| rattlesnake capsule-induced salmonella arizonae bacteremia. | | 1990 | 2219898 |
| isolation, enumeration, and host range of marine bdellovibrios. | | 1974 | 4211210 |
| a waterborne epidemic of salmonellosis in riverside, california, 1965. epidemiologic aspects. a collaborative report. | | 1971 | 4924091 |
| isolation of salmonella typhi-murium from municipal water, riverside, california, 1965. | | 1971 | 4924092 |
| state, federal, university, and industry cooperative effort to eradicate salmonella at a turkey breeding operation--a pilot project. | | 1971 | 5153876 |
| a new salmonella serotype: salmonella los angeles. | | 1969 | 5781283 |
| distinctive biochemical features of salmonella dublin isolated in california. | we examined 34 strains of salmonella dublin that were isolated in california between 1978 and 1982. all were of a characteristic biotype; they did not grow on simmons citrate or acetate and did not ferment arabinose. their apparent inability to use citrate as the only carbon source was due to a nutritional requirement for nicotinic acid. because s. dublin strains are of a characteristic biotype, are host adapted to bovines, and are unusually virulent for humans, we suggest that s. dublin be cons ... | 1983 | 6341406 |
| bacteria isolated from lymph nodes of california slaughter swine. | lymph nodes from 280 slaughter swine from 9 california ranches were examined for the presence of aerobic microflora. genera of interest which were isolated (and percentage of animals from which they were isolated) included salmonella (4.3%), beta-hemolytic streptococci (8.2%), mycobacterium avium-complex (6.4%), corynebacterium pyogenes (0.4%), and aeromonas hydrophila (5.7%). patterns of bacterial isolations from swine herds may be of assistance in predicting herd health problems. | 1984 | 6383150 |
| salmonellosis in a herd of captive elephants. | | 1984 | 6392264 |
| hospital-acquired salmonellosis traced to carmine dye capsules. | | 1967 | 6020741 |
| formation and fate of gaseous and particulate mutagens and carcinogens in real and simulated atmospheres. | the growing use of coal for heating and electric power generation and diesel engines in light duty motor vehicles will increase not only the existing atmospheric concentrations of criteria pollutants such as no2, so2, o3 and fine particulates, but also the concentrations of a number of highly reactive gaseous copollutants such as hono, hono2, pan and the nitrate radical, no3. these gaseous noncriteria pollutants are of interest not only because of their roles in the chemistry of the "clean" and ... | 1983 | 6337822 |
| a typhoid fever outbreak on a university campus. | | 1969 | 5345866 |
| turtle-associated salmonellosis. i. an estimation of the magnitude of the problem in the united states, 1970-1971. | | 1972 | 5063892 |
| immunofluorescent identification of salmonella typhi during a typhoid outbreak. | immunofluorescence and conventional bacteriological methods were compared for their ability to detect salmonella typhi in 134 fecal specimens from 105 individuals associated with an outbreak of typhoid fever. smears prepared from untreated fecal material (direct method) and after a preliminary incubation in selenite f broth (delayed method) were tested with an anti-vi serum conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate. the delayed method was more sensitive than the direct method in detecting s. ty ... | 1969 | 4890742 |
| antimicrobial resistance and r factors in salmonella isolated in california (1971-1972). | the antimicrobial resistance of 2,246 strains of salmonella isolated from humans in california was determined. resistance to one or more of the 12 antimicrobial agents tested was found in 32% of the isolates. salmonella typhimurium strains represented 31% of the serotypes isolated; 49% of these strains were resistant. fifty-one percent of s. heidelberg, 42.5% of s. newport, and 40% of s. saint paul strains were resistant. seventy-seven percent of all resistant serotypes were resistant to two or ... | 1974 | 4840429 |
| a phage typing scheme for salmonella newport. | | 1974 | 4467768 |
| apparent outbreaks of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in horses in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. | intestinal colonization with toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile was documented in 9 of 10 horses with acute onset diarrhea in a veterinary medical teaching hospital, whereas a similar isolate was detected in only 1 of 23 other horses without diarrhea in the hospital. one horse with diarrhea was infected simultaneously with both c. difficile and salmonella krefeld. clostridium difficile was detected by fecal culture on selective medium, confirmed with a latex particle agglutination test, ... | 1995 | 7578449 |
| marine mammal disease surveillance program in los angeles county. | | 1973 | 4795401 |
| campylobacter enteritis--a college campus average incidence and a prospective study of the risk factors for exposure. | in a prospective study over two years at a university student health center, the average incidence for campylobacter enteritis was 4.5 cases per 1,000 students for a nine-month academic year. male students were more likely to submit a stool specimen for examination and were more likely to have campylobacter enteritis. campylobacter enteritis was ten times more common than salmonella and shigella enteritis combined. the only identifiable increased risk for campylobacter enteritis developing among ... | 1986 | 3765614 |
| chloramphenicol-resistant salmonella newport traced through hamburger to dairy farms. | | 1987 | 3614276 |
| mutagenicity of fine (less than 2.5 microns) airborne particles: diurnal variation in community air determined by a salmonella micro preincubation (microsuspension) procedure. | a simple modification of the salmonella liquid incubation assay previously developed for detecting mutagens in urine was used to determine mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter. the modification consists of adding ten times more bacteria (approximately 10(9) per incubation tube) and five to ten times less metabolic enzymes compared to the plate incorporation method. the mixture volume is approximately 0.2 ml, and the mixture is incubated for 90 min before pouring it according to the ... | 1986 | 3510862 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. outbreaks of salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis--california, 1993. | | 1993 | 8411589 |
| the characterization of the mutagenic activity of soil. | the solvent extracts of non-agricultural soil were shown to cause a potent mutagenic response to salmonella bacteria. the extract of soil from local sites had activities of 100,000-250,000 ta98 revertants per kg with s9 activation and 44,000-83,000 revertants per kg to ta100 with activation. the soil is mutagenic to both strains without s9, but at lower levels. nitroreductase-deficient bacterial strains show that the soil extract may have mutagenic compound(s) containing a nitro group. the rever ... | 1987 | 3309642 |
| assessment of the excess risk of salmonella dublin infection associated with the use of certified raw milk. | the risk of serious illness attributable to infection with salmonella dublin associated with the consumption of certified raw milk in california was evaluated. data were derived from case reports of s. dublin isolations from persons in the state of california during the period 1980-83 and from production figures for raw milk from the major supplier. it is estimated that more than one-third of reported s. dublin infections in california in the first 4 years of this decade were attributable to raw ... | 1988 | 3140275 |
| prevalence of salmonella and multiple antimicrobial-resistant salmonella in california dairies. | a cross-sectional survey was conducted on 75 randomly selected dairies in one california county. salmonella was isolated from 12 (16%) dairies; s newport was isolated from 6 (8%). chloramphenicol-resistant s newport and s dublin were isolated from 8 (10.7%) dairies. dairies with salmonella had higher average calf mortality rates (p = 0.064; odds ratio [or], 3.8). dairies with s newport had a greater than expected occurrence of illnesses in adult cows compared with dairies with no s newport (p = ... | 1989 | 2788155 |
| salmonella arizona infections in latinos associated with rattlesnake folk medicine. | in 1987 two los angeles county (california) hospitals reported four latino patients with serious salmonella arizona (salmonella subgroup 3) infections who gave a medical history of taking rattlesnake capsules prior to illness. capsules supplied by the patients or household members grew salmonella arizona. we reviewed surveillance data for this salmonella species and conducted a case-control study to determine the magnitude of this public health problem. eighteen (82 percent) of the 22 latino cas ... | 1990 | 2305906 |
| antibiotic resistance in typhoid fever. chloramphenicol resistance among clinical isolates of salmonella typhosa in los angeles, 1972--epidemiologic and bacteriologic characteristics. | | 1973 | 4763412 |
| an outbreak of equine neonatal salmonellosis. | an outbreak of salmonellosis in foals occurred on a large thoroughbred farm in california. only foals less than 8 days of age exhibited clinical signs, which included depression, anorexia, and diarrhea. three foals died from septicemia. the agent responsible was salmonella ohio, which is rarely involved in salmonellosis in horses. during the course of the outbreak, s. ohio was isolated from 27 of 97 mares (27.8%) and 34 of 97 foals (35.1%). mares were the presumed source of infection for foals. ... | 1991 | 1911993 |
| health survey of backyard poultry and other avian species located within one mile of commercial california meat-turkey flocks. | a survey was conducted to characterize domestic and exotic bird populations, estimate seroprevalence to selected disease agents, and describe health management practices on 62 premises containing "backyard" flocks located within one mile of 22 commercial california meat-turkey flocks participating in national animal health monitoring system (nahms). chickens were present on 56 backyard premises and turkeys on seven. antibodies were identified against mycoplasma gallisepticum, m. synoviae, m. mel ... | 1991 | 1854324 |
| california national animal health monitoring system for meat-turkey flocks, 1988-1989: diagnostic testing results. | six hundred fourteen meat turkeys were submitted for necropsy from 24 california ranches as part of the national animal health monitoring system (nahms). enteritis was the most frequent pathologic diagnosis in birds 18 days old or younger and the second most frequent diagnosis in birds 19-70 days old. hemorrhagic enteritis was the most frequent diagnosis in birds aged 19-70 days. tibial dyschondroplasia, bronchopneumonia, and ascaridiasis were ranked one through three in frequency of diagnoses i ... | 1991 | 1786005 |
| a survey for salmonella by drag swabbing manure piles in california egg ranches. | a cross-sectional study was conducted between august 1995 and november 1996. sixty california egg-producing ranches were chosen at random; 39 ranches agreed to participate in the study. the surface of the manure pile in one house on each ranch was sampled by drag swabbing. the drag swabs were tested for salmonella using a most probable number procedure that had a detection level of one to five salmonella per drag swab. in 12 ranches (32.4%), the drag swabs were negative for salmonella; the remai ... | 1998 | 9533082 |
| disease determinants of sporadic salmonellosis in four northern california counties. a case-control study of older children and adults. | a population-based, case-control study of sporadic salmonellosis was conducted in 1988 and 1989 in four northern california counties. the study included 120 patients and 265 control subjects. conditional logistic regression analysis (adjusted for age) revealed that patients were more likely to consume undercooked chicken prior to the onset of disease (odds ratio [or], 23.57; 95% confidence interval [ci], 2.89 to 192.30). elevated associations were also found with recent travel to foreign countri ... | 1992 | 1342320 |
| salmonella enteritidis isolated from an eared grebe (podiceps nigricollis). | | 1983 | 6341629 |
| association between raw milk and human salmonella dublin infection. | between 1971 and 1975 the mean annual incidence of human salmonella dublin infection in california increased more than five-fold. investigation of the increase showed an association with exposure to raw milk in 44 out of 113 cases. of these 44 patients, 35 had used certified raw milk from a single dairy. faecal swabs confirmed s dublin infection in the dairy herd and the milk, and so a pasteurisation order was issued. s dublin appears to be an unusually invasive and life-threatening salmonella s ... | 1979 | 476402 |
| two outbreaks of multidrug-resistant salmonella serotype typhimurium dt104 infections linked to raw-milk cheese in northern california. | salmonella serotype typhimurium definitive type 104 (dt104), with resistance to 5 drugs (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline), has emerged as the most common multidrug-resistant salmonella strain in the united states. however, illnesses resulting from this strain have not been associated definitively with a source in this country. | 1999 | 10340367 |
| chloramphenicol-resistant salmonella newport traced through hamburger to dairy farms. a major persisting source of human salmonellosis in california. | animal-to-human transmission of drug-resistant salmonella and the role of antimicrobial use in food animals in the emergence of these bacteria are controversial subjects. investigation of a 4.9-fold increase in salmonella newport isolations from californians in 1985 showed that 87 percent of the isolates had an unusual antimicrobial-resistance pattern (including chloramphenicol resistance) and a single, identical plasmid. interviews of 45 patients and 89 matched controls in los angeles county sh ... | 1987 | 3807951 |
| epidemic salmonella enteritidis infection in los angeles county, california. the predominance of phage type 4. | between april and july 1994, 501 cases of salmonella enteritidis infection were reported in los angeles county, california, nearly 5 times the number reported between april and july 1993; of these, 422 (84%) were sporadic (not related to known outbreaks). a case-control study was done to determine risk factors for sporadic illness; the distribution of s enteritidis phage types was evaluated. case-patients (n = 58) were county residents older than 1 year with culture-confirmed s enteritidis infec ... | 1996 | 8909164 |
| salmonella dublin and raw milk consumption--california. | | 1984 | 6423950 |
| arizona hinshawii septicemia associated with rattlesnake powder--california. | | 1983 | 6412051 |
| leads from the mmwr. salmonella dublin and raw milk consumption. | | 1984 | 6708265 |
| diurnal variations in the mutagenicity of airborne particulate organic matter in california's south coast air basin. | | 1982 | 7043251 |
| salmonellosis associated with marijuana: a multistate outbreak traced by plasmid fingerprinting. | in january and february of 1981, 85 cases of enteritis caused by salmonella muenchen were reported from ohio, michigan, georgia, and alabama. initial investigation failed to implicate a food source as a common vehicle, but in michigan 76 per cent of the patients, in contrast to 21 per cent of the control subjects, admitted personal or household exposure to marijuana (p less than 0.001, relative risk = 20). marijuana samples obtained from patients' households contained as many as 10(7) s. muenche ... | 1982 | 7070444 |
| salmonella dublin infections in the united states, 1979-1980. | human isolates of salmonella dublin were reported to the centers for disease control, atlanta, 103 times in 1980, as isolation rate nearly twice that reported in 1979. in 1979 and 1980 s. dublin was isolated predominantly in the western united states, frequently from males (60% of the total), from adults older than 40 years of age (55%), and from blood (37%). detailed histories were obtained for 39 cases outside of california and oregon, and 32 cases were matched with 62 age-, sex-, and locality ... | 1982 | 7108281 |
| airborne mutagens bioassayed in salmonella typhimurium. | particulate airborne pollutants, collected in buffalo, new york, and berkeley, california, were asayed for mutagenic activity in the ames salmonella typhimurium test system. mutagens requiring liver enzymes for activation, as well as direct acting mutagens, were readily detected in the buffalo sample. by contrast, only direct acting mutagens were detected in the berkeley sample. | 1977 | 319246 |
| bacterial and fungal flora of wild northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus). | tissues from healthy subadult and moribund newborn northern fur seals (callorhinus ursinus) on st. paul island, pribilof islands, alaska, and from healthy pups and yearlings on san miguel island, california, were sampled for bacteria and fungi. corynebacterium spp. and staphylococcus spp. were more frequently present in tissues from animals on st. paul island whereas pseudomonas spp. were frequently isolated on san miguel island. approximately half of the blood samples were positive for bacteria ... | 1982 | 7154218 |
| case-control study of risk factors associated with isolation of salmonella saintpaul in hospitalized horses. | in an investigation of a 1981-1982 outbreak of nosocomial salmonella saintpaul infection in hospitalized horses at the university of california veterinary medical teaching hospital in davis, california, a case-control study was performed using data gathered from the records of 33 cases and 132 controls. multiple logistic regression risk analysis was used to identify factors associated with isolation of the organism, controlling for the effects of other, possibly confounding variables. horses rec ... | 1984 | 6507427 |
| spatial and temporal clustering of salmonella serotypes isolated from adult diarrheic dairy cattle in california. | electronic records from the california animal health and food safety laboratory system between january 1, 1991, and june 30, 1998, were reviewed, and data on 593 salmonella serotypes isolated from feces or intestinal contents of adult dairy cattle with diarrhea were analyzed to determine spatial and temporal clustering. a statistically significant clustering in space was detected with 10 (typhimurium, montevideo, muenster, anatum, give, menhaden, kentucky, agona, derby, and newport) of the 13 se ... | 2001 | 11482597 |
| enteric pathogens in intensively reared veal calves. | observations were made on development of diarrhea in special-fed calves (n = 460) on 8 commercial facilities during 2 successive 16-week production cycles at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16. a total of 23% were affected, with peak number of calves with diarrhea observed at week 0. suspected enteropathogens were identified in 86% of these calves, most commonly cryptosporidia, coronavirus, and rotavirus. identified potential zoonotic pathogens included giardia and salmonella spp and verotoxigenic esc ... | 1994 | 7879973 |
| retransfer of convalescent infants from newborn intensive care to community intermediate care nurseries. | | 1976 | 1253510 |
| outbreak of salmonella serotype kottbus infections associated with eating alfalfa sprouts--arizona, california, colorado, and new mexico, february-april 2001. | on march 12, 2001, the california department of health services (cdhs) identified a cluster of salmonella kottbus isolates with indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns. during february 1-may 1, cdhs identified 23 patients with s. kottbus infections in several california counties and an additional patient from arizona. this report summarizes the results of the investigation of this outbreak, which identified cases in four states and implicated alfalfa sprouts produced a ... | 2002 | 11831433 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. alfalfa sprouts--arizona, california, colorado, and new mexico, february-april, 2001. | | 2002 | 11838449 |
| equine salmonellosis: a contemporary view. | the practical implications of equine salmonellosis in the light of present knowledge are reviewed. emphasis is placed on the various clinical forms which the disease may take. these include asymptomatic infections, signs of fever, anorexia and depression, severe acute diarrhoea and the septicaemic form. diagnosis depends on recovery of the organism from the blood or faeces or, at necropsy, from tissues. in asymptomatic infections, it may be necessary to make serial faecal cultures over several d ... | 1981 | 7297543 |
| serotypes of salmonella isolated from california turkey flocks and their environment in 1984-89 and comparison with human isolates. | serotypes of salmonella from turkeys and their environment identified at the california veterinary diagnostic laboratory system (cvdls) between 1984 and 1989 are reported. between 1988 and 1989, salmonella serotypes from turkeys were compared from two sources: from routine submissions to the cvdls (primarily associated with the national poultry improvement plan), and from a random sample of turkey farms conducted by the national animal health monitoring system (nahms). serotype isolation frequen ... | 1993 | 8257361 |
| outbreaks of salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis--california, 1993. | foodborne infections cause an estimated 6.5 million cases of human illness and 9000 deaths annually in the united states. salmonella is the most commonly reported cause of foodborne outbreaks, accounting for 28% of such outbreaks of known etiology and 45% of outbreak-associated cases during 1973-1987. during 1985-1992, state and territorial health departments reported 437 salmonella enteritidis (se) outbreaks (table 1), which accounted for 15,162 cases of illness, 1734 hospitalizations, and 53 d ... | 1993 | 8413165 |
| seasonal and spatial variation of the bacterial mutagenicity of fine organic aerosol in southern california. | the bacterial mutagenicity of a set of 1993 urban particulate air pollution samples is examined using the salmonella typhimurium tm677 forward mutation assay. amibent fine particulate samples were collected for 24 hr every sixth day throughout 1993 at four urban sites, including long beach, central los angeles, azusa, and rubidoux, california, and at an upwind background site on san nicolas island. long beach and central los angeles are congested urban areas where air quality is dominated by fre ... | 1996 | 8732954 |
| prevalence of salmonellae in cattle and in the environment on california dairies. | milk samples were collected from all lactating cows on 60 dairies (mean number of cows/dairy, 584; range, 66 to 2,834) randomly selected from 701 california dairies enrolled in the dairy herd improvement association program. samples were tested, by means of an elisa, for antibodies against salmonella serogroup b, c1, and d1 antigens (somatic antigens o1, 4, 6, 7, 9, 12). blood samples were collected from all cows with positive results and tested for serologic evidence of exposure to salmonellae. ... | 1994 | 7961076 |
| emergence of domestically acquired ceftriaxone-resistant salmonella infections associated with ampc beta-lactamase. | ceftriaxone, an expanded-spectrum cephalosporin, is an antimicrobial agent commonly used to treat severe salmonella infections, especially in children. ceftriaxone-resistant salmonella infections have recently been reported in the united states, but the extent of the problem is unknown. | 2000 | 11135779 |
| salmonella enteritidis, phase type 4 infection in a commercial layer flock in southern california: bacteriologic and epidemiologic findings. | salmonella enteritidis, phage type 4 (se pt4), was isolated from five of six 27-wk-old layer chickens submitted for necropsy from a flock of 43,000. bacteriologic and epidemiologic investigations on the ranch revealed that five of the eight flocks (n = 176,000) were infected. the prevalence of se pt4 in randomly selected healthy birds ranged from 1.7% (in caged birds) to 50% (in free-range birds) and prevalence in culled birds (kept on dirt floor houses) ranged from 14% to 42%. the estimated ove ... | 1996 | 8883799 |
| prevalence of salmonella in municipal sewage treatment plant effluents in southern california. | effluents from 12 sewage treatment plants in southern california were examined for salmonella using a moore swab technique. eight of the 12 plants were positive for salmonella when sampled at the chlorination/dechlorination site (inside the plant). effluents from 11 of 12 sewage treatment plants were positive for salmonella when samples were analyzed downstream of the chlorination/dechlorination site, before effluents merge with the receiving stream (outside the plant). two of the three control ... | 1997 | 9201405 |
| epidemiology and control of egg-associated salmonella enteritidis in the united states of america. | the isolation rate for salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (se) in humans in the united states of america (usa) increased from 1,207 sporadic isolates identified in 1976 (0.6 isolates/100,000 population) to 10,201 identified in 1995 (4.0/100,000 population). the proportion of reported salmonella isolates which were se increased from 5% to 25% during the same time period. in 1990, 1994, and 1995, se was the most commonly reported reported salmonella serotype in the usa. much of this increase ... | 1997 | 9501367 |
| shock caused by gram-negative microorganisms. analysis of 169 cases. | | 1964 | 14128219 |
| etiology of biliary tract disease in southwestern american indians. analysis of 105 consecutive cholecystectomies. | | 1964 | 14141778 |
| second survey of market poultry for salmonella infection. | on 34 days over a period of 30 months, samplings were made of randomly selected birds slaughtered in randomly chosen processing plants. methods were designed so that salmonella and paracolon bacteria isolated were indigenous to the intestinal tract of the selected bird. incidence rates were 5.25% for turkeys, 0.54% for chicken hens, and 1.05% for chicken fryers. infected birds, providing the potential for contamination, were processed on 58% (turkeys), 25% (chicken hens), and 43% (chicken fryers ... | 1965 | 14325273 |
| sewage effluent: likely source of salmonella enteritidis, phage type 4 infection in a commercial chicken layer flock in southern california. | following the diagnosis of salmonella enteritidis, phage type 4, infection in a commercial layer flock in southern california, effluent from a nearby sewer treatment plant was investigated as a potential source of infection. between july 1994 and march 1995, 68 salmonella isolations, comprising 27 serotypes, were made from the inflow (raw sewage) and effluent (treated sewage). thirty-nine of 68 (57%) isolations yielded six serotypes, which consisted of s. enteritidis 12% (8/68), s. cerro 10% (7/ ... | 1996 | 8883800 |
| isolation of multiple salmonella serovars from a dairy two years after a clinical salmonellosis outbreak. | samples were obtained for bacteriologic culturing of salmonellae from cows and calves on, and the environment of, a large california dairy that used free-stall housing and a flush system for manure handling. two years previously, the dairy had an outbreak of clinical salmonellosis in the lactating herd; however, since that time, it had not had problems with clinical salmonellosis. on the basis of mean annual milk production per cow, this dairy was consistently ranked in the top 25% of dairies in ... | 1993 | 8253627 |
| salmonella enteritidis infections from shell eggs: outbreaks in california. | | 1998 | 9830366 |
| bacterial isolates from california sea lions (zalophus californianus), harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) admitted to a rehabilitation center along the central california coast, 1994-1995. | in 2 yr of bacteriologic culturing of 297 california sea lions (zalophus californianus), 154 harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and 89 northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) stranded alive along the california coast, the most frequent isolates from inflammatory lesions in live animals were escherichia coli, streptococcus viridans, listeria ivanovii, beta-hemolytic streptococcus spp., and enterococcus spp. this is the first report of l. ivanovii isolation from a marine mammal. the common i ... | 1998 | 9732032 |
| persistent diarrhea, arthritis, and other complications of enteric infections: a pilot survey based on california foodnet surveillance, 1998-1999. | numerous complications of enteric infections have been described, including persistent diarrhea, reactive arthritis, and guillain-barre syndrome. we determined the frequency of self-reported complications of enteric infections in a pilot study in the california site of the foodborne diseases active surveillance network. from 1 april 1998 through 31 march 1999, active surveillance identified 1454 infections in alameda and san francisco counties, of which 52% were campylobacter infections, 22% wer ... | 2004 | 15095204 |
| from the centers for disease control and prevention. outbreaks of salmonella serotype enteritidis infection associated with eating raw or undercooked shell eggs--united states, 1996-1998. | | 2000 | 10703766 |
| outbreaks of salmonella serotype enteritidis infection associated with eating raw or undercooked shell eggs--united states, 1996-1998. | during the 1980s and 1990s, salmonella serotype enteritidis (se) emerged as an important cause of human illness in the united states. the rate of se isolates reported to cdc increased from 0.6 per 100,000 population in 1976 to 3.6 per 100,000 in 1996 (figure 1). case-control studies of sporadic infections and outbreak investigations found that this increase was associated with eating raw or undercooked shell eggs (1). from 1996 to 1998, the rate of culture-confirmed se cases reported to cdc decl ... | 2000 | 10706440 |
| case-control study of an outbreak of clinical disease attributable to salmonella menhaden infection in eight dairy herds. | to identify risk factors associated with salmonella menhaden associated disease in adult dairy cows during an outbreak in california. | 1997 | 9040841 |
| drag swab efficiency factors when sampling chicken manure. | this study examines drag swabbing distance, media for moistening the drag swabs, and site selection when sampling a laying facility by drag swabbing manure piles. manure piles at a laying facility in california's san joaquin valley were sampled with drag swabs over various distances. samples were cultured for salmonella spp. with standard laboratory methods, and most probable number calculations. salmonella spp. counts were expected to be highly variable because of reported clustering. therefore ... | 2000 | 11007017 |
| high incidence of extra-intestinal infections in a salmonella havana outbreak associated with alfalfa sprouts. | to determine a vehicle and point source for an outbreak of salmonella havana. | 2000 | 11059427 |
| an outbreak of salmonella serotype thompson associated with fresh cilantro. | an outbreak of salmonella serotype thompson in california was identified through laboratory-based surveillance and investigated with case-control, traceback, and laboratory studies. there were 35 "sporadic" cases and a restaurant-associated outbreak of 41 cases with onset between 6 march and 31 march 1999. three case patients were hospitalized. a case-control study found a significant association between illness and eating cilantro at a restaurant (63% of case patients vs. 34% of control subject ... | 2001 | 11237818 |
| incidence of foodborne illnesses reported by the foodborne diseases active surveillance network (foodnet)-1997. foodnet working group. | in 1997, the foodborne diseases active surveillance program (foodnet) conducted active surveillance for culture-confirmed cases of campylobacter, escherichia coli o157, listeria, salmonella, shigella, vibrio, yersinia, cyclospora, and cryptosporidium in five emerging infections program sites. foodnet is a collaborative effort of the centers for disease control and prevention's national center for infectious diseases, the united states department of agriculture's food safety and inspection servic ... | 2000 | 10852576 |
| escherichia coli o157 and salmonella infections associated with sprouts in california, 1996-1998. | in california, from 1996 through 1998, more than 50% of multicounty outbreaks with confirmed food vehicles were related to alfalfa or clover sprouts. | 2001 | 11511138 |
| salmonella and campylobacter spp. in northern elephant seals, california. | campylobacter and salmonella spp. prevalence and antimicrobial drug sensitivity were determined in northern elephant seals that had not entered the water and seals that were stranded on the california coast. stranded seals had a higher prevalence of pathogenic bacteria, possibly from terrestrial sources, which were more likely to be resistant. | 2005 | 16485493 |
| prevalence of salmonella spp in selected birds captured on california dairies. | to determine the prevalence of salmonella spp in wild birds commonly found on california dairies. | 2002 | 11829269 |
| disease reporting from an automated laboratory-based reporting system to a state health department via local county health departments. | the authors assessed the completeness of disease reporting from a managed care organization's automated laboratory-based reporting system to the california department of health services (cdhs) via local public health departments. | 2001 | 12034915 |
| prevalence of and risk factors for salmonella in water offered to weaned dairy calves in california, usa. | water from troughs used by weaned dairy calves was sampled on california, usa dairies to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors for salmonella contamination. salmonella were found on 4 of 48 dairies (4/82 water samples) in fall 1998 and on 8 of the same 37 dairies (8/83 water samples) in summer, 1999. serotypes isolated from the water were salmonella meleagridis and salmonella typhimurium. primary risk factors associated with the increased prevalence of salmonella in water offered ... | 2002 | 12069779 |
| antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from pinnipeds stranded in central and northern california. | over a 2-yr period (1994-1995), the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 129 bacterial isolates recovered from live stranded california sea lions (zalophus californianus), harbor seals (phoca vitulina), and northern elephant seals (mirounga angustirostris) were studied. nineteen genera of bacteria were isolated from various sites of inflammation; abscesses and umbilici were the most common sites. seventy-two percent of the bacterial isolated were gram negative, and the enterobacteriaceae (escherich ... | 1998 | 9809600 |
| salmonella in california wildlife species: prevalence in rehabilitation centers and characterization of isolates. | fecal samples from 212 selected marine mammals, marine birds, and raptors were cultured for salmonella spp. on arrival at rehabilitation centers in california from may 1999 through july 2000. salmonella spp. were cultured from nine (4%) animals, and seven serotypes were isolated: johannesberg, montevideo, newport, ohio, saint paul, enteritidis group d, and 4,5,12:1 monophasic. one western gull (larus occidentalis) had two serotypes. antibiotic susceptibilities and chromosomal fingerprints were e ... | 2002 | 12462489 |
| multistate outbreaks of salmonella serotype poona infections associated with eating cantaloupe from mexico--united states and canada, 2000-2002. | three multistate outbreaks of salmonella serotype poona infections associated with eating cantaloupe imported from mexico occurred in the spring of consecutive years during 2000-2002. in each outbreak, the isolates had indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) patterns; the pfge patterns observed in the 2000 and 2002 outbreaks were indistinguishable, but the pattern from 2001 was unique among them. outbreaks were identified first by the california department of health services (2 ... | 2002 | 12487526 |
| comparison of salmonella enterica serovar distribution and antibiotic resistance patterns in wastewater at municipal water treatment plants in two california cities. | to determine salmonella enterica serovars and antibiotic resistance (abr) in the human waste stream. | 2006 | 17105561 |
| epidemiology of salmonellosis in california, 1990-1999: morbidity, mortality, and hospitalization costs. | salmonella is a common cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the united states. the epidemiology and costs of nontyphoidal salmonellosis in california from 1990 through 1999 are described using surveillance, hospitalization, and death data. trends in salmonella rates and factors associated with prolonged hospitalization were evaluated using poisson and linear regression models, respectively. there were 56,660 reported cases, 11,102 hospitalizations, and 74 deaths attributed to samonella. repor ... | 2003 | 12505890 |
| alfalfa sprouts and salmonella kottbus infection: a multistate outbreak following inadequate seed disinfection with heat and chlorine. | raw sprouts have been implicated in a number of foodborne disease outbreaks. because contaminated seeds are usually responsible, many sprout producers attempt to disinfect seeds before germination and detect sprout contamination during production. in march 2001, we detected an increased number of salmonella serotype kottbus isolates in california. overall, we identified 31 cases from three western states. to identify the cause, we conducted a case-control study with the first 10 identified case- ... | 2003 | 12540175 |
| prevalence of salmonella in diverse environmental farm samples. | the development of suitable intervention strategies to control salmonella populations at the farm level requires reliable data on the occurrence and prevalence of the pathogen. previous studies on salmonella prevalence have focused on acquiring data from specific farm types and/or selected regions. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution of this pathogen across a variety of farm types and regions in order to generate comparative data from a diverse group of environmental sampl ... | 2006 | 17133798 |
| alfalfa seed decontamination in a salmonella outbreak. | based on in vitro data, the u.s. food and drug administration recommends chemical disinfection of raw sprout seeds to reduce enteric pathogens contaminating the seed coats. however, little is known about the effectiveness of decontamination at preventing human disease. in 1999, an outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype mbandaka occurred in oregon, washington, idaho, and california. based on epidemiologic and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis evidence from 87 confirmed cases, the outbreak was li ... | 2003 | 12702229 |
| industry practices and compliance with u.s. food and drug administration guidelines among california sprout firms. | since 1995, raw vegetable sprouts have been implicated as the vehicle of infection in 15 foodborne outbreaks involving salmonella and 2 foodborne outbreaks involving escherichia coli o157:h7. to reduce the numbers of sprout-related outbreaks, the u.s. food and drug administration (fda) published guidance for industry: reducing microbial food safety hazards for sprouting seeds in 1999. between october 2000 and april 2001, 61.5% (16 of 26) of the known commercial sprout firms in california were en ... | 2003 | 12870761 |
| antibodies to selected disease agents in translocated wild turkeys in california. | wild turkeys (meleagris gallopavo) trapped within california (n = 715) or imported into california from other states (n = 381) from 1986 to 1996 were tested for exposure to certain disease agents. prevalence of antibody to mycoplasma gallisepticum, mycoplasma meleagridis, salmonella pullorum, salmonella typhimurium, newcastle disease virus, and avian influenza virus was low (0-4%) for wild turkeys trapped within california. with the exception of antibody prevalence to m. meleagridis of 33%, the ... | 2000 | 10682760 |
| microbe management. | | 1998 | 10344986 |
| an outbreak of salmonella serogroup saphra due to cantaloupes from mexico. | an outbreak of salmonella serogroup saphra (s. saphra) infections was studied by laboratory-based surveillance, case-control and trace-back studies, and a survey of cantaloupe preparation practices. twenty-four patients with s. saphra infections had illness onsets between 23 february and 15 may 1997; 75% were </=6 years old; 23% were hospitalized. case patients were more likely than controls to have consumed cantaloupe (88% vs. 45%; matched odds ratio [mor], 15. 5; 95% confidence interval [ci], ... | 1999 | 10479173 |
| washing practices on the microflora on georgia-grown cantaloupes. | in recent years, several foodborne illness outbreaks have been associated with the consumption of cantaloupe. cantaloupes can be contaminated with pathogens anywhere from the field to the packing line. in the united states, cantaloupes are handled and packed differently in each state. georgia-grown cantaloupes are brought to sheds, washed, and packed, whereas california-grown cantaloupes are field packed. in this study, the microbiological status of cantaloupes produced by four georgia growers t ... | 2008 | 18236661 |
| descriptive study of california egg layer premises and analysis of risk factors for salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis as characterized by manure drag swabs. | this cross-sectional, double-blind study reports the prevalence of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (se) on california egg layer premises using single vs. pooled manure drag swabs and presents a description of egg production and management systems in the state and an initial analysis of risk factors for se. the study included 91% of all known eligible egg premises in california, representing the majority of eggs produced in the state. the overall prevalence of se on california egg layer ... | 2004 | 15529977 |
| the occurrence and distribution of salmonella enteritidis and other serovars on california egg laying premises: a comparison of two sampling methods and two culturing techniques. | between the summer of 1998 and the winter of 2000, salmonella analysis was performed on 2128 single and 532 pooled manure drag swabs obtained from 133 california commercial egg laying farms. the isolation of salmonella from all rows and from all flocks using single or pooled swabs was 80% and 92%, respectively. hence, there was no statistical difference between single vs. pooled swabs in terms of identifying salmonella on a row or flock basis. a total of 14 serogroups comprising 44 serotypes wer ... | 2004 | 15529981 |
| antimicrobial resistance in salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar dublin from dairy source calves in the central san joaquin valley, california (1998-2002). | the present study describes antimicrobial resistance patterns of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar dublin (s. dublin) in clinical submissions from calves and temporal and farm-type trends in antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates. a total of 300 isolates of s. dublin were obtained from fecal or internal organs of calves fewer than 120 days of age originating from 84 dairies and 18 calf ranches from july 1998 to december 2002. the isolates were susceptibility tested to a ... | 2008 | 18599857 |
| isolation of salmonella from muscoid flies at commercial animal establishments in san bernardino county, california. | adult muscoid flies collected from three dairies and eight commercial poultry ranches in san bernardino county were tested for salmonella enteritidis. of the total 2,686 flies tested, 92.3% were musca domestica, 5.5% fannia canicularis, 1.9% ophyra leucostoma, 0.2% phaenicia sericata, and <0.1% muscina stabulans. whereas flies at the dairies belonged exclusively to m. domestica, faunal composition at the poultry ranches was more diverse, including all five species. among the five fly species, on ... | 2002 | 12125877 |
| hexamita meleagridis (spironucleus meleagridis) infection in chukar partridges associated with high mortality and intracellular trophozoites. | an outbreak of infectious catarrhal enteritis, associated with the flagellated protozoan spironucleus meleagridis (syn. hexamita meleagridis), is reported from a commercial flock of chukar partridges in california. the disease affected birds between the ages of 4 and 6 wk and resulted in diarrhea, listlessness, depression, and high mortality. concurrent infection with other intestinal pathogens, including cryptosporidia, group e salmonella, long-segmented filamentous microorganisms (lsfmos), and ... | 2004 | 15529998 |
| in vitro genotoxicity of exhaust emissions of diesel and gasoline engine vehicles operated on a unified driving cycle. | acetone extracts of engine exhaust particulate matter (pm) and of vapor-phase semi-volatile organic compounds (svocs) collected from a set of 1998-2000 model year normal emitter diesel engine automobile or light trucks and from a set of 1982-1996 normal emitter gasoline engine automobiles or light trucks operated on the california unified driving cycle at 22 [degree]c were assayed for in vitro genotoxic activities. gasoline and diesel pm were comparably positive mutagens for salmonella typhimuri ... | 2004 | 15614403 |
| genotoxicity in native fish associated with agricultural runoff events. | the primary objective of the present study was to test whether agricultural chemical runoff was associated with in-stream genotoxicity in native fish. using sacramento sucker (catostomus occidentalis), we combined field-caging experiments in an agriculturally dominated watershed with controlled laboratory exposures to field-collected water samples, and we coupled genotoxicity biomarker measurements in fish with bacterial mutagenicity analysis of water samples. we selected dna strand breakage as ... | 2004 | 15648762 |