| polygraphic analysis of the sleep-wake states and the rem sleep periodicity in domesticated pigs (sus scrofa). | electrocorticography and concurrent electromyography were used during a total of nineteen 24 hr periods in three juvenile pigs in order to establish the quantitative duration of the sleep-wake states and the rem sleep cycles. wakefulness (w), drowsiness (dr), slow-wave sleep (sws) and paradoxical sleep (rem) occupied respectively 46.5%, 15.9%, 26.7% and 10.9% of the 24 hr period. mean duration of episodes was 4.1 min for dr, 6.2 min for sws and 3.3 min for rem. sleep cycles (sc) duration was 13. ... | 1986 | 3737741 |
| [effects of weaning as a function of age on the wake-sleep cycle in guinea pigs]. | | 1968 | 4309559 |
| aminoglycoside ototoxicity: prevention in sight? | despite the development of new antibiotics, the aminoglycosides are still indispensable in the treatment of life-threatening diseases. worldwide they are the most commonly used antibiotics, and their use is expected to increase in the wake of the rising incidence of tuberculosis. the most prominent side effects of aminoglycoside treatment--cochlear, vestibular, and renal impairment--are a limiting factor in the utility of these drugs. a novel mechanism of gentamicin ototoxicity is based on obser ... | 1998 | 9591868 |
| comparative study of the invasiveness of salmonella serotypes typhimurium, choleraesuis and dublin for caco-2 cells, hep-2 cells and rabbit ileal epithelia. | patterns of invasiveness of salmonella serotypes typhimurium, choleraesuis and dublin in caco-2 cells (without centrifugation) were compared with previously published studies of the rabbit ileal invasion assay (riia) and (where relevant) a hep-2 cell invasion assay. optimal conditions for the use of caco-2 cell monolayers in bacterial invasion assays were defined. centrifuge-assisted attachment of bacteria to cells was not used routinely as this increased the invasiveness of known hypo-invasive ... | 2000 | 10847203 |
| prenatal cocaine alters normoxic sleep-wake and diaphragmatic emg patterns in piglets. | this study assessed in piglets the effects of prenatal cocaine administration on sleep-wake states (sws) and respiratory parameters, utilizing diaphragmatic electromyogram (emgdi) recordings during normoxia before and after hypoxia (0.10 f(i,o2), 10 min). we asked whether the respiratory effects were linked to a specific sws, and whether there was a difference in respiratory measures between the two normoxic conditions. unsedated, chronically instrumented 3-9- or 21-31-day-old piglets, represent ... | 1998 | 9475329 |
| hazard assessment of boric acid in toys. | boric acid (h3bo3) has been used in a wide variety of applications--medication, pesticides, and household products. reports of child poisoning by h3bo3 were common in the clinical literature before 1975. however, a decline in its use as a bacteriostatic agent coupled with increased regulatory control has almost eliminated poisonings by accidental ingestion. schedule i (part i, item 8) of the hazardous products act of canada, proclaimed in the late 1960s, followed in the wake of concerns about ac ... | 1997 | 9441917 |
| invasion of intestinal epithelia in vitro by the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis. | studies of nematode establishment in intestinal niches has been hindered by the lack of a readily manipulated in vitro assay. in this report, experiments are described wherein the larval stage of the parasitic nematode trichinella spiralis was shown to invade epithelial cell monolayers in vitro. larvae penetrated cells and migrated through them, leaving trails of dead cells in their wake. cells derived from five different species were susceptible to invasion, reflecting the broad host range of t ... | 1997 | 9353069 |
| a quantitative study of electroencephalography, eye movements and neck electromyography characterizing the sleep-wake cycle of the guinea-pig. | the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of cerebral cortex electrical activity, ocular motility and muscular activity were studied in six head-restrained guinea-pigs during wakefulness, slow-wave and paradoxical sleep. animals were chronically implanted with bipolar electrodes in the obliquus capitis muscle for electromyographic recordings and epidurally through the parietal bones for electroencephalographic (eeg) recordings. eye movements were recorded using the scleral search-coil tec ... | 1996 | 8963449 |
| cardiorespiratory and sleep-wake behavior in developing swine: kappa-opioid influence. | effects of specific kappa-opioid antagonism with norbinaltorphimine (norbni) on sleep-wake state, blood pressure and heart rate, and on diaphragmatic and posterior cricoarytenoid electromyographic activities were assessed in 3 to 13 and 23 to 33 day-old, chronically instrumented, unanesthetized piglets. preliminary experiments established the pharmacodynamics and dose-response for norbni. in the main study, each piglet was studied twice daily, once before and once after 3.7 mg kg-1 norbni iv, fo ... | 1995 | 8570918 |
| hypoxia, sleep and respiration in relation to opioids in developing swine. | to test the role of mu and delta opioid systems in neonates during hypoxia, a total of sixteen, 4-11 (n = 7) and 26-33-day-old piglets (n = 9) were instrumented aseptically for assessment of sleep/wake states (s/w), electromyographic activities of the diaphragm and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles (emgdi, emg-pca, respectively), heart rate, and arterial pressures, ph and gas tensions. during daily sessions for 5 consecutive days, the piglets inhaled 10% o2/90% n2 for 10 min twice per session, fi ... | 1993 | 8511404 |
| use of sciatic neurogenic motor evoked potentials versus spinal potentials to predict early-onset neurologic deficits when intervention is still possible during overdistraction. | spinal evoked potentials, sciatic neurogenic motor evoked potentials, and somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded before and after overdistraction of the spinal cord, and compared with the clinical status of 14 pigs. the sciatic neurogenic motor evoked potential consisted of two components: fast and slow. the fast component was more sensitive and associated to a greater degree with motor function in wake-up tests than the slow component somatosensory evoked potential and spinal evoked pote ... | 1993 | 8362318 |
| orexins and gastrointestinal functions. | orexin a (oxa) and orexin b (oxb) are recently discovered neuropeptides that appear to play a role in various distinct functions such as arousal and the sleep-wake cycle as well as on appetite and regulation of feeding and energy homeostasis. orexins were first described as neuropeptides expressed by a specific population of neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area, a region classically implicated in feeding behaviour. orexin neurons project to numerous brain regions, where orexin receptors have ... | 2010 | 20353399 |
| mu- vs. delta-opioid influence on respiratory and sleep behavior during development. | the role of mu- vs. delta-opioid receptors in modulating cardiorespiratory and sleep/wake behavior was studied in sixteen 4- to 11-, and 26- to 33-day-old chronically instrumented piglets. each underwent 1.5-h recordings of sleep/wake state, diaphragmatic and posterior cricoarytenoid electromyogram (emgdi, emgpca), heart rate, and arterial pressure, ph, and gas tensions, before and after either naltrexone (2 mg/kg i.v.), a predominantly mu antagonist, or naltrindole (4 mg/kg i.v.), a specific de ... | 1993 | 8097387 |
| retrograde cerebral perfusion during profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest in pigs. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of retrograde cerebral perfusion via the superior vena cava during profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest (ca) in pigs. in three groups of 5 pigs each, group a (control) underwent cardiopulmonary bypass and normothermic ca for 1 hour, group b underwent cardiopulmonary bypass, profound hypothermia, and ca (15 degrees c nasopharyngeal) for 1 hour, and group c underwent the same procedure as group b plus retrograde cerebral perfusion. in group ... | 1995 | 7733705 |
| chronic prenatal cocaine retards maturation of state and of respiratory patterns in swine. | this study assessed effects of prolonged prenatal cocaine exposure on respiratory pattern and sleep-wake states in a postnatal porcine model. yucatan miniature sows received 2 mg/kg cocaine intravenously four times daily during 0.66-1.0 gestation. at birth, cocaine-exposed litters were fostered to unexposed paired sows and their litters. chronically instrumented piglets were studied at 3-9 (young) and 21-31 days (older). sleep-wake states were determined from electrocorticogram, eye movements, s ... | 1995 | 7592219 |
| [the effect of steroid hormone administration after ovariectomy on the peripheral hormone kinetics and uterine development in gilts. 1. effects on cyclic gilts]. | studies were conducted into effects of various steroid hormone doses on uterus development and steroid levels in blood plasma and endometrium of ovariectomized cyclic gilts. differences were found to exist between experimental and control animals with regard to uterus weight and length in the wake of ovariectomy and steroid treatment. steroid concentrations in blood plasma exhibited discernible changes, depending on dosage. as to endometrial hormone concentrations, some dependence on applied pro ... | 1989 | 2619493 |
| ontogeny of sleep/wake and cardiorespiratory behavior in unanesthetized piglets. | young and older piglets (2-15, 25-35 days old) underwent chronic recording of electrocorticogram, vertical and horizontal electrooculograms, electromyograms of submental muscles, diaphragm (emgdi) and posterior cricoarytenoid (emgpca), and heart rate, arterial pressure, ph and gas tensions. with age, (1) the distribution of percent time spent in various sleep-wake states differed; (2) heart rate decreased in all s/w, arterial pressure increased in wakefulness (w), transitional sleep (ts) and qui ... | 1990 | 2367751 |
| relationship between duration of spinal cord ischemia and postoperative neurologic deficits in animals. | stagnara wake-up tests, blood flow measures, somatosensory evoked potentials (seps), and neurogenic-motor evoked potentials (nmeps) were elicited from 20 hogs before and after spinal cord overdistraction at l3-l4. overdistraction was maintained from 5 to 30 minutes after loss of nmeps. results suggest that the longer the duration of overdistraction the greater the likelihood of paraplegia. blood flow measures indicated that reduced perfusion was greatest at the distraction site but extended prox ... | 1990 | 2259969 |
| relationship between duration of spinal cord ischemia and postoperative neurologic deficits in animals. | twenty hogs were administered the following procedures before, during, and after overdistraction of the spinal column at t5-t6: somatosensory (sep) and neurogenic-motor evoked potentials (nmeps), hydrogen clearance procedures, stagnara wake-up tests, and aortic-injection of silastic plastic. to ensure that overdistraction was possible, a nonosseous, circumferential osteotomy was made at t5-t6 and distraction applied in one-ratchet increments using harrington instrumentation. overdistraction was ... | 1990 | 2218705 |
| the in vivo and in vitro activity of ahr-13268d, a new antiallergic/antihistaminic agent. | ahr-13268d (4-[3-[4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)hydroxymethyl]-1- piperidinyl]propoxy]benzoic acid, sodium salt) is a potent, long-acting water soluble, antiallergic and antihistaminic agent. ahr-13268d protects sensitive guinea pigs from collapse induced by aerosolized antigen; 1, 5, and 24 h ed50s in the test were 0.27, 0.25, 0.93 mg/kg, po, respectively. ahr-13268d was also active when given as an aerosol, the 1 h ed50 = 0.29%. in the rat passivefoot anaphylaxis test. ahr-13268d was slightly more act ... | 1990 | 1982201 |
| modulation by mu opioid antagonism of sleep and respiration in neonatal swine. | young (3-13 days) and older (26-34 days) piglets were instrumented aseptically for chronic recording of sleep/wake states (biparietal electrocorticogram, horizontal and vertical electrooculogram, submental muscle electromyogram (emg)), heart rate, arterial pressure, ph and gas tensions, posterior cricoarytenoid and diaphragmatic emg (emgpca, emgdi). after recovery from surgery, piglets underwent 1 h daily recordings for 5 consecutive days. experimental sessions comprised control periods followed ... | 1991 | 1682979 |
| exploring spike transfer through the thalamus using hybrid artificial-biological neuronal networks. | we use dynamic clamp to construct "hybrid" thalamic circuits by connecting a biological neuron in situ to silicon- or software-generated "neurons" through artificial synapses. the purpose is to explore cellular sensory gating mechanisms that regulate the transfer efficiency of signals during different sleep-wake states. hybrid technology is applied in vitro to different paradigms such as: (1) simulating interactions between biological thalamocortical neurons, artificial reticular thalamic inhibi ... | 2004 | 16289755 |
| demonstration of an orexinergic central innervation of the pineal gland of the pig. | orexins/hypocretins, two isoforms of the same prepropeptide, are widely distributed throughout the brain and are involved in several physiological and neuroendocrine regulatory patterns, mostly related to feeding, sleep, arousal, and cyclic sleep-wake behaviors. orexin-a and orexin-b bind with different affinities to two g-protein-coupled transmembrane receptors, orexin-1 and orexin-2 receptors (or-r1 and or-r2, respectively). because of the similarities between the human and the swine brain, we ... | 2004 | 14986306 |
| interleukin-1beta enhances non-rapid eye movement sleep when microinjected into the dorsal raphe nucleus and inhibits serotonergic neurons in vitro. | interleukin-1 (il-1) and il-1 receptors are constitutively expressed in normal brain. il-1 increases non-rapid eye movements (nrem) sleep in several animal species, an effect mediated in part by interactions with the serotonergic system. the site(s) in brain at which interactions between il-1 and the serotonergic system increase nrem sleep remain to be identified. the dorsal raphe (drn) is the origin of the major ascending serotonergic pathways to the forebrain, and it contains il-1 receptors. t ... | 2003 | 12956704 |
| comparison of the effect of fatty alcohols on the permeation of melatonin between porcine and human skin. | melatonin (mt) is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays an important role in the regulation of the circadian sleep-wake cycle. it would be advantageous to administer mt using a transdermal delivery system for the treatment of sleep disorders such as delayed sleep syndrome, jet lag in travelers, cosmonauts and shift workers. the porcine skin has been found to have similar morphological and functional characteristics as human skin. the elastic fibres in the dermis, enzyme pattern of th ... | 2001 | 11689256 |
| sleep in the blind mole rat spalax ehrenbergi. | the mole rat, spalax ehrenbergi, is an interesting species for sleep because of its pronounced specialization to a fossorial life. these rodents spend most of their life-time underground, and are less exposed to many of the environmental stimuli and challenges that are common to non-fossorial rodents. a prominent adaptation is their blindness, which is due to an atrophy of the eyes. | 2001 | 11247050 |
| firing of inferior colliculus neurons in response to low-frequency sound stimulation during sleep and waking. | in vivo extracellular recordings of 102 units in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ic), were made in chronically implanted guinea-pigs during the sleep/wake cycle. during wakefulness, the units were classified according to their response characteristics. most neurons (63%) recorded showed changes, increasing or decreasing in the number of evoked discharges during the animal's transitions between wakefulness and slow-wave sleep. in the paradoxical sleep phase, the result was similar ... | 1995 | 10607163 |
| imports banned in wake of belgian food scandal. | | 1999 | 10515732 |
| mu- and delta-opioid receptor densities in respiratory-related brainstem regions of neonatal swine. | the piglet displays similar postnatal development in respiration and sleep-wake behavior to the human. to shed light on the possible influence of opioid systems on these functions, this study assessed the density of mu- and delta-opioid receptors in brainstems of 2-3 and 5-7 (young), 14-17 (intermediate) and 20-21 (older) day-old piglets, using quantitative autoradiography. serial 10 microns sections from fresh-frozen brains were incubated with either mu-(125i-dago) or delta-(125i-dpdpe) opioid ... | 1999 | 9974154 |
| pharmacological characterization and differentiation of non-cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons in vitro. | using intracellular recordings in guinea pig brain slices, the pharmacology of electrophysiologically identified and immunohistochemically confirmed non-cholinergic nucleus basalis neurons was studied to determine their response to the major neurotransmitters of the subcortical afferents to this region. the cells were differentiated into three types: type a cells (approximately 44%) were depolarized by noradrenaline (na) and muscarine, type b cells (approximately 23%) were depolarized by na but ... | 1998 | 9592049 |
| effect of porcine-derived mucosal competitive exclusion culture on antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli from growing piglets. | while use of antimicrobial drugs in livestock production has made a significant impact on animal health, welfare, and productivity, interest in suitable alternatives such as pre/probiotics, organic acids, and cultures of normal flora or "competitive exclusion" cultures from young animals has increased significantly in the wake of the antimicrobial resistance issue. the present study was undertaken to determine the effect of porcine-derived mucosal competitive exclusion (pce) culture on both the ... | 2005 | 16366854 |
| animal models of human placentation--a review. | this review examines the strengths and weaknesses of animal models of human placentation and pays particular attention to the mouse and non-human primates. analogies can be drawn between mouse and human in placental cell types and genes controlling placental development. there are, however, substantive differences, including a different mode of implantation, a prominent yolk sac placenta, and fewer placental hormones in the mouse. crucially, trophoblast invasion is very limited in the mouse and ... | 2007 | 17196252 |
| muscle activities are differently modulated between masseter and neck muscle during sleep-wake cycles in guinea pigs. | sleep bruxism is a sleep-related movement disorder characterized by an exaggerated jaw motor activity during sleep. currently, the magnitude of jaw motor activation in normal sleep remains poorly understood. in this study, we aim to assess the state-dependent changes in the magnitude of electromyographic activities of the jaw-closing masseter muscle in comparison with those of a neck muscle (specifically, the obliquus capitis) during sleep-wake cycles in guinea pigs. these electromyographic acti ... | 2007 | 17481762 |
| mu-opioid receptor-mediated depression of the hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin arousal system. | arousal and maintenance of a wake state is dependent on the hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin system. we found that hypocretin neurons are depressed by opiates, drugs of abuse that reduce cognitive alertness. met-enkephalin (menk), an endogenous opioid, and exogenous opiates such as morphine inhibited the hypocretin system by direct actions on the cell body that include reduced spike frequency, hyperpolarization, increased g-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying k(+) channel current, and attenuated c ... | 2008 | 18337411 |
| sources of cholinergic input to the inferior colliculus. | we combined retrograde tracing with immunohistochemistry for choline acetyltransferase to identify the source of cholinergic input to the inferior colliculus (ic) in guinea pigs. injection of a retrograde tracer into one ic labeled cells in many brainstem nuclei. retrogradely-labeled cells that were also immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase were identified in two nuclei in the midbrain tegmentum: the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (ppt) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (ldt). m ... | 2009 | 19281878 |
| heterogeneous activity level of jaw-closing and -opening muscles and its association with arousal levels during sleep in the guinea pig. | exaggerated jaw motor activities during sleep are associated with muscle symptoms in the jaw-closing rather than the jaw-opening muscles. the intrinsic activity of antagonistic jaw muscles during sleep remains unknown. this study aims to assess the balance of muscle activity between masseter (ma) and digastric (dg) muscles during sleep in guinea pigs. electroencephalogram (eeg), electroocculogram, and electromyograms (emgs) of dorsal neck, ma, and dg muscles were recorded with video during sleep ... | 2010 | 19846747 |
| treatment efficacy in a soman-poisoned guinea pig model: added value of physostigmine? | current treatment of organophosphate poisoning is insufficient, and survivors may suffer from long-lasting adverse effects, such as cognitive deficits and sleep-wake disturbances. in the present study, we aimed at developing a guinea pig model to investigate the benefits of immediate and delayed stand-alone therapy on the development of clinical signs, eeg, heart rate, respiration and ache activity in blood and brain after soman poisoning. the model allowed the determination of the therapeutic e ... | 2011 | 20842348 |
| cholinergic and non-cholinergic projections from the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei to the medial geniculate body in guinea pigs. | the midbrain tegmentum is the source of cholinergic innervation of the thalamus and has been associated with arousal and control of the sleep/wake cycle. in general, the innervation arises bilaterally from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (ppt) and the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (ldt). while this pattern has been observed for many thalamic nuclei, a projection from the ldt to the medial geniculate body (mg) has been questioned in some species. we combined retrograde tracing with immuno ... | 2010 | 21060717 |
| aspects of the narcolepsy-cataplexy syndrome in o/e3-null mutant mice. | orexins (hypocretins) are peptide neurotransmitters produced by a small group of neurons located exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus (lh). orexins modulate arousal, and as a result, have profound effects on feeding behavior and the sleep-wake cycle. loss of orexin producing neurons leads to a narcoleptic phenotype, characterized by sudden transitions from vigilance to rapid eye movement (rem) sleep (direct transition to rem, drem) observed in electroencephalogram (eeg) and electromyogram (em ... | 2011 | 21435382 |
| [Evaluation of functional status and disability of narcolepsy patients]. | Narcolepsy is a sleep-wake disorder with a multiple symptom picture of varying degree of severity. It has been rare in Finland, but its incidence among persons of less than 17 years of age increased in an unprecedented manner after the swine flu epidemic and vaccination. The evaluation of narcolepsy patients requires a broad insight and consideration of other than mere medical aspects. The extent of disability in distinct age periods may turn out to be different from what was previously expected ... | 2011 | 21995115 |
| pandemic influenza vaccines - the challenges. | recent years' enzootic spread of highly pathogenic h5n1 virus among poultry and the many lethal zoonoses in its wake has stimulated basic and applied pandemic vaccine research. the quest for an efficacious, affordable and timely accessible pandemic vaccine has been high on the agenda. when a variant h1n1 strain of swine origin emerged as a pandemic virus, it surprised many, as this subtype is well-known to man as a seasonal virus. this review will cover some difficult vaccine questions, such as ... | 2009 | 21994584 |
| The effects of spinal cord injury induced by shortening on motor evoked potentials and spinal cord blood flow: an experimental study in Swine. | Spinal cord injury due to spinal shortening is disastrous, but the amount that the spine can be shortened without injury is unknown. We assessed spinal cord injury and changes in spinal cord blood flow after spinal shortening in swine. | 2011 | 22005863 |