| observations on culex quinquefasciatus say in relation to transmission of filariasis due to subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti in samoa. | observations on culex quinquefasciatus say in samoa during a study of the epidemiology and control of subperiodic bancroftian filariasis are reported. the man-biting rate of c. quinquefasciatus was comparable with that of aedes (finlaya) samoanus gruenberg in one indicator village and lower in another. the house-frequenting behaviour of the two species was similar. culex quinquefasciatus was active throughout the night with peak biting during midnight hours, and its survivorship, estimated by tw ... | 1992 | 1288433 |
| assessing transmission of lymphatic filariasis using parasitologic, serologic, and entomologic tools after mass drug administration in american samoa. | assessing the interruption of lymphatic filariasis transmission after annual mass drug administration (mda) requires a better understanding of how to interpret results obtained with the available diagnostic tools. we conducted parasitologic, serologic, and entomologic surveys in three villages in american samoa after sentinel site surveys suggested filarial antigen prevalence was < 1% after five annual mdas with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole. antigen and antifilarial antibody prevalence ran ... | 2009 | 19407122 |
| xenomonitoring of wuchereria bancrofti and dirofilaria immitis infections in mosquitoes from american samoa: trapping considerations and a comparison of polymerase chain reaction assays with dissection. | entomologic monitoring of filarial infections, xenomonitoring, may have advantages in certain epidemiologic situations to assess the presence of infections in humans. hemalum staining and dissection and polymerase chain reaction (pcr) were compared to determine the filarial infection status of aedes (stegomyia) mosquitoes in american samoa. the overall prevalences of wuchereria bancrofti and dirofilaria immitis infections in ae. polynesiensis were, respectively, 0.16% and 1.06% by dissection and ... | 2009 | 19407123 |
| evaluation of traps and lures for mosquito vectors and xenomonitoring of wuchereria bancrofti infection in a high prevalence samoan village. | elimination of lymphatic filariasis (lf) in samoa continues to be challenging despite multiple annual mass drug campaigns aimed at stopping transmission by reducing the prevalence and density of microfilaraemia. the persistence of transmission may be partly related to the highly efficient aedes vectors. the assessment of pathogen transmission by mosquito vectors and of vector control relies on the ability to capture mosquitoes efficiently. the aims of this study are to compare trapping methods t ... | 2015 | 26016830 |
| impact of five annual rounds of mass drug administration with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole on wuchereria bancrofti infection in american samoa. | american samoa began a territory-wide mass drug administration (mda) program with diethylcarbamazine and albendazole in 2000 after baseline surveys indicated that 16.5% of 2,989 residents were infected with wuchereria bancrofti based on tests for circulating filarial antigen. follow-up surveys were conducted in 2001, 2003, and 2006, using convenience samples of residents of sentinel villages. antigenemia prevalence in 2001 (11.5%) and 2003 (13.5%) showed no change. after the 2003 sentinel assess ... | 2008 | 18541771 |
| culex fatigans from new-guinea and aedes polynesiensis from samoa as intermediate hosts of wuchereria bancrofti (periodic form). | | 1959 | 13844805 |
| filariasis in american samoa. iii. studies on chemotherapy against the non-periodic form of wuchereria bancrofti. | | 1953 | 13040683 |
| microfilaria prevalence of diurnally subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti among people having a medical checkup in american samoa in the past 17 years. | the yearly change of microfilaria (mf) prevalence rates from 1974 to 1990 was studied in american samoa with people who had medical checkups. the mf rates were found to have been kept at a low level (0.8-2.6%) in the past 17 years. the continued low prevalence reduced clinical filariasis significantly in the past 8 years. the low level of endemicity, despite very close communication with neighbouring western samoa where filariasis is much more prevalent, could be explained by the urbanized livin ... | 1993 | 8459485 |
| comparison of methods for the detection of microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti in western samoa. | the 1 ml nuclepore filtration technique (np method), 60 c.mm finger-prick or venous blood smear method and the counting chamber method were compared for their effectiveness in detecting microfilariae. the loss of microfilariae by the np method was small enough to be disregarded. the 60 c.mm blood smear method was shown to be as efficient as the 60 c.mm np method, when using finger-prick blood. the finger-prick blood contained 32% more microfilariae than venous blood when compared by the 60 c.mm ... | 1984 | 6209805 |
| analysis of the wuchereria bancrofti population in the people of american samoa. | recent interest in mathematical descriptions of the epidemiology of helminth parasites has prompted several attempts to obtain quantitative estimates of reproduction and survival at all stages in their life-histories. the availability of microfilarial counts, repeated on many people over 4(1/2) years, suggested that these estimates could be made for wuchereria bancrofti. important values that were calculated are the duration of patency for single infections (2(1/2) years), the maximum density of ... | 1968 | 5302292 |
| the efficacy of annual single-dose treatment with diethylcarbamazine citrate against diurnally subperiodic bancroftian filariasis in samoa. | treatment of subperiodic bancroftian filariasis, which is endemic in samoa, with diethylcarbamazine citrate (dec-c) in single doses of 4 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, and 8 mg/kg body weight was evaluated using the nuclepore filtration method (with 1 ml blood) and compared in terms of efficacy against the microfilariae (mf) and side-reactions produced. the 6 mg/kg single-dose treatment assessed at six months showed that the effect of dec-c to eliminate microfilariae was closely associated with the pre-treatme ... | 1985 | 3914925 |
| low-density microfilaraemia in subperiodic bancroftian filariasis in samoa. | among microfilaria (mf) carriers of subperiodic bancroftian filariasis in samoa, the low-density level of microfilaraemia was defined as 1-20 mf/ml, and the occurrence of low-density carriers (90 in the present study) was analysed by age, sex, and village in relation to the microfilarial prevalence rate. the low-density carriers were more numerous among those under 20 years and over 60 years old than in other age groups. the ratio of low-density carriers to the total of mf-positive subjects in a ... | 1985 | 3914924 |
| epidemiology of subperiodic bancroftian filariasis in samoa 8 years after control by mass treatment with diethylcarbamazine. | in 1979, a microfilarial prevalence study was conducted in a population of 8385 persons inhabiting 28 villages in samoa using both the nuclepore filtration (np) method (with 1 ml blood) and the fingerprick (fp) method (with 60 mm(3) blood). the overall prevalence rate was 4.5% by the np method and 3.8% by the fp method. the average microfilarial prevalence in males was 2.3 times higher than in females, and the rate among males aged 30 years and over was as high as 20%. the positive cases were fo ... | 1985 | 3912078 |
| distribution of vectors, transmission indices and microfilaria rates of subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti in relation to village ecotypes in samoa. | aedes polynesiensis and ae. samoanus biting densities and wuchereria bancrofti infection and infective rates were studied in 47 villages throughout the islands of samoa upolu, manono and savaii during 1978-79, and microfilaria (mf) rates were surveyed in 28 of the villages. the mf rate was correlated with both infection and infective rates of ae. polynesiensis in upolu, but not of ae. samoanus. in upolu, ae. polynesiensis was apparently the major vector. it was relatively more abundant in more c ... | 1987 | 3328328 |
| natural infections of wuchereria bancrofti in aedes (stegomyia) polynesiensis and aedes (finlaya) samoanus in samoa. | seven years after the 2nd mass treatment of the population with diethylcarbamazine, transmission of subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti was studied in four villages in samoa during one year by means of biting catches of aedes polynesiensis and a. samoanus. 2 villages were coastal, one inland bush and the other an inland coconut plantation community. overall infection and infective rates from 6702 ae. polynesiensis were 0.84 and 0.27% respectively, and the infection rate from 2858 ae. samoanus, coll ... | 1987 | 3328327 |
| natural infections of dirofilaria immitis in aedes (stegomyia) polynesiensis and aedes (finlaya) samoanus and their implication in human health in samoa. | dirofilaria immitis infections were observed in aedes polynesiensis and ae. samoanus in samoa, together with wuchereria bancrofti infections, in a study on sub-periodic bancroftian filariasis during 1978-1980. in the 4 indicator villages, the infection rate in ae. polynesiensis was 0.46% and the infective rate 0.09% (15,223 mosquitoes were dissected). the infection rate in ae. samoanus was 0.20% and the infective rate 0.08% (10,089 dissected). in 45 selected villages throughout the country, ae. ... | 1992 | 1440786 |
| some observations on filariasis in western samoa after mass administration of diethylcarbamazine. | an extremely efficient diethylcarbamazine administration campaign to eradicate wuchereria bancrofti has been carried out in western samoa. the use of the membrane-filtration technique has shown that a large number of people exhibit extremely low microfilarial densities, often with less than 10 in 1 ml of venous blood. it was found that one of these low level microfilaria carriers readily infected the local vector aedes polynesiensis and that development took place to the infective stage. it was ... | 1976 | 1265818 |
| first evidence of spatial clustering of lymphatic filariasis in an aedes polynesiensis endemic area. | successful elimination of lymphatic filariasis (lf) requires accurate identification of residual foci of transmission and stringent surveillance strategies to combat potential resurgence. this is challenging in areas where the day-biting aedes polynesiensis is endemic, such as samoa, since in previous studies no geographical clustering of infection has been demonstrated. another challenge for this low prevalence phase is the choice of diagnostic assay as testing for circulating filarial antigen ... | 2010 | 21172296 |
| improving community participation to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in american samoa. | in 2000, the american samoa department of health initiated a campaign of annual mass drug administration (mda) with albendazole and diethylcarbamazine (dec) to eliminate transmission of filariasis. drug coverage was well below prescribed targets in the first three campaigns, ranging from 24 to 52% of the total population. evaluation findings from a variety of formative research methods identified opportunities to improve mda coverage and ensuing program modifications resulted in increased drug c ... | 2010 | 20932818 |