| genotype and subtype analyses of hepatitis b virus (hbv) and possible co-infection of hbv and hepatitis c virus (hcv) or hepatitis d virus (hdv) in blood donors, patients with chronic liver disease and patients on hemodialysis in surabaya, indonesia. | four subtypes (adw, adr, ayw, and ayr ) and eight genotypes (a to h) of the hepatitis b virus (hbv) have been identified. they appear to be associated with particular geographic distribution, ethnicity, and possibly clinical outcomes. in this study, hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag) subtyping and hbv genotyping were carried out on sera obtained from hbsag-positive hbv carriers, including healthy blood donors; patients with acute hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular ... | 2003 | 14695447 |