern equine encephalomyelitis (eee) occurred in michigan free-ranging white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) during late summer and fall of 2005. brain tissue from 7 deer with eee, as confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, was studied. detailed microscopic examination, indirect immunohistochemistry (ihc), and in situ hybridization (ish) were used to characterize the lesions and distribution of the eee virus within the brain. the main lesion in all 7 d ... | 2013 | 23686767 |
| active use of coyotes (canis latrans) to detect bovine tuberculosis in northeastern michigan, usa. | bovine tuberculosis (btb) is endemic in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in northeastern michigan, usa, and research suggests transmission to cattle. prevalence of the disease in deer is estimated at 1.8%, but as prevalence decreases the difficulty of detection increases. research suggests coyotes (canis latrans) have a higher prevalence of btb in michigan than deer and sampling coyotes may be a more efficient surveillance tool to detect presence or spread of the disease. coyotes posse ... | 2011 | 21420801 |
| mycobacterium bovis: characteristics of wildlife reservoir hosts. | mycobacterium bovis is the cause of tuberculosis in animals and sometimes humans. many developed nations have long-standing programmes to eradicate tuberculosis in livestock, principally cattle. as disease prevalence in cattle decreases these efforts are sometimes impeded by passage of m. bovis from wildlife to cattle. in epidemiological terms, disease can persist in some wildlife species, creating disease reservoirs, if the basic reproduction rate (r0) and critical community size (ccs) threshol ... | 2013 | 24171844 |
| epizootiologic survey of mycobacterium bovis in wildlife and farm environments in northern michigan. | bovine tuberculosis (bovine tb), caused by mycobacterium bovis, has reemerged in northern michigan, usa, with detections in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) in 1994 and in cattle in 1998. since then, significant efforts have been directed toward reducing deer densities in the area in the hopes of reducing the bovine tb prevalence rate in deer and eliminating spillover of the disease into cattle. despite the success of the efforts to reduce deer densities, additional cattle herds have b ... | 2010 | 20688630 |
| rapid detection of serum antibody by dual-path platform vettb assay in white-tailed deer infected with mycobacterium bovis. | bovine tuberculosis (tb) in cervids remains a significant problem affecting farmed herds and wild populations. traditional skin testing has serious limitations in certain species, whereas emerging serological assays showed promising diagnostic performance. the recently developed immunochromatographic dual-path platform (dpp) vettb assay has two antigen bands, t1 (mpb83 protein) and t2 (cfp10/esat-6 fusion protein), for antibody detection. we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of this test by usin ... | 2013 | 23595504 |
| persistence of mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg) danish in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) vaccinated with a lipid-formulated oral vaccine. | mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of tuberculosis in animals, has a broad host range, including humans. historically, public health concerns prompted programs to eradicate tuberculosis from cattle in many nations. eradication efforts decreased the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis; nevertheless, some countries encountered significant obstacles, not least of which was a wildlife reservoir of m. bovis. efforts to decrease the size of the affected wildlife populations have neither eliminated ... | 2014 | 23173832 |
| deer response to exclusion from stored cattle feed in michigan, usa. | disease and damage from white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) continually threaten the livelihood of agricultural producers and the economy in the united states, as well as challenge state and federal wildlife managers. threats can be partially addressed by excluding free-ranging deer from livestock-related resources. throughout the year, use of stored livestock feed by deer in northern lower michigan (mi), usa fluctuates, though their presence is relatively consistent. since 2008, use of l ... | 2015 | 26130505 |