| human parainfluenza virus 4 outbreak and the role of diagnostic tests. | owing to the difficulties in isolating the virus and the lack of routine surveillance, the clinical significance of human parainfluenza virus 4 (hpiv-4) is less well defined than that of the other human parainfluenza viruses. we describe the first outbreak of hpiv-4 infection in a developmental disabilities unit, involving 38 institutionalized children and three staff members, during a 3-week period in autumn 2004. most subjects had upper respiratory tract infections (urti), while lower respirat ... | 2005 | 16145100 |
| clinical and molecular epidemiology of human parainfluenza virus 4 infections in hong kong: subtype 4b as common as subtype 4a. | in this 1-year study, 35 (1.2%) of 2,912 nasopharyngeal aspirates were positive for human parainfluenza virus 4 (hpiv4) by reverse transcription-pcr. patients with hpiv4 infection were mainly young children and immunocompromised adults. in contrast to the reported predominance of hpiv4a infection, molecular subtyping revealed that 15 (44%) cases were caused by hpiv4b. | 2009 | 19261793 |